Öchsner Engineering Applications for New Materials and Technologies

1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-72697-7
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 645 Seiten

Reihe: Engineering

This book discusses the expertise, skills, and techniques needed for the development of new materials and technologies. It focuses on finite element and finite volume methods that are used for engineering simulations, and present many state-of-the-art applications and advances to highlight these methods' importance.  For example, modern joining technologies can be used to fabricate new compound or composite materials, even those formed from dissimilar component materials. These composite materials are often exposed to harsh environments, must deliver specific characteristics, and are primarily used in automotive and marine technologies, i.e., ships, amphibious vehicles, docks, offshore structures, and even robots. To achieve the desired material performance, computer-based engineering tools are widely used for simulation, data evaluation, and design processes.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Öchsner, Andreas

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;1 A Study on the Effect of Parameters on the Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welded AA6061 1.5 mm Thin Plate Butt-Joints;14
3.1;Abstract;14
3.2;1 Introduction;15
3.3;2 Experimental Setup;15
3.3.1;2.1 Experiment Preparation;15
3.3.2;2.2 Experiment Commencement;16
3.3.3;2.3 Tensile Test;17
3.3.4;2.4 Macrostructure Analysis;17
3.4;3 Results and Discussion;18
3.4.1;3.1 Surface Appearance;18
3.4.2;3.2 Tensile Test;19
3.4.3;3.3 Macrostructure Analysis;21
3.5;4 Conclusion;24
3.6;Acknowledgements;25
3.7;References;25
4;2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Perak River Sand for Greensand Casting Molds;26
4.1;Abstract;26
4.2;1 Introduction;27
4.3;2 Materials and Methods;30
4.3.1;2.1 Clay Grade;30
4.3.2;2.2 Chemical Composition;31
4.3.3;2.3 Grain Sand Distribution;31
4.3.4;2.4 Average Grain Size;31
4.4;3 Results and Discussion;32
4.4.1;3.1 Clay Grade;32
4.4.2;3.2 Chemical Composition;32
4.4.3;3.3 Grain Sand Distribution;33
4.4.4;3.4 Average Grain Size;34
4.5;4 Conclusions;36
4.6;References;37
5;3 Potential Use of Cellulose Fibre Composites in Marine Environment—A Review;38
5.1;Abstract;38
5.2;1 Introduction;39
5.3;2 Fibre Selection;41
5.3.1;2.1 Cellulose Fibres;42
5.4;3 Moisture Uptake of Natural Fibres;47
5.5;4 Modification of Cellulose Fibres;48
5.5.1;4.1 Alkaline Treatment;49
5.5.2;4.2 Silane Treatment;50
5.5.3;4.3 Stearic Acid Treatment;50
5.5.4;4.4 Maleated Treatment;51
5.6;5 Thermal Stability of Cellulose Fibers;51
5.7;6 Matrix Selection;52
5.7.1;6.1 Polyester Matrix;52
5.7.2;6.2 Epoxy Matrix;53
5.7.3;6.3 Vinyl-Ester Matrix;53
5.8;7 Gel Coat;54
5.9;8 Cellulose Nanofillers;54
5.10;9 Presence of Porosity;55
5.11;10 Manufacturing Techniques for Cellulose Fibres;56
5.11.1;10.1 Hand Lay-Up;56
5.11.2;10.2 Compression Molding (CM);57
5.11.3;10.3 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM);58
5.11.4;10.4 Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI);58
5.12;11 Marine Qualification Issue;59
5.13;12 Marine Application;59
5.13.1;12.1 Superstructure;60
5.13.2;12.2 Racing Sailboats;60
5.14;13 Conclusion;61
5.15;References;62
6;4 Development of a Batik Fiberglass Composite for Marine Applications Based on Water Absorption Testing;69
6.1;Abstract;69
6.2;1 Introduction;70
6.3;2 Materials and Methodology;70
6.3.1;2.1 Laminating Process;70
6.3.2;2.2 Demolding Flat Panel;71
6.3.2.1;2.2.1 Mechanical Testing;71
6.4;3 Results and Discussion;74
6.5;4 Conclusion;77
6.6;Acknowledgements;77
6.7;References;77
7;5 Flame Spread Behavior over Kenaf Fabric, Polyester Fabric, and Kenaf/Polyester Combined Fabric;79
7.1;Abstract;79
7.2;1 Introduction;80
7.3;2 Experimental Setup;81
7.4;3 Results and Discussion;83
7.5;4 Conclusion;86
7.6;Acknowledgements;87
7.7;References;87
8;6 Design and Analysis of an Automotive Oil Filter Gripper Socket Special Tool;88
8.1;Abstract;88
8.2;1 Introduction;89
8.3;2 Literature Review;89
8.4;3 Methodologies;90
8.5;4 Equations and Mathematics;91
8.6;5 Results and Discussions;94
8.7;6 Conclusions;99
8.8;References;100
9;7 The Development of Hovercraft Design with a Horizontal Propulsion System;101
9.1;Abstract;101
9.2;1 Introduction;102
9.3;2 Problem Statement;102
9.4;3 Objective;102
9.5;4 Methodology;103
9.5.1;4.1 Design Selection;103
9.5.2;4.2 Material and Components;106
9.5.3;4.3 Final Design of Hull and Skirt;106
9.5.4;4.4 Material to Construct RC Model;106
9.5.5;4.5 Process of Construction;108
9.6;5 Results;109
9.7;6 Discussion;113
9.8;7 Conclusion;113
9.9;Acknowledgements;113
10;8 A Rule Based Method to Auto-recognize Fillet Features of B-Rep Mill Parts;114
10.1;Abstract;114
10.2;1 Introduction;114
10.3;2 Methodology;115
10.3.1;2.1 Part Model;115
10.3.2;2.2 Recognition of Faces;116
10.3.3;2.3 Segmentation of Faces;117
10.3.4;2.4 Selection of Loops;117
10.3.5;2.5 Rule Based Method;119
10.4;3 Implementation;120
10.5;4 Discussion;122
10.6;5 Conclusion;122
10.7;Acknowledgements;122
10.8;References;122
11;9 Experimental Study of Direct Injected Marine Auxiliary Diesel Engine Performance, Emission and Cylinder Pressure Using Biodiesel Fuels Derived from Jatropha Curcas Oil;124
11.1;Abstract;124
11.2;1 Introduction;125
11.3;2 Experimental Procedure;126
11.3.1;2.1 Production Process of Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel Fuel;126
11.3.2;2.2 Blending Process of Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel with Petroleum Diesel Fuel;127
11.3.3;2.3 Measurement of Fuel Properties;128
11.3.4;2.4 Experiment Apparatus Setup;130
11.4;3 Results and Discussions;132
11.5;4 Conclusion;142
11.6;Acknowledgements;143
11.7;References;144
12;10 Integrated Full Electric Propulsion System for Tanker Ships with Combined Diesel and Hydro Generator Drive;145
12.1;Abstract;145
12.2;1 Introduction;146
12.3;2 Background;147
12.4;3 Approach;147
12.4.1;3.1 Energy and Power Flow;148
12.4.1.1;3.1.1 Diesel-Mechanical Propulsion;150
12.4.1.2;3.1.2 Diesel-Electric Propulsion;150
12.4.2;3.2 IFEP System Plant Model;151
12.4.2.1;3.2.1 Hydro Generators;152
12.4.3;3.3 Mode of Operation;153
12.4.4;3.4 Power Output at Full Speed;154
12.5;4 Results;155
12.6;5 Conclusion;157
12.7;References;157
13;11 A Stress Analysis and Design Improvement of a Car Door Hinge for Compact Cars;159
13.1;Abstract;159
13.2;1 Introduction;160
13.2.1;1.1 Problem Statement;160
13.2.2;1.2 Objective;161
13.3;2 Experimental Setup;162
13.3.1;2.1 Material Selection;162
13.3.2;2.2 Door Hinge Design;163
13.3.3;2.3 Finite Element Analysis;163
13.3.4;2.4 Boundary Condition;165
13.3.5;2.5 Test Rig Setup;165
13.4;3 Results and Discussion;166
13.4.1;3.1 Simulation and Actual Test Analysis;166
13.5;4 Conclusion;169
13.6;Acknowledgements;169
13.7;References;169
14;12 Development of a Global Warming Impact Prediction Analysis Tool for Mobile Vehicles;170
14.1;Abstract;170
14.2;1 Introduction;171
14.3;2 Experimental Setup;172
14.4;3 Results and Discussion;175
14.5;4 Conclusion;176
14.6;Acknowledgements;176
14.7;References;177
15;13 Surface Recognition and Volume Generation for Symmetrical Parts Using a Mirror Approach;178
15.1;Abstract;178
15.2;1 Introduction;178
15.3;2 Algorithm Framework;179
15.3.1;2.1 Part Model Validation;180
15.3.1.1;2.1.1 Part Model Volume;181
15.3.1.2;2.1.2 Part Model Symmetry;181
15.3.1.3;2.1.3 Part Model Orientation;181
15.3.2;2.2 Volume Decompositions Generation;181
15.3.2.1;2.2.1 Part Model Division;182
15.3.2.2;2.2.2 SDVF Generation;183
15.3.2.3;2.2.3 Mirroring SDVF;183
15.3.2.4;2.2.4 SDVR Generation;184
15.4;3 Results and Discussion;184
15.5;4 Conclusion;187
15.6;Acknowledgements;187
15.7;References;187
16;14 Influence of Passenger Car Air Conditioner System Thermostat Level Setting to Fuel Consumption and Thermal Comfort;189
16.1;Abstract;189
16.2;1 Introduction;190
16.3;2 Experimental Setup;191
16.3.1;2.1 Experimental Parameter;191
16.3.2;2.2 Experimental Procedures;191
16.4;3 Results and Discussion;194
16.4.1;3.1 Experiment of Low Fan Speed Performance;195
16.4.2;3.2 The Experiment of Medium Fan Speed Performance;197
16.4.3;3.3 Fuel Consumption for Two Different Types of Blower Fan Speed;197
16.4.4;3.4 Temperature History and Fuel Usage During Total Experiment Time (1 h) of Low Blower Fan Speed;197
16.4.5;3.5 Temperature History and Fuel Usage During Total Experiment Time (1 h) of Low Blower Fan Speed;199
16.5;4 Conclusion;200
16.6;Acknowledgements;200
16.7;References;200
17;15 Investigation of the Piston Bowl Shape Effect on the Diesel Spray Development;202
17.1;Abstract;202
17.2;1 Introduction;203
17.3;2 Methodology;204
17.4;3 Results and Discussion;205
17.5;4 Conclusion;208
17.6;Acknowledgements;208
17.7;References;208
18;16 Improvement of the Switching of Behaviours Using a Fuzzy Inference System for Powered Wheelchair Controllers;209
18.1;Abstract;209
18.2;1 Introduction;210
18.3;2 Methodology;212
18.4;3 Results and Discussion;215
18.4.1;3.1 Object/Obstacle Detection;215
18.4.2;3.2 Follow-the-Leader Behaviour;215
18.4.3;3.3 Emergency Stop Behaviour;218
18.4.4;3.4 Switching Between Behaviours;218
18.5;4 Conclusions;220
18.6;References;220
19;17 Mesh Filtering Algorithm for Virtualisation of Rapid Prototype Models Based on Digitised Data;222
19.1;Abstract;222
19.2;1 Introduction;223
19.3;2 Related Works;223
19.4;3 Methodology;224
19.5;4 Implementation;227
19.6;5 Discussions;229
19.7;6 Conclusions;232
19.8;Acknowledgements;232
19.9;References;233
20;18 The Development of a Mobile Campus Information Sharing Android Application;234
20.1;Abstract;234
20.2;1 Introduction;235
20.3;2 Methodology;236
20.4;3 Results and Discussions;238
20.5;4 Conclusion;240
20.6;References;240
21;19 Service Restoration Based on Simultaneous Network Reconfiguration and Distributed Generation Sizing for Loss Minimization Using a Modified Genetic Algorithm;241
21.1;Abstract;241
21.2;1 Introduction;242
21.3;2 Mathematical Model for DNR Problem;244
21.4;3 The Implementation of MGA in Service Restoration via DNR and DG Size;245
21.5;4 Analysis of the Results on Power Loss;249
21.5.1;4.1 Scenario 1—The System Is Operated by Service Restoration via DNR;249
21.5.2;4.2 Scenario 2—The System Is Operated by Service Restoration via DNR and DG Sequentially;250
21.5.3;4.3 Scenario 3—The System Is Operated with Service Restoration via DNR and DG Simultaneously;253
21.6;5 Analysis of the Results on Voltage Profile;257
21.7;6 Conclusion;258
21.8;References;259
22;20 Improved Design of the UniKL Amphibious Research Crawler II for Underwater Exploration;261
22.1;Abstract;261
22.2;1 Introduction;262
22.3;2 Problem Statement;263
22.4;3 Literature Review;263
22.5;4 Preliminary Results;267
22.6;5 Methodology;268
22.7;6 Expected Outcome;268
22.8;7 Conclusions;270
22.9;Acknowledgements;270
22.10;References;270
23;21 Preliminary Design and Analysis Study of Propeller for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV);271
23.1;Abstract;271
23.2;1 Introduction;272
23.3;2 Methodology;273
23.3.1;2.1 Design;273
23.3.2;2.2 Fabrication;273
23.3.2.1;2.2.1 Lathe Machine;273
23.3.3;2.3 3D Printing;275
23.3.3.1;2.3.1 Tap and Die Tool;276
23.4;3 Results;276
23.5;4 Discussion;278
23.6;Acknowledgements;280
23.7;References;280
24;22 Preliminary Study on the Development of Two Degree of Freedom Robotic Arms for Underwater Applications;281
24.1;Abstract;281
24.2;1 Introduction;282
24.3;2 Methodology;283
24.3.1;2.1 Initial Requirements Study;283
24.3.2;2.2 Designing and Performing the Experimental Modeling;283
24.3.3;2.3 Development of Models;283
24.3.4;2.4 Block Diagram;283
24.3.5;2.5 Flowchart of Study;284
24.3.6;2.6 Design of Robotic Arms;284
24.4;3 Testing and Results;287
24.4.1;3.1 Underwater Lifting Load Test Result;287
24.4.2;3.2 Result for Underwater Load Test;288
24.4.3;3.3 On-land Extend and Retract Arm Test Result;290
24.5;4 Recommendation;291
24.6;5 Conclusion;291
24.7;References;291
25;23 Design and Analyses of a Ship Floating Dry-Dock;293
25.1;Abstract;293
25.2;1 Introduction;293
25.3;2 Methodology;294
25.4;3 Result and Discussion;298
25.5;4 Conclusion;300
25.6;Acknowledgements;300
25.7;References;300
26;24 3D Design of a Ship Floating Dry-Dock by Using Simulation Software;301
26.1;Abstract;301
26.2;1 Introduction;301
26.3;2 Methodology;302
26.3.1;2.1 Data Gathering;302
26.3.2;2.2 Design of Main Components;303
26.3.3;2.3 Design of Sub-main Component;306
26.3.4;2.4 Assembly of the Ship Floating Dry-Dock 3D Design;308
26.3.5;2.5 3D Printing;308
26.4;3 Result and Discussion;310
26.4.1;3.1 Design of Monohull and Twin Hull;310
26.4.2;3.2 Prototype of Ship Floating Dry Dock;311
26.5;4 Conclusion;312
26.6;References;312
27;25 Hybrid Combination Product Between Aluminum Can with Reinforcement Fiberglass for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles;314
27.1;Abstract;314
27.2;1 Introduction;315
27.3;2 Experimental Setup;316
27.3.1;2.1 Experiment Preparation;316
27.4;3 Results and Discussion;317
27.5;4 Conclusions;318
27.6;References;318
28;26 The Comparison of Impact Energy and Three Point Bending Properties on Coconut Fiber Composite for Marine Application;319
28.1;Abstract;319
28.2;1 Introduction;320
28.2.1;1.1 Infusion and Vacuum Technique;321
28.2.2;1.2 Natural Fiber;321
28.2.3;1.3 Core Materials;322
28.2.4;1.4 Coconut Fiber;322
28.2.5;1.5 3D Core Foam;323
28.2.6;1.6 Infusion Grooved PVC Foam;323
28.3;2 Experimental Setup;324
28.3.1;2.1 Experiment Preparation;324
28.3.2;2.2 Preparation of Testing Panels;325
28.3.3;2.3 Preparation of Specimens;326
28.3.4;2.4 Mechanical Properties Testing;327
28.3.5;2.5 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics—ASTM D256-10;327
28.3.6;2.6 Flexural Properties of Unidirectional and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials—ASTM D790-07;328
28.4;3 Results and Discussion;328
28.5;4 Conclusion;332
28.6;References;333
29;27 Tensile and Hardness Analysis of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding Between AA6061 with AA5083 and Mild Steel;334
29.1;Abstract;334
29.2;1 Introduction;334
29.3;2 Experimental Setup;335
29.4;3 Results and Discussion;336
29.4.1;3.1 Macrostructure;336
29.4.1.1;3.1.1 Dissimilar Alloy (AA6061 and AA5083);336
29.4.1.2;3.1.2 Dissimilar Material (AA6061 and Mild Steel);338
29.4.2;3.2 Tensile Strength;340
29.4.3;3.3 Hardness;340
29.5;4 Conclusion;341
29.6;References;342
30;28 Analysis of Drum Brake System for Improvement of Braking Performance;344
30.1;Abstract;344
30.2;1 Introduction;344
30.3;2 Experimental Setup;346
30.3.1;2.1 Brake Factor Calculation;346
30.3.1.1;2.1.1 Existing Brake Shoe;346
30.3.1.2;2.1.2 Modification of Brake Shoe Calculation;347
30.3.2;2.2 Brake Shoe Modelling;348
30.3.3;2.3 Brake Torque Analysis;351
30.3.4;2.4 Modified Design of Brake Shoe;351
30.4;3 Results and Discussion;352
30.4.1;3.1 Brake Factor Calculation;352
30.4.2;3.2 Modal Analysis;352
30.5;4 Conclusion;356
30.6;References;356
31;29 Ultrasonic Based Technique to Measure Residual Stresses in Offshore Structures;357
31.1;Abstract;357
31.2;1 Introduction;357
31.3;2 Experimental Setup;362
31.4;3 Results and Discussion;362
31.5;4 Conclusion;367
31.6;Acknowledgements;368
31.7;References;368
32;30 Influence of Tool Plunge Depth on the Joint Strength and Hardness of Friction Stir Welded AA6061 and Mild Steel;370
32.1;Abstract;370
32.2;1 Introduction;370
32.3;2 Experimental Setup;371
32.4;3 Results and Discussion;373
32.4.1;3.1 Effect of Tool Plunge Depth on Macrostructure of FSW Joint;373
32.4.1.1;3.1.1 Bondline Formation;373
32.4.1.2;3.1.2 Tunnel Defect Formation;375
32.4.2;3.2 Effect of Tool Plunge Depth on Tensile Strength of FSW Joint;377
32.4.3;3.3 Effect of Tool Plunge Depth on Hardness of FSW Joint;378
32.5;4 Conclusion;379
32.6;References;379
33;31 Analysis of Production Layout Model to Improve Production Efficiency;381
33.1;Abstract;381
33.2;1 Introduction;382
33.3;2 Literature;382
33.4;3 Experimental Setup;383
33.4.1;3.1 Production Layout and Judgement Condition;383
33.4.1.1;3.1.1 Technique of Time Study;385
33.4.1.2;3.1.2 Time Study Procedure;386
33.4.2;3.2 Automated Layout Design Planning (ALDEP);388
33.5;4 Data Collection and Analysis;389
33.5.1;4.1 Time Study;389
33.5.2;4.2 Automated Layout Design Program (ALDEP);390
33.5.3;4.3 Proposal of Improvement;394
33.5.3.1;4.3.1 First Proposal;394
33.5.3.2;4.3.2 Second Proposal;394
33.5.3.3;4.3.3 Third Proposal;395
33.6;5 Conclusion;396
33.7;Acknowledgements;396
33.8;References;396
34;32 Effect of Vibration on Occupant Driving Performances: Measurement by Simulated Driving;397
34.1;Abstract;397
34.2;1 Introduction;397
34.3;2 Methodology;399
34.3.1;2.1 Volunteer Recruitment;399
34.3.2;2.2 Ethical Consideration;399
34.3.3;2.3 Experiment Setup;399
34.3.4;2.4 Objective Measures;400
34.3.5;2.5 Subjective Measures;401
34.3.6;2.6 Experimental Procedures;401
34.4;3 Results;402
34.4.1;3.1 Objective measurement;402
34.4.2;3.2 Subjective measurement;403
34.5;4 Discussion;404
34.6;5 Conclusion;405
34.7;Acknowledgements;405
35;33 Simulation Studies of a New Magnetorheological Brake with Difference Gap Size Using Combination of Shear and Squeeze Mode;408
35.1;Abstract;408
35.2;1 Introduction;409
35.3;2 Two-Dimensional Simulation;411
35.3.1;2.1 Modelling of MR Brake;411
35.3.2;2.2 Magnetostatic Analysis;413
35.4;3 Results and Discussion;415
35.5;4 Conclusion;418
35.6;Acknowledgements;418
35.7;References;418
36;34 Optimization of Air-Fuel Ratio and Compression Ratio to Increase the Performance of Hydrogen Port Fuel Injection Engines;420
36.1;Abstract;420
36.2;1 Introduction;421
36.3;2 Methodology;422
36.3.1;2.1 Experimental Setup;422
36.3.2;2.2 Experimental Procedure;423
36.3.3;2.3 Engine Modelling and Simulation;424
36.4;3 Results and Discussion;425
36.4.1;3.1 Model Validation;426
36.4.2;3.2 Hydrogen Fueled Model;427
36.4.3;3.3 Hydrogen Model Optimizations;429
36.5;4 Conclusion;431
36.6;Acknowledgements;432
36.7;References;432
37;35 Evaluation of the Hardness Distribution and Fracture Location in Friction Stir Welded AA6063 Pipe Butt Joints;433
37.1;Abstract;433
37.2;1 Introduction;434
37.3;2 Experimental Setup;434
37.4;3 Results and Discussion;436
37.5;4 Conclusion;437
37.6;Acknowledgements;437
37.7;References;437
38;36 Study on Gas Emission of Saline Water from a Hydrogen System;439
38.1;Abstract;439
38.2;1 Introduction;440
38.3;2 Experimental Setup and Procedure;441
38.3.1;2.1 Experimental Setup;441
38.3.2;2.2 Experimental Procedure;443
38.4;3 Results and Discussions;443
38.5;4 Conclusions;446
38.6;Acknowledgements;446
38.7;References;446
39;37 Analysis of Human Behavior During Braking for Autonomous Electric Vehicles;447
39.1;Abstract;447
39.2;1 Introduction;448
39.3;2 Methodology;449
39.3.1;2.1 Flow Chart;449
39.3.2;2.2 Design of Experiment;451
39.3.3;2.3 Experimental Result;451
39.4;Acknowledgements;453
39.5;References;453
40;38 The Mapping of Full Weld Cycle Heat Profile for Friction Stir Welding Pipe Butt Joints;454
40.1;Abstract;454
40.2;1 Introduction;455
40.3;2 Experimental Setup;456
40.4;3 Results and Discussion;457
40.5;4 Conclusion;459
40.6;Acknowledgements;460
40.7;References;460
41;39 Assessment of Thermal Comfort in a Car Cabin Under Sun Radiation Exposure;461
41.1;Abstract;461
41.2;1 Introduction;461
41.3;2 Methodology;464
41.4;3 Results and Discussion;466
41.4.1;3.1 Temperatures Variation Assessment;466
41.4.2;3.2 Relative Humidity Levels Measurement;467
41.5;4 Conclusion;470
41.6;References;470
42;40 Defects of Post Weld Heat Treatment on A36 Carbon Steel Welded by Shielded Metal Arc Welding;472
42.1;Abstract;472
42.2;1 Introduction;472
42.3;2 Experimental Methodology;473
42.3.1;2.1 Tested Material;473
42.3.2;2.2 SMAW Welding Process;474
42.3.3;2.3 Ultrasonic Testing (UT);474
42.3.4;2.4 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT);474
42.4;3 Experimental Results;475
42.4.1;3.1 Data and Result;475
42.4.2;3.2 Results and Discussion;477
42.5;4 Conclusion;480
42.6;Acknowledgements;480
42.7;References;480
43;41 Automatic Tug Assistance;481
43.1;Abstract;481
43.2;1 Introduction;481
43.3;2 Wind and Its Effect;482
43.4;3 Subject Ship and Mathematical Model;484
43.4.1;3.1 Subject Ship;484
43.4.2;3.2 Mathematical Model—Manoeuvring;484
43.4.3;3.3 Mathematical Model—Wind;485
43.5;4 Controller and Controlling Scheme;486
43.6;5 Simulation Results;488
43.6.1;5.1 Starting from One Point but Different Heading;488
43.6.2;5.2 Starting from Different Points But Same Heading;490
43.6.3;5.3 Ship with Initial Surge, Sway and Yaw Rate;491
43.7;6 Conclusions;493
43.8;References;493
44;42 Excitation Force Between Two Ship Models in Waves;494
44.1;Abstract;494
44.2;1 Introduction;494
44.3;2 Mathematical Formulation;496
44.3.1;2.1 Coordinate System;496
44.3.2;2.2 Boundary Condition;498
44.3.3;2.3 Special Treatment for the Diffraction Problem;500
44.3.4;2.4 Pressure and Forces;501
44.4;3 Model Experiment;506
44.5;4 Discussion;507
44.6;5 Conclusion;511
44.7;References;511
45;43 A Simplified Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach for a Self-propelled Ship Using the Actuator Disc Theory;512
45.1;Abstract;512
45.2;1 Introduction;514
45.3;2 Ship and Propeller Particulars;515
45.4;3 Computational Works;516
45.4.1;3.1 Mesh Independence Study;517
45.4.2;3.2 Domain and Meshes in FS-Flow®;519
45.4.3;3.3 FS-Flow® Numerical Simulations;520
45.5;4 Validations with Experimental Test and Sea Trials Results;521
45.5.1;4.1 Towing Tank Experiments;522
45.5.2;4.2 Extrapolations to Full Scale;522
45.5.3;4.3 Sea-Trial Results;523
45.6;5 Comparison of the Results;523
45.7;6 Conclusions;527
45.8;Acknowledgements;527
45.9;References;528
46;44 Study of MSI300 Propeller Characteristics Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis;529
46.1;Abstract;529
46.2;1 Introduction;530
46.3;2 Methodology;531
46.3.1;2.1 Numerical Method;532
46.3.2;2.2 CFD Control Data Setup;533
46.3.3;2.3 Simulation Procedure;533
46.3.4;2.4 Geometry Setup;533
46.3.5;2.5 Boundary Conditions;534
46.3.6;2.6 Grid Dependency Setup;534
46.4;3 Results and Discussion;535
46.4.1;3.1 Thrust Coefficient;535
46.4.2;3.2 Torque Coefficient;535
46.4.3;3.3 Efficiency;536
46.5;4 Conclusion;537
46.6;References;537
47;45 Mathematical Model of the Manoeuvring Motion of a Ship;538
47.1;Abstract;538
47.2;1 Introduction;538
47.3;2 Fundamental Requirement for the Mathematical Model;539
47.4;3 Construction of Mathematical Model;540
47.4.1;3.1 Subject Ship;540
47.4.2;3.2 Equations of Model;541
47.5;4 Simulation Results and Comparison with that of Experiments;548
47.5.1;4.1 Steady Surge Velocity During Turning;548
47.5.2;4.2 Speed Test;548
47.5.3;4.3 Turning Test;549
47.6;5 MMG Including Disturbance Model;552
47.7;6 Conclusions;552
47.8;References;552
48;46 A Trim Tank Control System for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV);554
48.1;Abstract;554
48.2;1 Introduction;555
48.3;2 Objectives;556
48.4;3 Activities Flow Chart;556
48.5;4 Principal Dimension of the AUV, Control Surfaces and Trim Tanks;557
48.6;5 Trim Tank Design Consideration;557
48.7;6 Discussion and Conclusion;562
48.8;References;564
49;47 The Use of Backscatter Classification and Bathymetry Derivatives from Multibeam Data for Seabed Sediment Characterization;566
49.1;Abstract;566
49.2;1 Introduction;567
49.3;2 Study Area;567
49.4;3 Methodology;567
49.5;4 Results and Discussion;575
49.6;5 Conclusion;577
49.7;Acknowledgements;577
49.8;References;577
50;48 A Review of Piezoelectric Design in MEMS Scanner;579
50.1;Abstract;579
50.2;1 Introduction;579
50.3;2 Configuration of Piezoelectric;581
50.3.1;2.1 Stack Actuator/Transducer;581
50.3.2;2.2 Thin Film Piezoelectric;583
50.3.3;2.3 Piezoelectric Tube Actuator;584
50.4;3 Limitations of Piezoelectric Actuator;586
50.4.1;3.1 Hysteresis;586
50.4.2;3.2 Creep;588
50.4.3;3.3 Vibrations;588
50.5;4 Control of Piezoelectric Actuator;589
50.5.1;4.1 Open Loop Control;590
50.5.2;4.2 Feedback Method;590
50.5.3;4.3 Adaptive Control and Intelligent Control;591
50.6;5 Conclusion;592
50.7;References;592
51;49 Review of the Control System for an Unmanned Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle;595
51.1;Abstract;595
51.2;1 Introduction;596
51.3;2 Control System Algorithm of Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV);597
51.4;3 Control System Algorithm of Proportional Integral Derivative (Pid) Controller and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC);600
51.5;4 Comparison of Designs of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV);600
51.5.1;4.1 Design 1—Design and Development of a Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle (Mini ROV) [17];603
51.5.2;4.2 Design 2—Development and Control of a Low-Cost, Three-Thruster, Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle (Low Cost ROV) [8];606
51.5.3;4.3 Design 3—Design of an Open Source-Based Control Platform for an Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle (Visor3 ROV) [18];606
51.5.4;4.4 Design 4—Design of a New Low Cost ROV Vehicle (BabyROV) [19];607
51.5.5;4.5 Design 5—Modelling, Design and Robust Control of a Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle (Kaxan ROV) [20];607
51.5.6;4.6 Design 6—Hybrid Robot Crawler/Flyer for Use in Underwater Archaeology (RG-III) [21];610
51.5.7;4.7 Design 7—LAUV: The Man—Portable Autonomous Underwater Vehicle [22];611
51.5.8;4.8 Design 8—Design and Control of a Convertible ROV (KCROV) [2];612
51.5.9;4.9 Design 9—Design, Construction and Control of a Remotely Operated Vehicle (Ariana-I ROV) [23];612
51.5.10;4.10 Design 10—Development, Depth Control and Stability Analysis of an Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle (DENA ROV) [7];614
51.6;5 Conclusion;615
51.7;Acknowledgements;616
51.8;References;616
52;50 Maneuvering and Submerged Control System for a Modular Autonomous Underwater Vehicle;618
52.1;Abstract;618
52.2;1 Introduction;619
52.3;2 Research Objectives;620
52.4;3 Methodology;620
52.5;4 Principle Dimensions of the AUV;621
52.6;5 Arduino Mega Board Coding;622
52.7;6 Conduct of Tests and Results;622
52.8;7 Conclusion;622
52.9;Appendix A;625
52.10;References;628
53;51 Development of an Electric Turbo Generator for Automotive Application;629
53.1;Abstract;629
53.2;1 Introduction;630
53.2.1;1.1 Problem Statement;630
53.2.2;1.2 Objective of the Study;630
53.2.3;1.3 Overview of the Turbo Generator;631
53.3;2 Turbo Generator Systems;631
53.3.1;2.1 Turbo Charger Concepts;631
53.3.2;2.2 Turbo Charger Failure;631
53.3.3;2.3 Alternator;632
53.3.4;2.4 Alternator Voltage;634
53.3.5;2.5 Type of Coupling;634
53.3.6;2.6 Universal Joint;635
53.3.7;2.7 Car Selection;635
53.3.8;2.8 Turbo Charger Selection;635
53.4;3 Methodology;636
53.4.1;3.1 Overall Methodology;636
53.4.2;3.2 Experiment Setup;637
53.4.3;3.3 Experimental Setup for Component;638
53.4.4;3.4 Turbine Preparation;638
53.4.5;3.5 CATIA Design;639
53.4.6;3.6 CATIA Design for New Assembly;639
53.4.7;3.7 Assembly Process;640
53.4.8;3.8 Modification of Steering Joint;640
53.4.9;3.9 Electric Turbine Generator Electric Circuit Diagram;641
53.5;4 Results and Discussion;643
53.5.1;4.1 Results;643
53.5.2;4.2 Discussion;644
53.6;5 Conclusions and Recommendation;644
53.7;References;645