Natural Disasters and Extreme Events in Agriculture

Impacts and Mitigation
1. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-3-540-28307-2
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 367 Seiten

Agricultural production is highly sensitive to weather and climate-related disasters such as drought, storm and flood. While it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of natural disasters, the resultant disastrous effects can be reduced mitigated through proper planning and effective preparation. This book, based on a gathering of experts in Beijing, discusses ways to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to disaster and extreme events, both by accurate and timely warning, and by impact-reducing countermeasures.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;7
3;Contents;9
4;List of Contributors;18
5;Impacts of Natural Disasters in Agriculture, Rangeland and Forestry: an Overview;22
5.1;1.1 Introduction;22
5.2;1.2 Natural Disasters – Definitions and Types;23
5.3;1.3 Natural Disasters – the Rising Trend;25
5.4;1.4 Impacts of Natural Disasters in Agriculture, Rangeland and Forestry – General Discussion;26
5.5;1.5 Impacts of Specific Natural Disastersin Agriculture, Rangeland and Forestry;31
5.6;1.6 Environmental Degradation and Impact of Natural Disasters in Agriculture, Forestry and Rangelands;37
5.7;1.7 Natural Disasters in Agriculture, Rangeland and Forestry – Some Methodological Issues;38
5.8;1.8 Mitigating the Impacts of Natural Disasters;39
5.9;1.9 Conclusions;40
5.10;References;41
6;The Role of Disaster Preparedness in National Planning with Specific Reference to Droughts;44
6.1;2.1 Introduction;44
6.2;2.2 Summary and Future Challenges;57
6.3;References;58
7;The Occurrence and Predictability of Extreme Events over the Southwest Pacific with Particular Reference to ENSO;59
7.1;3.1 Introduction;59
7.2;3.2 Impacts of Extreme Events;60
7.3;3.3 Trends in Extremes;61
7.4;3.4 ENSO Impacts on Climate in the Southwest Pacific;63
7.5;3.5 Predictability of Extreme Events and ENSO;65
7.6;3.6 Predictability of Southwest Pacific Climate;65
7.7;3.7 Conclusions;67
7.8;References;68
8;Accessibility of Database Information to Facilitate Early Detection of Extreme Events to Help Mitigate Their Impacts on Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries;70
8.1;4.1 Introduction;70
8.2;4.2 The Need for Observational Data and Products;72
8.3;4.3 Database Management;76
8.4;4.4 Remote Sensing;80
8.5;4.5 Geographical Information Systems;82
8.6;4.6 Conclusions;85
8.7;References;86
9;Tools for Forecasting orWarning as well as Hazard Assessment toReduce Impact of Natural Disasters on Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries;90
9.1;5.1 Introduction;90
9.2;5.2 Floods;91
9.3;5.3 Droughts;94
9.4;5.4 Tropical Cyclones;100
9.5;5.5 Forest Fires;104
9.6;5.6 Volcano;107
9.7;5.7 Conclusion;108
9.8;References;109
10;Agrometeorological Impact Assessment of Natural Disasters and Extreme Events and Agricultural Strategies Adopted in Areas with HighWeather Risks;112
10.1;6.1 Introduction;112
10.2;6.2 Agrometeorological Impact of Extreme Events;113
10.3;6.3 Strategies Adopted in Areas with HighWeather Risk;121
10.4;6.4 Agricultural Strategies for Community Capacity Building;127
10.5;6.5 Disaster Risk Reduction Through Livelihood Concerns;130
10.6;6.6 Remote Sensing as a Tool for Disaster Risk Management;133
10.7;6.7 Crop Insurance;135
10.8;6.8 Conclusion;136
10.9;References;136
11;Damage Assessment of Agrometeorological Relevance from Natural Disasters: Economic and Social Consequences;138
11.1;7.1 Introduction;138
11.2;7.2 Climate Change and Climate Variability;143
11.3;7.3 Variability Shifting Continental Ecosystems;145
11.4;7.4 Interdecadal Climate Variability;149
11.5;7.5 Economic and Social Consequences;151
11.6;7.6 Conclusions;152
11.7;References;153
12;Impacts of Tropical Cyclones on Chinese Lowland Agriculture and Coastal Fisheries;155
12.1;8.1 Introduction;155
12.2;8.2 Destruction Caused by Tropical Storms in Coastal Areas;156
12.3;8.3 Features of TCs Affecting China and TC Disasters;156
12.4;8.4 Impacts of Tropical Cyclones on Lowland Agriculture and Coastal Fisheries;159
12.5;References;162
13;Frost and High Temperature Injury in China;163
13.1;9.1 Introduction;163
13.2;9.2 Frost;164
13.3;9.3 High Temperature Injury in China;172
13.4;9.4 Conclusions;174
13.5;References;174
14;Impacts of Sand Storms/ Dust Storms on Agriculture;176
14.1;10.1 Introduction;176
14.2;10.2 Anthropogenic Land Disturbances andWind Erosion;177
14.3;10.3 Definition of Sand and Dust Storms;179
14.4;10.4 Mechanics of Sand and Dust Storms;180
14.5;10.5 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Sand and Dust Storms;182
14.6;10.6 Impacts of Sand and Dust Storms;183
14.7;10.7 Measures to Combat Sand and Dust Storms;188
14.8;10.8 Conclusions;189
14.9;References;190
15;Disaster Reduction Planning and Response: The Example of National Drought Policy in USA;195
15.1;11.1 Introduction;195
15.2;11.2 Disaster Management: Shift from Reactive to ProactiveManagement;196
15.3;11.3 Rationale for a Coordinated National Drought Policy;198
15.4;11.4 National Drought Policy Commission;200
15.5;11.5 U. S.Drought Monitor;205
15.6;11.6 Latest Developments;208
15.7;References;208
16;Agricultural Drought Policy and Practices in Australia;210
16.1;12.1 Introduction – Past Policy;210
16.2;12.2 The 1990s – Development of a National Drought Policy;212
16.3;12.3 Climate Services in Support of the Drought Policy;214
16.4;12.4 Application of the Exceptional Circumstances Policy;216
16.5;12.5 Water Management;218
16.6;12.6 The 2002–03 Drought in Australia – a Case Study;221
16.7;12.7 Relation to Long-term Climate Fluctuations;226
16.8;12.8 Concluding Remarks;230
16.9;References;231
17;Significance of Training, Education and Communication for Awareness of Potential Hazards in Managing Natural Disaster in Australia;233
17.1;13.1 Introduction;234
17.2;13.2 Disaster Mitigation Through Education and Training Programmes by Government Agencies;235
17.3;13.3 Community Awareness and Self-help Programs in Australia;235
17.4;13.4 Droughts and Flooding Rains – the Effective Use of Climate Information in Managing Extremes of Climate Variability;242
17.5;13.5 Towards Improved Lines of Communication;248
17.6;13.6 Concluding Remarks;250
17.7;References;252
18;Agrometeorological Disaster Risk Management in China;254
18.1;14.1 Introduction;254
18.2;14.2 EarlyWarning and Prediction of Agrometeorological Disasters;255
18.3;14.3 Risk Assessments of Agro-meteorological Disasters;260
18.4;14.4 Popularizing Preventive Measures of Agro-meteorological Disasters;263
18.5;14.5 Agrometeorological Information Services;267
18.6;14.6 Conclusions;268
18.7;References;269
19;Degradation of Vegetation and Agricultural Productivity due to Natural Disasters and Land Use Strategies to Mitigate Their Impacts on Agriculture, Rangelands and Forestry;272
19.1;15.1 Introduction;272
19.2;15.2 Definitions of Terminologies;273
19.3;15.3 Natural Disasters;273
19.4;15.4 Conclusion;288
19.5;References;289
20;Agricultural Drought Mitigation and Management of Sustained Agricultural Development in India;290
20.1;16.1 Introduction;290
20.2;16.2 Drought Management;292
20.3;16.3 Drought Planning in Relation to Climate Change;304
20.4;16.4 Mitigation of Drought;305
20.5;16.5 Strategic Planning for On-farm Research;311
20.6;16.6 Drought Management and Remote Sensing;312
20.7;16.7 Risk Transfer Through Insurance;313
20.8;16.8 Conclusion;314
20.9;References;315
21;Early Detection and Monitoring of Drought and Flood in China Using Remote Sensing and GIS;317
21.1;17.1 Introduction;317
21.2;17.2 Status of Drought and Flood Early Detection and Monitoring in China;319
21.3;17.3 Examples of Flood Monitoring by NMSC in 2003;326
21.4;17.4 Conclusions;327
21.5;References;329
22;The Decision of the Center of a Tropical Cyclone over China CoastalWaters Using a Doppler Radar;330
22.1;18.1 Introduction;330
22.2;18.2 Pattern Recognition Technique;333
22.3;18.3 The Geometric Axisymmetric Center Positioning Method;334
22.4;18.4 The Velocity Distance Azimuth Display Positioning Method;336
22.5;18.5 Simulated Test;338
22.6;18.6 Actual Test of Typhoon Case;341
22.7;18.7 Conclusions and Discussion;344
22.8;References;345
23;Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Analysis of Forest Fire Risk and Assessment of Forest Degradation;346
23.1;19.1 Introduction;346
23.2;19.2 Climate Change, Climate Variability, and Fire Danger;352
23.3;19.3 Remote Sensing Applications of Fire Fuels Monitoring;352
23.4;19.4 GIS Applications and Fire Information Mapping;355
23.5;19.5 Fire Smoke and Air Quality;355
23.6;19.6 Summary and Conclusions;359
23.7;References;359
24;Conclusions and Recommendations;362
24.1;Conclusions;362
24.2;Recommendations;363
25;Index;367