Neteler / Mitasova Open Source GIS

A GRASS GIS Approach
3rd Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-0-387-68574-8
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 406 Seiten

Thoroughly updated with material related to the GRASS6, the third edition includes new sections on attribute database management and SQL support, vector networks analysis, lidar data processing and new graphical user interfaces. All chapters were updated with numerous practical examples using the first release of a comprehensive, state-of-the-art geospatial data set.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Neteler, Markus

Mitasova, Helena

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface third edition;9
3;Acknowledgments;11
4;Contents;13
5;Open Source software and GIS;18
5.1;Open Source concept;18
5.2;GRASS as an Open Source GIS;20
5.3;The North Carolina sample data set;22
5.4;How to read this book;22
6;GIS concepts;24
6.1;General GIS principles;24
6.1.1;Geospatial data models;24
6.1.2;Organization of GIS data and system functionality;28
6.2;Map projections and coordinate systems;30
6.2.1;Map projection principles;30
6.2.2;Common coordinate systems and datums;33
7;Getting started with GRASS;37
7.1;First steps;37
7.1.1;Download and install GRASS;37
7.1.2;Database and command structure;39
7.1.3;Graphical User Interfaces for GRASS 6: QGIS and gis.m;42
7.1.4;Starting GRASS with the North Carolina data set;43
7.1.5;GRASS data display and 3D visualization;46
7.1.6;Project data management;50
7.2;Starting GRASS with a new project;53
7.2.1;Defining the coordinate system for a new project;56
7.2.2;Non-georeferenced xy coordinate system;60
7.3;Coordinate system transformations;60
7.3.1;Coordinate lists;61
7.3.2;Projection of raster and vector maps;63
7.3.3;Reprojecting with GDAL/OGR tools;64
8;GRASS data models and data exchange;68
8.1;Raster data;69
8.1.1;GRASS 2D and 3D raster data models;69
8.1.2;Managing regions, raster map resolution and boundaries;71
8.1.3;Import of georeferenced raster data;73
8.1.4;Import and geocoding of a scanned historical map;81
8.1.5;Raster data export;84
8.2;Vector data;85
8.2.1;GRASS vector data model;85
8.2.2;Import of vector data;88
8.2.3;Coordinate transformation for xy CAD drawings;93
8.2.4;Export of vector data;95
9;Working with raster data;98
9.1;Viewing and managing raster maps;98
9.1.1;Displaying raster data and assigning a color table;98
9.1.2;Managing metadata of raster maps;101
9.1.3;Raster map queries and profiles;103
9.1.4;Raster map statistics;105
9.1.5;Zooming and generating subsets from raster maps;106
9.1.6;Generating simple raster maps;107
9.1.7;Reclassification and rescaling of raster maps;109
9.1.8;Recoding of raster map types and value replacements;112
9.1.9;Assigning category labels;114
9.1.10;Masking and handling of no-data values;118
9.2;Raster map algebra;120
9.2.1;Integer and floating point data;122
9.2.2;Basic calculations;123
9.2.3;Working with ``if'' conditions;124
9.2.4;Handling of NULL values in r.mapcalc;125
9.2.5;Creating a MASK with r.mapcalc;126
9.2.6;Special graph operators;127
9.2.7;Neighborhood operations with relative coordinates;128
9.3;Raster data transformation and interpolation;130
9.3.1;Automated vectorization of discrete raster data;130
9.3.2;Generating isolines representing continuous fields;133
9.3.3;Resampling and interpolation of raster data;134
9.3.4;Overlaying and merging raster maps;139
9.4;Spatial analysis with raster data;141
9.4.1;Neighborhood analysis and cross-category statistics;141
9.4.2;Buffering of raster features;148
9.4.3;Cost surfaces;150
9.4.4;Terrain and watershed analysis;155
9.4.5;Landscape structure analysis;168
9.5;Landscape process modeling;170
9.5.1;Hydrologic and groundwater modeling;170
9.5.2;Erosion and deposition modeling;173
9.5.3;Final note on raster-based modeling and analysis;181
9.6;Working with voxel data;181
10;Working with vector data;184
10.1;Map viewing and metadata management;184
10.1.1;Displaying vector maps;184
10.1.2;Vector map metadata maintenance;187
10.2;Vector map attribute management and SQL support;188
10.2.1;SQL support in GRASS 6;189
10.2.2;Sample SQL queries and attribute modifications;196
10.2.3;Map reclassification;200
10.2.4;Vector map with multiple attribute tables: layers;201
10.3;Digitizing vector data;202
10.3.1;General principles for digitizing topological data;202
10.3.2;Interactive digitizing in GRASS;204
10.4;Vector map queries and statistics;207
10.4.1;Map queries;207
10.4.2;Raster map statistics based on vector objects;209
10.4.3;Point vector map statistics;211
10.5;Geometry operations;211
10.5.1;Topological operations;212
10.5.2;Buffering;218
10.5.3;Feature extraction and boundary dissolving;219
10.5.4;Patching vector maps;220
10.5.5;Intersecting and clipping vector maps;221
10.5.6;Transforming vector geometry and creating 3D vectors;224
10.5.7;Convex hull and triangulation from points;226
10.5.8;Find multiple points in same location;227
10.5.9;Length of common polygon boundaries;229
10.6;Vector network analysis;231
10.6.1;Network analysis;231
10.6.2;Linear reference system (LRS);236
10.7;Vector data transformations to raster;242
10.8;Spatial interpolation and approximation;245
10.8.1;Selecting an interpolation method;245
10.8.2;Interpolation and approximation with RST;250
10.8.3;Tuning the RST parameters: tension and smoothing;252
10.8.4;Estimating RST accuracy;256
10.8.5;Segmented processing ;259
10.8.6;Topographic analysis with RST;262
10.9;Working with lidar point cloud data;264
10.10;Volume based interpolation;272
10.10.1;Adding third variable: precipitation with elevation;273
10.10.2;Volume and volume-temporal interpolation;276
10.10.3;Geostatistics and splines;277
11;Graphical output and visualization;278
11.1;Two-dimensional display and animation;278
11.1.1;Advanced map display in the GRASS monitor;278
11.1.2;Creating a 2D shaded elevation map;281
11.1.3;Using display tools for analysis;282
11.1.4;Monitor output to PNG or PostScript files;284
11.2;Creating hardcopy maps with ps.map;286
11.3;Visualization in 3D space with NVIZ;288
11.3.1;Viewing surfaces, raster and vector maps;288
11.3.2;Querying data and analyzing multiple surfaces;294
11.3.3;Creating animations in 3D space ;295
11.3.4;Visualizing volumes;298
11.4;Coupling with an external OpenGL viewer Paraview;299
12;Image processing;301
12.1;Remote sensing basics;301
12.1.1;Spectrum and remote sensing;301
12.1.2;Import of image channels;305
12.1.3;Managing channels and colors;306
12.1.4;The feature space and image groups;309
12.2;Data preprocessing;311
12.2.1;Radiometric preprocessing;311
12.2.2;Deriving a surface temperature map from thermal channel;314
12.3;Radiometric transformations and image enhancements;317
12.3.1;Image ratios;317
12.3.2;Principal Component Transformation;319
12.4;Geometric feature analysis with matrix filters;321
12.5;Image fusion;324
12.5.1;Introduction to RGB and IHS color model;324
12.5.2;Image fusion with the IHS transformation;325
12.5.3;Image fusion with Brovey transform;327
12.6;Thematic classification of satellite data;328
12.6.1;Unsupervised radiometric classification;330
12.6.2;Supervised radiometric classification;333
12.6.3;Supervised SMAP classification;336
12.7;Multitemporal analysis;337
12.8;Segmentation and pattern recognition;340
13;Notes on GRASS programming;344
13.1;GRASS programming environment;344
13.1.1;GRASS source code;345
13.1.2;Methods of GRASS programming;346
13.1.3;Level of integration;347
13.2;Script programming;348
13.3;Automated usage of GRASS;351
13.3.1;Local mode: GRASS as GIS data processor;351
13.3.2;Web based: PyWPS -- Python Web Processing Service;353
13.4;Notes on programming GRASS modules in C;354
14;Using GRASS with other Open Source tools;359
14.1;Geostatistics with GRASS and gstat;360
14.2;Spatial data analysis with GRASS and R;365
14.2.1;Reading GRASS data into R;367
14.2.2;Kriging in R;370
14.2.3;Using R in batch mode;375
14.3;GPS data handling;376
14.4;WebGIS applications with UMN/MapServer and OpenLayers;377
15;Appendix;379
15.1;Selected equations used in GRASS modules;379
15.2;Landscape process modeling;393
15.3;Definition of SQLite-ODBC connection;395
16;References;396
17;Index;404