Niemes / Schirmer Entropy, Water and Resources

An Essay in Natural Sciences-Consistent Economics
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-7908-2416-2
Verlag: Physica-Verlag HD
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 219 Seiten

This book lies at the intersection of natural sciences, economics, and water en- neering and is in line with the long tradition of environmental economics at the University of Heidelberg. In the 1970s, the Neo-Austrian Capital Theory was developed using the fundamental laws of thermodynamics as a common language between the natural and social sciences. Niemes (1981) integrated the dynamic and irreversibility characteristics of the natural environment into the Neo-Austrian c- ital theory. Faber et al. (1983, 1987, 1995) then extended this interdisciplinary approach further to create a comprehensive, dynamic, environmental resource model. Over the last 3 decades, the theoretical foundations of environmental economics have been modi ed and there have been an impressive variety of applications. This book aims to reduce the gaps between economic theory, natural sciences, and engineering practice. One of the reasons these gaps exist is because economic assumptions are used to construct dynamic environmental and resource models, which are not consistent with the fundamental laws of the natural sciences. Another reason for the gap might be the distance between academic theory and real world situations. Based on an extended thermodynamic approach, the authors explain which economic assumptions are acceptable for constructing a dynamic model that is consistent with the natural sciences. In particular, the special role of water in the production and reproduction activities will be considered as an integral component.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Niemes, Horst

Schirmer, Mario

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;1 Introduction;10
4;Part I The Water Use Model;13
4.1;2 Conceptual Foundations: Thermodynamics and Capital Theory;14
4.1.1;2.1 Thermodynamics and Its Equivalency to Information Theory;14
4.1.1.1;2.1.1 Entropy, Temperature and Heat;15
4.1.1.2;2.1.2 Entropy, Probability, and Information;15
4.1.1.3;2.1.3 Relations Between Work and Exergy;16
4.1.1.4;2.1.4 Exergy Far from the Thermodynamic Equilibrium;18
4.1.1.5;2.1.5 Relations Between Exergy and Information;19
4.1.1.6;2.1.6 Thermodynamics of Economic Transformation Processes;20
4.1.2;2.2 The Concept of Capital Theory;23
4.1.2.1;2.2.1 Neo-Austrian Capital Theory as Example;23
4.1.2.2;2.2.2 Capital Theory and Its Natural Sciences Consistency;27
4.2;3 General Design of Dynamic Models for Water Uses;29
4.2.1;3.1 Model Structure and Economic Activities;29
4.2.2;3.2 Characteristics of Production Activities;32
4.2.2.1;3.2.1 Criteria for the Extraction and Use of Raw Materials;32
4.2.2.2;3.2.2 Characteristics of Producing and Using Energy and Water;37
4.2.2.3;3.2.3 Characteristics of Wastewater Treatment Activities;41
4.2.3;3.3 Technological Progress and Human Labour Inputs;42
4.3;4 Specifications for Constructing the Water Use Model;45
4.3.1;4.1 Structure and Characteristics of the Water Use Model;45
4.3.2;4.2 Process Coefficients for the Water Use Model;52
4.3.2.1;4.2.1 Process Coefficients for the Production Sector;52
4.3.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 The Coefficients for the Extraction Processes for the Raw Material;53
4.3.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 The Coefficients for Producing Energy;57
4.3.2.1.3;4.2.1.3 Summary of the Process Coefficients for the Production Sector;58
4.3.2.2;4.2.2 Process Coefficients for the Reproduction Sector;59
4.3.2.3;4.2.3 The Wastewater Treatment Coefficients;61
4.4;5 Constraints of the Water Use Model;66
4.4.1;5.1 The Constraints for the Consumption Good Amounts;67
4.4.2;5.2 The Constraints for Extracting Raw Materials;67
4.4.3;5.3 Constraints for Water and Wastewater Amounts;68
4.4.4;5.4 Constraints for Free Energy;69
4.4.5;5.5 Constraints for Human Labour Inputs;73
4.4.6;5.6 Constraints for Sustaining and Developing the Capital Stock;76
4.4.7;5.7 Aggregation of Processes to Sectors;77
4.4.7.1;5.7.1 Energy and Human Labour Inputs for the Production Sector;77
4.4.7.2;5.7.2 Energy and Human Labour Inputs for the Water Sectors;78
4.5;6 Optimality Conditions of the Water Use Model;80
4.5.1;6.1 The Optimization Concept;80
4.5.2;6.2 Optimality Conditions for the Demand Side;82
4.5.3;6.3 Optimality Conditions for the Production Side;83
4.5.3.1;6.3.1 Non-profit Conditions for the Production Sector;83
4.5.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for the Production Sector;84
4.5.3.1.2;A.1.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for the Consumption Good Process;85
4.5.3.1.3;A.1.2 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Producing the Capital Good;86
4.5.3.1.4;A.1.3 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Extracting the Raw Materials for the Consumption Good Process;86
4.5.3.1.5;A.1.4 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Extracting the Raw Materials to Produce the Capital Good Amounts;87
4.5.3.1.6;A.2.1 Marginal Energy Costs of Consumption Good Process;89
4.5.3.1.7;A.2.2 Marginal Energy Costs of the Capital Good Process;89
4.5.3.1.8;A.2.3 Marginal Energy Costs for the Extracting the Raw Material Required for the Consumption Good Process;90
4.5.3.1.9;A.2.4 Marginal Energy Costs for the Raw Materials Extraction Processes Required to Produce the Capital Good Amounts;91
4.5.3.2;6.3.2 Non-profit Conditions for the Water and Wastewater Sectors;92
4.5.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 Marginal Human Labour and Energy Costs for Water Production;93
4.5.3.2.2;B.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Production;93
4.5.3.2.3;B.1.1 Total Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Production;93
4.5.3.2.4;B.1.2 Total Inter-Temporal Marginal Labour Costs for Water Production;94
4.5.3.2.5;B.2 Marginal Energy Costs for Water Production;96
4.5.3.2.6;B.2.1 Total Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Water Production;96
4.5.3.2.7;B.2.2 Total Inter-Temporal Energy Costs for Water Production;97
4.5.3.2.8;6.3.2.2 Marginal Human Labour and Energy Costs forWastewater Treatment;99
4.5.3.2.9;C.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment;99
4.5.3.2.10;C.1.1 Total Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment;99
4.5.3.2.11;C.1.2 Total Inter-Temporal Marginal Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment;100
4.5.3.2.12;C.2 Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment;101
4.5.3.2.13;C.2.1 Total Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment;102
4.5.3.2.14;C.2.2 Total Inter-Temporal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment;103
4.5.4;6.4 Conclusions;105
5;Part II The Water Infrastructure Model;108
5.1;7 Case Studies Guiding the Integration of Water Infrastructure;109
5.1.1;7.1 The MTBE Contamination of the Leuna Aquifer;110
5.1.1.1;7.1.1 Characteristics of the MTBE Contamination Problem;110
5.1.1.2;7.1.2 Technical Solutions to Reduce MTBE Contamination;113
5.1.1.3;7.1.3 The Target Group of the Rehabilitation Measures;115
5.1.1.4;7.1.4 Estimation of the MTBE Contamination Amounts;115
5.1.1.5;7.1.5 Estimation of Costs for Solving the MTBE Problem;117
5.1.1.5.1;7.1.5.1 The Groundwater Amounts and the Time Horizon for Groundwater Treatment;118
5.1.1.5.2;7.1.5.2 The Investment Costs;118
5.1.1.5.3;7.1.5.3 Residual Values of the Investment Costs at the End of the Planning Horizon;119
5.1.1.5.4;7.1.5.4 Fixed and Variable Operation Costs;119
5.1.1.5.5;7.1.5.5 Net Present Values and Dynamic Prime Costs for Groundwater Treatment;119
5.1.2;7.2 Water Infrastructure to Serve Adana in Turkey;121
5.1.2.1;7.2.1 Urbanization and Water Infrastructure of Mega-Cities;121
5.1.2.2;7.2.2 Private and Local Public Welfare Properties of Water;122
5.1.2.3;7.2.3 Implementation Concept for Adana's Water Infrastructure;124
5.1.2.3.1;7.2.3.1 Planning and Implementation Concept for the Wastewater System;125
5.1.2.3.2;7.2.3.2 Planning and Implementation of the Water Supply System;129
5.1.2.4;7.2.4 Dynamic Prime Costs of Adana's Water Infrastructure;132
5.1.3;7.3 Conclusions for Constructing the Water Infrastructure Model;133
5.2;8 Specifications for Constructing the Water Infrastructure Model;134
5.2.1;8.1 Structure of the Water Infrastructure Model;135
5.2.2;8.2 Process Coefficients of the Water Infrastructure Sectors;139
5.2.2.1;8.2.1 Coefficients of the CW and M&E Production Processes;139
5.2.2.1.1;8.2.1.1 The Energy Coefficients and Amounts of the Processes for the Civil Work and Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Capital Goods;140
5.2.2.1.2;8.2.1.2 The Human Labour Coefficients and Amounts of the Processes for the Civil Work and Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Capital Goods;142
5.2.2.2;8.2.2 Coefficients for the Water Infrastructure Processes;143
5.2.3;8.3 Reduction of Variables and Dynamics of the Capital Stocks;150
5.3;9 Constraints of the Water Infrastructure Model;153
5.3.1;9.1 Constraints for the Consumption Good Amounts;153
5.3.2;9.2 Constraints for Extracting Raw Materials;154
5.3.3;9.3 Constraints for the Water and Wastewater Amounts;154
5.3.4;9.4 Constraints for Free Energy;156
5.3.5;9.5 Constraints for the Human Labour Input Amounts;157
5.3.6;9.6 Constraints for the Capital Stocks;159
5.3.7;9.7 Constraints for Reduced Variables;160
5.3.7.1;9.7.1 Human Labour Constraint for Reduced Variables;160
5.3.7.2;9.7.2 Energy Constraint for Reduced Variables;161
5.3.7.3;9.7.3 Water and Wastewater Constraints for Reduced Variables;163
5.3.8;9.8 Aggregation of Process Inputs to Sector Inputs;164
5.3.8.1;9.8.1 Aggregation of Processes to the Production Sector;164
5.3.8.1.1;9.8.1.1 Aggregation of the Human Labour Input Amounts for the Production Sector;165
5.3.8.1.2;9.8.1.2 Aggregation of the Energy Input Amounts for the Production Sector;165
5.3.8.2;9.8.2 Aggregation of Processes to the Water Sectors;165
5.3.8.2.1;9.8.2.1 Aggregation of the Human Labour and Energy Input Amounts for the Water Treatment Sector;167
5.3.8.2.2;9.8.2.2 Aggregation of the Human Labour and Energy Input Amounts for the Water Distribution Sector;168
5.3.8.2.3;9.8.2.3 Aggregation of the Human Labour and Energy Input Amounts for the Wastewater Collection Sector;170
5.3.8.2.4;9.8.2.4 Aggregation of the Human Labour and Energy Input Amounts for the Wastewater Treatment Sector;171
5.4;10 Optimality Conditions of the Water Infrastructure Model;173
5.4.1;10.1 Optimality Conditions for the Demand Side;174
5.4.2;10.2 Optimality Conditions for the Production Side;175
5.4.2.1;10.2.1 Non-profit Conditions for the Production Sector;175
5.4.2.2;10.2.2 Non-profit Conditions for the Water Sectors;176
5.4.3;10.3 Conclusions and Perspectives;177
5.4.4;Mathematical Appendix and Detailed Explanations to Sect. 10.2.2 ;180
5.4.5;A Marginal Costs for Water Treatment;180
5.4.5.1;A.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Treatment;180
5.4.5.1.1;A.1.1 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Treatment Caused by Water Saving Innovation Effects;181
5.4.5.1.2;A.1.2 The Dependence of the Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Treatment on the Activity Level or Consumption Good Amounts;182
5.4.5.1.3;A.1.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Treatment Caused by the Structural Change of the Water Amounts;183
5.4.5.1.4;A.1.4 The Dependence of the Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Treatment on the Development Path for Consumption Good Amounts;185
5.4.5.2;A.2 Marginal Energy Costs for Water Treatment;186
5.4.5.2.1;A.2.1 Marginal Energy Costs for Water Treatment Caused by the Water Saving Innovation Effect;187
5.4.5.2.2;A.2.2 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Water Treatment Determined by the Activity Level;189
5.4.5.2.3;A.2.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Water Treatment Caused by the Structural Change of the Water Amounts;189
5.4.5.2.4;A.2.4 Actual and Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Water Treatment Determined by the Development Path of the Consumption Good Amounts;190
5.4.6;B Marginal Costs for Water Distribution;192
5.4.6.1;B.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Distribution;192
5.4.6.1.1;B.1.1 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Distribution Generated by Water Saving Innovation Effects;194
5.4.6.1.2;B.1.2 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Distribution as a Function of the Consumption Good Amounts;194
5.4.6.1.3;B.1.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Distribution Caused by the Structural Change of the Water Input Amounts;194
5.4.6.1.4;B.1.4 Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Distribution as a Function of the Development Path of the Water Amounts;195
5.4.6.2;B.2 Marginal Human Energy Costs for Water Distribution;195
5.4.6.2.1;B.2.1 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Water Distribution Generated by Water Saving Innovation Effects;197
5.4.6.2.2;B.2.2 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Water Distribution as a Function of the Activity Level;197
5.4.6.2.3;B.2.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Water Distribution Caused by the Structural Change of the Water Input Amounts;197
5.4.6.2.4;B.2.4 The Dependence of the Actual and Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Water Distribution on the Development Path of Consumption;198
5.4.7;C Marginal Costs for Wastewater Collection;199
5.4.7.1;C.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Collection;200
5.4.7.1.1;C.1.1 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Collection Caused by the Reduction of Wastewater Leakage;201
5.4.7.1.2;C.1.2 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Collection as a Function of the Consumption Good Amounts;201
5.4.7.1.3;C.1.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Collection Caused by the Structural Change of the Wastewater Amounts;201
5.4.7.1.4;C.1.4 The Dependence of Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater on the Development Path of the Consumption Good Amounts;202
5.4.7.2;C.2 Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Collection;202
5.4.7.2.1;C.2.1 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Collection Caused by Reducing Wastewater Leakage;203
5.4.7.2.2;C.2.2 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Collection as a Function of the Activity Level or Consumption Good Amounts;203
5.4.7.2.3;C.2.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Collection Caused by the Structural Change of the Wastewater Amounts;204
5.4.7.2.4;C.2.4 The Dependence of Actual and Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Collection on the Development Path of the Wastewater Amounts;204
5.4.8;D Marginal Costs for Wastewater Treatment;206
5.4.8.1;D.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment;206
5.4.8.1.1;D.1.1 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment Caused by the Reduction of Wastewater Leakage During Wastewater Collection;207
5.4.8.1.2;D.1.2 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment as a Function of the Activity Level or Consumption Good Amounts;207
5.4.8.1.3;D.1.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment Caused by the Structural Change of the Wastewater Amounts;208
5.4.8.1.4;D.1.4 The Dependence of the Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater on the Development Path of the Consumption Good Amounts;209
5.4.8.2;D.2 Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment;209
5.4.8.2.1;D.2.1 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment Caused by Reducing Wastewater Leakage During Wastewater Collection;210
5.4.8.2.2;D.2.2 The Dependence of the Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment on the Activity Level or Consumption Good Amounts;211
5.4.8.2.3;D.2.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment Caused by the Structural Change of the Wastewater Amounts;211
5.4.8.2.4;D.2.4 The Dependence of the Actual and Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment on the Development Path of the Consumption Good Amounts;212
6;References;214
7;Index;217