Nielsen Nitrogen Behavior in Field Soil

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7322-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 540 Seiten, Web PDF

Nitrogen in the Environment, Volume 1: Nitrogen Behavior in Field Soil is the first of a two-volume treatise based on manuscripts presented at the international conference on ''Nitrogen in the Environment,'' held at the University of California Conference Center, Lake Arrowhead, in February, 1977. All original manuscripts were revised in accordance with discussions at the conference. The chapters published in these volumes are those revised manuscripts, with provisions in each chapter to preserve the major suggestions for their improvement. These two volumes-Nitrogen Behavior in Field Soil and Soil-Plant-Nitrogen Relationships-should be of value in bringing into perspective current knowledge on selected aspects of nitrogen in the environment. This book contains 26 chapters and begins with a paper on field trials with isotopically labeled nitrogen fertilizer. Separate chapters follow on topics such as computer simulation modeling for nitrogen in irrigated croplands; spatial variability of nitrogen in soils; application of gaseous-diffusion theory to measure denitrification; and measurement and prediction of anaerobiosis in soils.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nielsen, Donald R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Nitrogen Behavior in Field Soil;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;List of Contributors;8
6;Foreword;10
7;Preface;12
8;Contents of Volume 2;14
9;CHAPTER 1. FIELD TRIALS WITH ISOTOPICALLY LABELED NITROGEN FERTILIZERI;16
9.1;I. INTRODUCTION;17
9.2;II. OBJECTIVES;20
9.3;III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;20
9.4;IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;24
9.5;V. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS;51
9.6;VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;54
9.7;VII. REFERENCES;55
10;CHAPTER 2. CRITIQUE - OF" FIELD TRIALS WITH ISOTOPICALLY LABELED NITROGEN FERTILIZER";58
10.1;I. INTRODUCTION;60
10.2;II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;61
10.3;III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;61
10.4;IV. REFERENCES;77
11;CHAPTER 3. CRITIQUE - OF" FIELD TRIALS WITH ISOTOPICALLY LABELED NITROGEN FERTILIZER";78
11.1;I. INTRODUCTION;79
11.2;II. CONCEPTS AND DATA INTERPRETATION;80
11.3;III. THE CALIFORNIA STUDIES;88
11.4;IV. LABELED PLANT MATERIAL;91
11.5;V. REFERENCES;92
12;CHAPTER 4. COMPUTER SIMULATION MODELING FOR NITROGEN IN IRRIGATED CROPLANDS;94
12.1;I. INTRODUCTION;95
12.2;II. THE IRRIGATED CROPLAND SYSTEM;95
12.3;III. MODELING PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES;97
12.4;IV. NITROGEN SIMULATION MODELS;101
12.5;V. SUMMARY;138
12.6;VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT;140
12.7;VII. REFERENCES;140
13;CHAPTER 5. CRITIQUE OF:COMPUTER SIMULATION MODELING FOR NITROGEN IN IRRIGATED CROP LANDS;146
13.1;I. NITROGEN SIMULATION MODELS;147
13.2;II. SIMULATION OF NITROGEN UPTAKE;150
13.3;III. FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS;155
13.4;IV. REFERENCES;156
14;CHAPTER 6. CRITIQUE - OF" COMPUTER SIMULATION MODELING FOR NITROGEN IN IRRIGATED CROPLANDS";160
14.1;I. INTRODUCTION;160
14.2;II. A SOUND SIMULATION MODEL;160
14.3;III. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS;161
14.4;IV. EXCHANGEABLE SUBMODELS;162
14.5;V. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF A NITROGEN MODEL;168
14.6;VI. DISCUSSION;175
14.7;VII. RESEARCH NEEDS;175
14.8;VIII. SOME CRITICAL REMARKS ON A FEW DETAILS OF THE PAPER BYTANJI AND GUPTA;176
14.9;IX. REFERENCES;177
15;CHAPTER 7. NITROGEN INPUTS AND OUTPUTS: A VALLEY BASIN STUDY;178
15.1;I. INTRODUCTION;178
15.2;II. RESULTS AND METHODOLOGY;179
15.3;III. SUMMARY;185
15.4;IV. REFERENCES;185
16;CHAPTER 8. CRITIQUE - OF" NITROGEN INPUTS AND OUTPUTS: A VALLEY BASIN STUDY";188
16.1;REFERENCES;196
17;CHAPTER 9. CRITIQUE - OF" NITROGEN INPUTS AND OUTPUTS: A VALLEY BASIN STUDY";198
17.1;REFERENCES;214
18;CHAPTER 10. SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF NITROGEN IN SPILS;216
18.1;I. INTRODUCTION;216
18.2;II. CAUSES OF NITROGEN VARIABILITY;217
18.3;III. EVALUATION OF NITROGEN SPATIAL VARIABILITY;218
18.4;IV. CONCLUDING COMMENTS;224
18.5;V. REFERENCES;225
19;CHAPTER 11. CRITIQUE - OF "SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF NITROGEN IN SOILS";228
19.1;I. INTRODUCTION;229
19.2;II. LOSSES OF NITROGEN FROM SOIL;229
19.3;III. CROP GROWTH;231
19.4;IV. CHOICE OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICE;233
19.5;V. CONCLUSION;236
19.6;VI. REFERENCES;236
20;CHAPTER 12. AN APPROACH TO MEASURING LEACHING OF NITRATE FROM FREELY DRAINED IRRIGATED FIELDS;238
20.1;I. INTRODUCTION;238
20.2;II. APPROACH;240
20.3;III. TIME-DEPTH RELATIONSHIPS;243
20.4;IV. SAMPLING PROBLEM;248
20.5;V. EXPERIMENTAL;252
20.6;VI. RESULTS;258
20.7;VII. SUMMARY;267
20.8;VIII. REFERENCES;270
21;CHAPTER 13. CRITIQUE - OF" AN APPROACH TO MEASURING LEACHING OF NITRATEFROM FREELY DRAINED IRRIGATED FIELDS";272
21.1;I. INTRODUCTION;272
21.2;II. THEORETICAL;273
21.3;III. EXPERIMENTAL;276
21.4;IV. GENERAL EVALUATION;277
21.5;V. REFERENCES;279
22;CHAPTER 14. CRITIQUE - OF"AN APPROACH TO MEASURING LEACHING OF NITRATE FROM FREELY-DRAINED IRRIGATED FIELDS";282
22.1;I. REFERENCES;288
23;CHAPTER 15. NITROGEN FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS, NITRATEPOLLUTION POTENTIAL, AND ORANGE PRODUCTIVITY;290
23.1;I. METHODS;292
23.2;II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;299
23.3;III. REFERENCES;309
24;CHAPTER 16. CRITIQUE - OF" NITROGEN FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS, NITRATEPOLLUTION POTENTIAL, AND ORANGE PRODUCTIVITY";312
25;CHAPTER 17. CRITIQUE - OF" NITROGEN FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS, NITRATE POLLUTION POTENTIAL, AND ORANGE PRODUCTIVITY ";318
25.1;I. GENERAL COMMENTS;318
25.2;II. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;321
25.3;III. REFERENCES;322
26;CHAPTER 18. APPLICATION OF GASEOUS-DIFFUSION THEORYTO MEASUREMENT OF DENITRIFICATION;324
26.1;I. DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF DENlTRIFICATION FROM SOIL GAS FLUXES;326
26.2;II. UNCERTAINTIES ASSOCIATED WITH MEASURED PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING GAS FLUXES;335
26.3;III. UNCERTAINTIES ASSOCIATED WITH DENITRIFICATION DETERMINED BY DIFFERENCE;343
26.4;IV. ACCUMULATED UNCERTAINTIES IN MEASURING DENITRIFICATION;347
26.5;V. CONCLUSIONS;348
26.6;VI. REFERENCES;349
27;CHAPTER 19. CRITIQUE - OF" APPLICATION OF GASEOUS-DIFFUSION THEORY TO MEASUREMENT OF DENITRIFICATION";352
27.1;I. INTRODUCTION;352
27.2;II. QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF DENITRIFICATION;353
27.3;III. DENITRIFICATION IN AGGREGATED SOILS;360
27.4;IV. REFERENCES;364
28;CHAPTER 20. CRITIQUE - ON" APPLICATION OF GASEOUS DIFFUSION THEORY TO MEASUREMENT OF DENITRIFICATION";366
28.1;I. INTRODUCTION;367
28.2;II. UNCERTAINTIES ASSOCIATED WITH DIRECT DETERMINATION OF GAS FLUXES;367
28.3;III. UNCERTAINTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIFFERENCE METHOD;373
28.4;IV. DISCUSSION;374
28.5;V. CONCLUSION;376
28.6;VI. REFERENCES;376
29;CHAPTER 21. MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF ANAEROBIOSIS IN SOILS;378
29.1;I. INTRODUCTION;379
29.2;II. MEASUREMENT OF SOIL ANAEROBIOSIS;382
29.3;III. PREDICTION OF SOIL ANAEROBIOSIS;417
29.4;V. APPENDIX;433
29.5;VI. REFERENCES;434
30;CHAPTER 22. CRITIQUE - OF "MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF ANAEROBIOSIS IN SOILS;442
30.1;I. INTRODUCTION;443
30.2;II. CONCLUSIONS;459
30.3;III. REFERENCES;460
31;CHAPTER 23. CRITIQUE OF: "MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF ANAEROBIOSIS IN SOILS";464
31.1;II. INTRODUCTION;464
31.2;III. SEQUENTIAL REDUCTION;465
31.3;IV. ANAEROBIC MICROSITES;467
31.4;V. REDOX POTENTIAL AND pH EFFECTS ON REDUCTION;469
31.5;VI. BIOLOGICAL VS. CHEMICAL REDUCTION;471
31.6;VII. REFERENCES;471
32;CHAPTER 24. SOIL AND OTHER SOURCES OF NITROUS OXIDE;474
32.1;I. INTRODUCTION;474
32.2;II. MATERIALS AND METHODS;476
32.3;III. RESULTS;478
32.4;IV. DISCUSSION;487
32.5;V. REFERENCES;490
33;CHAPTER 25. CRITIQUE - OF "SOIL AND OTHER SOURCES OF NITROUS OXIDE";492
33.1;I. INTRODUCTION;492
33.2;II. SOURCES AND SINKS OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE;493
33.3;III. SOIL AS A SOURCE OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE;495
33.4;IV. SOIL AS A SINK FOR ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE;497
33.5;V. CONCLUSIONS;501
33.6;VI. REFERENCES;504
34;CHAPTER 26. CRITIQUE - OF "SOIL AND OTHER SOURCES OF NITROUS OXIDE";508
34.1;I. INTRODUCTION;508
34.2;II. GAS FLOW IN THE SOIL;510
34.3;III. THE FLUX OF 120 TO AND FROM LAID;519
34.4;IV. APPENDIX A;532
34.5;V. APPENDIX B;533
34.6;VI. REFERENCES;534
35;Index;538