Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds - A Comprehensive Update

A Comprehensive Update
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-211-99323-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 613 Seiten

Despite the long association of organohalogen compounds with human activities, nature is the producer of nearly 5,000 halogen-containing chemicals. Once dismissed as accidents of nature or isolation artifacts, organohalogen compounds represent an important and ever growing class of natural products, in many cases exhibiting exceptional biological activity. Since the last comprehensive review in 1996 (Vol. 68, this series), there have been discovered an additional 2,500 organochlorine, organobromine, and other organohalogen compounds. These natural organohalogens are biosynthesized by bacteria, fungi, lichen, plants, marine organisms of all types, insects, and higher animals including humans. These compounds are also formed abiogenically, as in volcanoes, forest fires, and other geothermal events.In some instances, natural organohalogens are precisely the same chemicals that man synthesizes for industrial use, and some of the quantities of these natural chemicals far exceed the quantities emitted by man.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;188305_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF;1
2;188305_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;12
2.1;Chapter 1: Introduction;12
3;188305_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;13
3.1;Chapter 2: Origins;13
3.1.1;Marine Environment;13
3.1.2;Terrestrial Environment;15
3.1.3;Extraterrestrial Environment;18
4;188305_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;19
4.1;Chapter 3: Occurrence;19
4.1.1;Simple Alkanes;19
4.1.1.1;Chloromethane;19
4.1.1.1.1;Marine;19
4.1.1.1.2;Terrestrial Biogenic;20
4.1.1.1.3;Terrestrial Abiotic;21
4.1.1.1.4;Biomass Combustion;21
4.1.1.1.5;Volcanic Emissions;22
4.1.1.1.6;Biogenesis;22
4.1.1.2;Dichloromethane;22
4.1.1.3;Trichloromethane;23
4.1.1.3.1;Marine;23
4.1.1.3.2;Terrestrial Biogenic;24
4.1.1.3.3;Biomass Combustion;25
4.1.1.3.4;Volcanic Emissions;25
4.1.1.4;Tetrachloromethane (Carbon Tetrachloride);25
4.1.1.5;Bromomethane;25
4.1.1.5.1;Marine;26
4.1.1.5.2;Terrestrial Biogenic;27
4.1.1.5.3;Terrestrial Abiotic;27
4.1.1.5.4;Biomass Combustion;27
4.1.1.5.5;Volcanic Emissions;27
4.1.1.6;Other Simple Bromoalkanes;27
4.1.1.6.1;Marine;27
4.1.1.6.2;Volcanic Emissions;28
4.1.1.7;Mixed Bromochloromethanes;28
4.1.1.8;Iodomethanes;29
4.1.1.8.1;Marine;29
4.1.1.8.2;Terrestrial;29
4.1.1.9;Other Simple Iodoalkanes;29
4.1.1.9.1;Marine;29
4.1.1.9.2;Volcanic Emissions;30
4.1.1.10;Mixed Iodomethanes;30
4.1.1.11;Simple Alkenes;30
4.1.1.11.1;Marine;30
4.1.1.11.2;Terrestrial Biogenic;31
4.1.1.11.3;Terrestrial Abiotic;31
4.1.1.11.4;Volcanic Emissions;31
4.1.1.12;Simple Alkynes;32
4.1.1.12.1;Terrestrial Abiotic;32
4.1.1.12.2;Volcanic Emissions;33
4.1.1.13;Simple Organofluorines;33
4.1.1.14;Other Simple Organochlorines;34
4.1.2;Simple Functionalized Acyclic Organohalogens;35
4.1.3;Simple Functionalized Cyclic Organohalogens;37
4.1.3.1;Cyclopentanes;37
4.1.3.2;Cyclitols and Benzoquinones;38
4.1.4;Terpenes;42
4.1.4.1;Monoterpenes;42
4.1.4.1.1;Acyclic Monoterpenes;42
4.1.4.1.2;Alicyclic Monoterpenes;45
4.1.4.2;Sesquiterpenes;48
4.1.4.2.1;Terrestrial Sesquiterpene Lactones;48
4.1.4.2.2;Indanone Sesquiterpenes;54
4.1.4.2.3;Other Terrestrial Sesquiterpenes;54
4.1.4.2.4;Marine Sesquiterpenes;56
4.1.4.2.4.1;Monocyclic and Other Simple Sesquiterpenes;57
4.1.4.2.4.2;Chamigrene and Related Types;61
4.1.4.2.4.3;Eudesmane and Other Types;64
4.1.4.2.4.4;Cuparene, Laurene, and Other Aromatic Types;67
4.1.4.3;Diterpenes;70
4.1.4.3.1;Terrestrial Diterpenes;70
4.1.4.3.2;Marine Diterpenes;72
4.1.4.3.2.1;Diterpenes of Aplysia;72
4.1.4.3.2.2;Diterpenes of Laurencia;73
4.1.4.3.2.3;Sphaerococcus and Other Red Algae Diterpenes;77
4.1.4.3.2.4;Sponge Diterpenes;78
4.1.4.3.2.5;Gorgonian Diterpenes;80
4.1.4.4;Higher Terpenes;96
4.1.5;Steroids;102
4.1.6;Marine Nonterpenes: C15 Acetogenins;106
4.1.7;Iridoids;114
4.1.8;Lipids and Fatty Acids;115
4.1.9;Fluorine-Containing Carboxylic Acids;134
4.1.10;Prostaglandins;137
4.1.11;Furanones;140
4.1.12;Amino Acids and Peptides;144
4.1.13;Alkaloids;184
4.1.14;Heterocycles;187
4.1.14.1;Pyrroles;187
4.1.14.2;Indoles;207
4.1.14.3;Carbazoles;227
4.1.14.4;Indolocarbazoles;227
4.1.14.5;Carbolines;228
4.1.14.6;Quinolines and Other Nitrogen Heterocycles;230
4.1.14.7;Benzofurans and Related Compounds;236
4.1.14.8;Pyrones and Chromones;237
4.1.14.9;Coumarins and Isocoumarins;237
4.1.14.10;Flavones and Isoflavones;241
4.1.14.11;Carbohydrates;241
4.1.15;Polyacetylenes;241
4.1.15.1;Terrestrial Polyacetylenes and Derived Thiophenes;241
4.1.15.2;Marine Polyacetylenes;242
4.1.16;Enediynes;242
4.1.17;Macrolides and Polyethers;244
4.1.18;Naphthoquinones, Higher Quinones, and Related Compounds;259
4.1.19;Tetracyclines;263
4.1.20;Aromatics;264
4.1.21;Simple Phenols;266
4.1.21.1;Terrestrial;266
4.1.21.2;Marine;275
4.1.22;Complex Phenols;280
4.1.22.1;Diphenylmethanes and Related Compounds;280
4.1.22.2;Diphenyl Ethers;283
4.1.22.3;Tyrosines;291
4.1.22.3.1;Simple Tyrosines, Thyroxine, and Related Compounds;291
4.1.22.3.2;Transformed Tyrosines, Tyramines, Phenethylamines and Related Compounds;292
4.1.22.3.3;Transformed Multiple Tyrosines;310
4.1.22.3.4;Bastadins;322
4.1.22.4;Depsides;324
4.1.22.5;Depsidones;325
4.1.22.6;Xanthones;327
4.1.22.7;Anthraquinones and Related Compounds;329
4.1.22.8;Griseofulvin and Related Compounds;332
4.1.22.9;Miscellaneous Fungal Metabolites and Other Complex Phenols;332
4.1.23;Glycopeptides;338
4.1.24;Orthosomycins;343
4.1.25;Dioxins and Dibenzofurans;347
4.1.26;Humic Acids;355
5;188305_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;359
5.1;Chapter 4: Biohalogenation;359
5.1.1;Introduction;359
5.1.2;Chloroperoxidase;359
5.1.3;Bromoperoxidase;365
5.1.4;Halogenases, Other Haloperoxidases and Peroxidases;366
5.1.5;Myeloperoxidase;370
5.1.6;Abiotic Processes;371
5.1.7;Biofluorination;371
5.1.8;Biosynthesis;372
6;188305_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;376
6.1;Chapter 5: Biodegradation;376
7;188305_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF;378
7.1;Chapter 6: Natural Function;378
8;188305_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF;384
8.1;Chapter 7: Significance;384
9;188305_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF;386
9.1;Chapter 8: Outlook;386
10;188305_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF;388
10.1;Chapter : References;388
10.2.1;: Author Index;515
10.3.1;: Subject Index;585