Nikowitz Advanced Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

System Optimization and Vehicle Integration
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-26305-2
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 230 Seiten

Reihe: Lecture Notes in Mobility

This contributed volume contains the results of the research program 'Agreement for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles', funded by the International Energy Agency. The topical focus lies on technology options for the system optimization of hybrid and electric vehicle components and drive train configurations which enhance the energy efficiency of the vehicle. The approach to the topic is genuinely interdisciplinary, covering insights from fields. The target audience primarily comprises researchers and industry experts in the field of automotive engineering, but the book may also be beneficial for graduate students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nikowitz, Michael

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface of the Operating Agent;6
1.1;System Optimization—The Key to Success;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;9
4;Abbreviations and Nomenclature;11
5;List of Figures;14
6;List of Tables;20
7;1 Introduction;22
7.1;Abstract;22
7.2;1 The Need for Sustainable Mobility;22
7.2.1;1.1 Timeline—History of EVs;25
7.2.2;1.2 Task 17—System Optimization and Vehicle Integration;29
7.2.2.1;1.2.1 Scope of Task 17;30
7.2.2.2;1.2.2 Impacts of Task 17;31
7.2.2.3;1.2.3 Working Methods of Task 17;31
7.3;References;35
8;2 OEM and Industry Review—Markets, Strategies and Current Technologies;36
8.1;Abstract;36
8.2;1 OEM Markets;37
8.2.1;1.1 China;37
8.2.2;1.2 United States;39
8.2.3;1.3 Japan and Korea;40
8.2.4;1.4 European Union;41
8.3;2 OEM Strategies;42
8.3.1;2.1 Build Your Dream;42
8.3.2;2.2 General Motors;43
8.3.3;2.3 Hyundai and Kia;43
8.3.4;2.4 Renault;44
8.3.5;2.5 VW and Audi;45
8.4;3 OEM—Key Messages;46
8.5;4 Current Status of Low-Carbon Vehicle Technologies (2013–2015);46
8.5.1;4.1 Technology Extreme—Conventional ICE Vehicles;47
8.5.2;4.2 Technology Extreme—Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs);48
8.5.3;4.3 Hybrid Vehicles (HEVs) Technology—Between ICE and BEV;54
8.5.3.1;4.3.1 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs);58
8.5.4;4.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs);60
8.6;5 Comparison of Different Vehicle Specifications;62
8.6.1;5.1 Cost Factor;62
8.6.2;5.2 Durability;63
8.6.3;5.3 Energy and Power Density;63
8.6.4;5.4 Efficiency;63
8.6.5;5.5 Safety;64
8.7;References;65
9;3 International Deployment and Demonstration Projects;67
9.1;Abstract;67
9.2;1 Worldwide Incentives for EVs;68
9.2.1;1.1 Direct Subsidies;70
9.2.2;1.2 Fiscal Incentives;71
9.2.3;1.3 Fuel Cost Savings;72
9.3;2 International Deployment and Demonstration Projects;73
9.3.1;2.1 Development Plan for EVs in China (2011–2020);73
9.3.2;2.2 Taiwan;78
9.3.3;2.3 United States: The ‘EV Project’ and ‘EV Everywhere’;79
9.3.4;2.4 European Union;81
9.4;References;83
10;4 Advanced Vehicle Performance Assessment;85
10.1;Abstract;85
10.2;1 Vehicle Technology Introduction;86
10.2.1;1.1 Toyota G3 Prius HEV;86
10.2.2;1.2 Hyundai Sonata HEV;87
10.2.3;1.3 Ford Fusion HEV;88
10.2.4;1.4 Chevy Volt PHEV;88
10.2.5;1.5 Nissan Leaf BEV;88
10.3;2 HEV Results (Sonata, Fusion, and Prius, CS Mode Volt);88
10.3.1;2.1 Introduction to Configurations;89
10.3.2;2.2 Fuel Economy Results;90
10.3.3;2.3 Engine on-off Capability;90
10.3.4;2.4 Engine Utilization;93
10.3.5;2.5 Regen;93
10.3.6;2.6 Improving Efficiency with Improved Thermal Management;94
10.4;3 Electric Vehicle Operation Comparison (Chevy Volt in EV Mode and Nissan Leaf BEV);96
10.4.1;3.1 Configuration Comparison;96
10.4.2;3.2 Operational Differences;96
10.4.3;3.3 Battery Utilization and Recharge Efficiencies;96
10.4.4;3.4 Electric Powertrain Efficiency Comparisons;98
10.5;4 Auxiliary Loads HEV, PHEV, and BEV;99
10.5.1;4.1 Standby Auxiliary Losses;99
10.5.2;4.2 Hot and Cold Temperatures;99
10.6;5 Conclusions;101
10.7;6 Future Trends;102
10.7.1;6.1 Future HEVs;102
10.7.2;6.2 Future PHEVs;103
10.7.3;6.3 Future BEVs;104
10.8;References;104
11;5 System Optimization and Vehicle Integration;106
11.1;Abstract;106
11.2;1 System Optimization and Vehicle Integration;108
11.3;2 Electric Motors;109
11.3.1;2.1 Introduction;109
11.3.2;2.2 PM Motors;110
11.3.3;2.3 Induction Motors;110
11.3.4;2.4 Switched Reluctance Motors;111
11.3.5;2.5 Conclusions and Future Work;113
11.4;3 Battery Management Systems in EVs;113
11.4.1;3.1 Description and Tasks of a BMS in an EV Application;116
11.4.2;3.2 SoC Determination Algorithm;122
11.4.3;3.3 SoH Determination Algorithm;125
11.4.4;3.4 Integration of BMS into the EV—State of the Art;126
11.4.5;3.5 Examples of Integrated BMS in EVs and HEVs;129
11.4.6;3.6 Technology Trends of BMS;134
11.4.7;3.7 BatPaC: A Li-Ion Battery Performance and Cost Model for Electric-Drive Vehicles;137
11.4.8;3.8 Selection of BMS Suppliers and Manufacturers;141
11.5;4 Thermal Management;150
11.5.1;4.1 Heating Technologies;156
11.5.2;4.2 Automotive Thermal Comfort by Valeo;158
11.5.3;4.3 Development of Nanofluids for Cooling Power Electronics by Argonne;161
11.5.4;4.4 Eko-Lack: Simulation and Measurement of an Energy Efficient Infrared Radiation Heating of a Full EV by AIT and Qpunkt GmbH;165
11.6;5 Simulation Tools—Overview of International Research Groups;173
11.6.1;5.1 CRUISE—Vehicle System Simulation (by AVL);173
11.6.2;5.2 Autonomie (By Argonne National Laboratory);177
11.6.3;5.3 Dymola/Modelica (By Austrian Institute of Technology—AIT);179
11.7;6 Lightweight as Overall Method for Optimization;181
11.7.1;6.1 Vehicle Mass Impact on Efficiency and Fuel Economy;182
11.7.2;6.2 Functional and Innovative Lightweight Concepts and Materials for xEVs;192
11.8;7 Power Electronics and Drive Train Technologies as Overall Optimization Method;202
11.8.1;7.1 Reasons for an Increasing Amount of Software and Electronics;203
11.8.2;7.2 Electrified Drive Trains Leads to Increasing Complexity;204
11.8.3;7.3 Benefits Through Optimized Power Electronics and Drive Train Technologies;207
11.9;References;219
12;6 Final Results and Recommendations;224
12.1;Abstract;224
12.2;1 Batteries;225
12.3;2 Improvements by Thermal and Battery Management;226
12.4;3 Simulation and Virtual Vehicle;226
12.5;4 Lightweight Through Advanced Materials, Bionic Concepts and Functional Integration;227
12.6;5 Power Electronics and Drive Train Technologies Require New Software Concepts;228
12.7;6 Change Within the Automotive Value Chain;229
12.8;7 We Have to Change;229
12.9;References;230