Nanotechnology

Toxicological Issues and Environmental Safety
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-1-4020-6076-2
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 292 Seiten

Nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing technological fields of the 21st century. Nanotechnologies will impact numerous industries, including daily consumer products, health care, energy, and transportation. However, the success of the emerging nanotechnology applications will depend on dynamic development of nanomaterial toxicology, risk and exposure assessment.

Little is known about the potential adverse health and ecological effects of exposure to engineered nanomaterials, the main components of many nanotechnologies. Concerns are coming from the initial toxicological studies as well as the research and epidemiological reports on ultrafine particle toxicity.

This book provides a summary of the state-of-art knowledge on nanomaterials and nanoparticles - toxicological issues, risk assessment and control measures, public participation and educational/ethical issues, and lastly, institutional mechanisms and status reports from various countries. This book includes a summary of the most important gaps in knowledge, needs for research, and collaborations in the field of nanotechnology regarding safe application and development.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;TABLE OF CONTENTS;6
2;PREFACE;10
3;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS;12
4;NANOTECHNOLOGIES: OVERVIEW AND ISSUES;17
4.1;Abstract;17
4.2;1. Introduction;17
4.3;2. Nanotechnology – An Overview;19
4.4;3. Identifying Nano-Specific Risks;21
4.5;4. Responding to the Challenge;24
4.6;5. Summary;28
4.7;References;29
5;BIOKINETICS AND EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES;31
5.1;Abstract:;31
5.2;1. Introduction;32
5.3;2. Respiratory Tract;40
5.4;3. Exposure via Skin;53
5.5;4. Subcellular Distribution;57
5.6;5. Summary and Outlook;59
5.7;Acknowledgment;62
5.8;References;62
6;NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE AND SYSTEMIC/CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS – EXPERIMENTAL DATA;69
6.1;Abstract;69
6.2;1. Introduction;70
6.3;2. Respiratory Particulate Matter (PM) Exposure and Cardiovascular Toxicity;71
6.4;3. Nanoparticles – Hypothesis and Research Approaches;72
6.5;4. SWCNT – Experimental Data;74
6.6;References;78
6.7;5. Conclusions;78
7;PULMONARY EFFECTS OF SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES: INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, OXIDATIVE STRESS/ SIGNALING, AND RECOGNITION BY MACROPHAGES;81
7.1;Abstract;81
7.2;1. Introduction;82
7.3;2. Pulmonary Inflammatory Responses to SWCNTs;83
7.4;3. Interactions of Pulmonary Inflammation with Oxidative Stress;84
7.5;4. Interactions of SWCNTs with Macrophages;84
7.6;5. Recognition and Engulfment of Nanotubes by Macrophages;85
7.7;6. Possible Involvement of Lung Fibroblasts in Pulmonary Responses to SWCNTs;86
7.8;7. Concluding Remarks;89
7.9;Acknowledgments;90
7.10;References;90
8;INHALATION OF NANOMATERIALS: SHORT OVERVIEW OF THE LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC EFFECTS;93
8.1;Abstract;93
8.2;1. Introduction;94
8.3;2. Inhalation, Deposition, and Pulmonary Clearance of Insoluble Solids;94
8.4;3. Bio-persistence of Inhaled Solid Material;98
8.5;4. Systemic Translocation of Inhaled Particles;99
8.6;5. Why are More Studies Needed Before People are Potentially Exposed to Nanoparticles.;100
8.7;6. Summary and Discussion;102
8.8;References;103
9;INTERACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH MINERAL PARTICLES, AND THE DETECTION OF CELL COMPONENTS IN BACTERIA BY SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS – CONNECTIONS TO NANOSCIENCE;107
9.1;Abstract;107
9.2;1. Introduction;107
9.3;2. Transformation of Organic Compounds on Small-Sized Mineral Particles;108
9.4;3. Interactions of Phenoloxidases with Organic Substrates and Particulate Mineral Adsorbents;113
9.5;4. Effects of Particulate Mineral Adsorbents on Growth and Metabolic Activity of Microorganisms;114
9.6;5. Spectroscopic Detection of Molecular Structures in Different Microorganisms;116
9.7;6. Current Trends in the Study of Bio-, Micro- and Nanosystems;121
9.8;Acknowledgments;123
9.9;References;123
10;TOXICITY OF POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES WITH RESPECT TO THEIR APPLICATION AS DRUG CARRIERS;127
10.1;Abstract;127
10.2;1. Introduction;127
10.3;2. Materials and Methods;128
10.4;3. Results;130
10.5;4. Discussion;132
10.6;References;133
11;RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACHES AND RESEARCH NEEDS FOR NANOMATERIALS: AN EXAMINATION OF DATA AND INFORMATION FROM CURRENT STUDIES;135
11.1;Abstract;135
11.2;1. Introduction;136
11.3;2. Risk Assessment Approaches;138
11.4;3. Discussion;151
11.5;4. Conclusions;155
11.6;Acknowledgments;155
11.7;References;155
12;RISK ASSESSMENT RELATED TO NANOTECHNOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLICY- MAKING;163
12.1;Abstract;163
12.2;1. Introduction;163
12.3;2. Nanotechnology;165
12.4;3. Risk-Based Policy-Making;168
12.5;Acknowledgment;170
13;NEEDS FOR REGULATIONS, TRAINING, AND EDUCATION FOR HEALTH PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES;171
13.1;Abstract;171
13.2;1. Introduction;172
13.3;2. Definitions and Essence;172
13.4;3. General Benefits;173
13.5;4. Benefits for Health and Medical Practice;175
13.6;5. Potential Risks;176
13.7;6. The Approaches to Assessment of Exposure to the Nanotechnology;178
13.8;7. Health and Environmental Safety Issues and Needs for Training and Education;180
13.9;References;181
14;BIOETHICS AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF POTENTIAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY;183
14.1;Abstract;183
14.2;1. Introduction;183
14.3;2. Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare;184
14.4;3. Bioethics and Nanotechnology;186
14.5;4. Legal Regulatory Considerations of Nanotechnology;193
14.6;References;198
15;NANOTECHNOLOGY – THE FRAME OF WORKER TRAINING, PUBLIC EDUCATION, AND PARTICIPATION;201
15.1;Abstract;201
15.2;1. Introduction;201
15.3;2. Nanotoxicity;202
15.4;3. Workers Protection;202
15.5;4. Protection of Medical Staff;203
15.6;5. Public Education, Information and Participation;204
15.7;6. Conclusion;206
15.8;References;207
16;USE OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION FOR WATER TREATMENT WITH EXAMPLES FROM THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA;209
16.1;Abstract;209
16.2;1. Introduction;209
16.3;2. Methodoligcal Issues;210
16.4;3. Treatment Achievability;211
16.5;4. Membrane Materials;216
16.6;5. Conclusion;220
16.7;References;221
17;CURRENT STATE OF NANOSTRUCTURED TIO2- BASED CATALYSTS: PREPARATION METHODS;223
17.1;Abstract;223
17.2;1. Introduction;223
17.3;2. Preparation of Nano-Sized TiO2 and TiO2- Based Catalysts;226
17.4;3. Improving Photocatalytic Characteristics;228
17.5;4. Conclusion;234
17.6;5. Experimental Studies;234
17.7;6. Summary;238
17.8;References;238
18;EVALUATION OF MEAN DIAMETER VALUES USING SCHERRER EQUATION APPLIED TO ELECTRON DIFFRACTION IMAGES;247
18.1;Abstract;247
18.2;1. Introduction;247
18.3;2. Materials and Methods;249
18.4;3. Results;249
18.5;4. Conclusions;253
18.6;References;253
19;OCCUPATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT: FOCUS ON NANOMATERIALS;255
19.1;Abstract;255
19.2;1. Introduction;255
19.3;Acknowledgments;262
19.4;References;262
20;APPROACHES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ECOTOXICOLOGY;265
20.1;Abstract;265
20.2;1. Introduction;265
20.3;2. Ecotoxicity Measurement for Polychlorinated Biphenyls ( PCBs) and Intermediates in their Degradation;280
20.4;3. Measurement of Genotoxicity by Ames Test;282
20.5;4. Conclusions;284
20.6;Acknowledgments;284
20.7;References;284
21;PARTICLE EXPOSURE THROUGH THE INDOOR AIR ENVIRONMENT;287
21.1;Abstract;287
21.2;1. Introduction;287
21.3;2. Sources of Indoor PM;288
21.4;3. Exposure to Indoor PM;289
21.5;4. Measurement Techniques for Indoor PM;290
21.6;5. Preliminary Results on Indoor Air-Quality Assessment on Underground Platforms in Budapest;290
21.7;Acknowledgments;291
21.8;References;292

Leseproben

BIOKINETICS AND EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES (p. 15)

GUNTER OBERDÖRSTER
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry,
Department of Environmental Medicine, 575 Elmwood Avenue,
MRBx Building, Box 850, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
Abstract:
Exposures to airborne nanosized particles (<,100 nm) have been experienced by humans throughout their evolutionary stages. Recently, the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source for human exposures to nanosized particles – engineered nanoparticles (NPs) – by different routes, i.e., inhalation, ingestion, dermal, or even injection.

Nanotechnology is defined as research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of ~1–100 nm range. One of the many promising applications of engineered NPs is in the area of medicine, for example, targeted drug delivery as aerosols and to tissues which are difficult to reach.

The discipline of nanomedicine has arisen to develop, test, and optimize these applications. However, the same properties that makes NP attractive for development in nanomedicine and for specific industrial processes could also prove deleterious when NP interact with cells. An emerging discipline – nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices – is gaining increased attention.

Nanotoxicology research will not only provide information for risk assessment of NP based on data for hazard identification, dose–response relationships, and biokinetics, but will also help to advance further the field of nanomedicine by providing information to alter undesirable NP properties.

Although potential adverse effects of engineered NP have not been systema- tically investigated, there are a number of studies in the area of inhalation toxicology and also human epidemiology from which some preliminary some decades-old – mostly forgotten – studies with nanosized particles which shed light on the biokinetics of such particles once introduced into the organism.

This presentation summarizes results of studies with nanosized particles with a focus on the respiratory tract and skin as portals of entry. conclusions about effects of nanosized particles can be drawn. There are also Examples of translocation and effects of nanosized particles and presumed consequences, on the other hand, the findings also give us ideas about the intriguing possibilities that NP offer for potential use as diagnostic tools or as therapeutic delivery systems.

A thorough evaluation of desirable versus adverse effects is required for the safe use of engineered NP, and major challenges lie ahead to answer key questions of nanotoxicology, foremost being the assessment of human and environmental exposure, the identification of potential hazards (toxicity vs. benefit), and the biopersistence in cells and subcellular structures.

Results so far demonstrate that the highly desirable properties of nanoparticles, which makes them attractive as medicinal aerosols, as well as their potential to induce toxicity, depend not only on their size but on a variety of surface properties. To establish the principles which govern NP-cell interactions will be a major challenge for the field of Nanotoxicology.

1. Introduction
Exposures to airborne ultrafine particles (UFPs, <,100 nm) have been experienced by humans throughout their evolutionary stages, but it is only with the advent of the industrial revolution that such exposures have increased dramatically because of anthropogenic sources such as internal combustion engines, power plants, and many other sources of thermodegradation.