Ohta / Macleod / Uttl Dynamic Cognitive Processes

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-4-431-27431-5
Verlag: Springer Japan
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 397 Seiten

The conference from which this book derives took place in Tsukuba, Japan in March 2004. The fifth in a continuing series of conferences, this one was organized to examine dynamic processes in 'lower order' cognition from perception to attention to memory, considering both the behavioral and the neural levels. We were fortunate to attract a terrific group of con­ tributors representing five countries, which resulted in an exciting confer­ ence and, as the reader will quickly discover, an excellent set of chapters. In Chapter 1, we will provide a sketchy 'road map' to these chapters, elu­ cidating some of the themes that emerged at the conference. The conference itself was wonderful. We very much enjoyed the vari­ ety of viewpoints and issues that we all had the opportunity to grapple with. There were lively and spirited exchanges, and many chances to talk to each other about exciting new research, precisely what a good confer­ ence should promote. We hope that the readers of this book will have the same experience-moving from careful experimental designs in the cogni­ tive laboratory to neural mechanisms measured by new technologies, from the laboratory to the emergency room, from perceptual learning to changes in memory over decades, all the while squarely focusing on how best to explain cognition, not simply to measure it. Ultimately, the goal of science is, of course, explanation. We also hope that the reader will come away absolutely convinced that cognition is a thoroughly dynamic, interactive system.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ohta, Nobuo

Uttl, Bob

Macleod, Colin M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contributors;9
3;Dynamic Cognitive Processes in Broad Perspective;17
3.1;Introduction;17
3.2;A Survey of the Book;19
3.3;Conclusion;24
3.4;Author Notes;25
3.5;References;25
4;Acquisition of Long-Term Visual Representations: Psychological and Neural Mechanisms;26
4.1;Introduction;26
4.2;Learning and acquisition of spatial regularities;28
4.3;Visual search and spatial regularities;29
4.4;Learning and acquisition of shape regularities;34
4.5;Acquiring new visual shape representations in normal participants;35
4.6;Acquiring new visual shape representations in nonhuman primates;42
4.7;Conclusion;46
4.8;Author Notes;47
4.9;References;47
5;Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes in the Perception of Reversible Figures: Toward a Hybrid Model;51
5.1;Introduction;51
5.2;Extended Viewing of a Reversible Figure;55
5.3;Effects of Pre-exposure to an Unambiguous Figure;59
5.4;Intentional Control: Mechanisms and Limitations;63
5.5;Toward a Hybrid Model of Reversible Figure Perception;68
5.6;Author Notes;70
5.7;References;70
6;Dynamic Uses of Memory in Visual Search Over Time and Space;73
6.1;Introduction;73
6.2;Preview search;74
6.3;Negative carry-over effects and probe inhibition;76
6.4;Search with isoluminant stimuli;82
6.5;The relations between visual marking and other attentional processes;83
6.6;The neural substrate of preview search;86
6.7;Conclusions;87
6.8;Author Notes;88
6.9;References;88
7;Memory for Information Perceived Without Awareness;92
7.1;Introduction;92
7.2;Studies of memory for information perceived without awareness;93
7.3;Memory for events during anaesthesia;103
7.4;Concluding comments;108
7.5;Author Notes;110
7.6;References;111
8;The Devil Is in The Detail: A Constructionist Account of Repetition Blindness;113
8.1;Introduction;113
8.2;Experiment 1: On-Line Exogenous Cues;119
8.3;Experiment 2: Control Conditions;121
8.4;Experiment 3: Endogenously-Controlled Selective Processing;123
8.5;Experiment 4: Activation and Access to Identity;126
8.6;General Discussion;131
8.7;Author Note;137
8.8;References;137
9;Creation Theory of Cognition: Is Memory Retrieved or Created?;143
9.1;Is memory retrieved or created?;143
9.2;Retrieval versus Creation;144
9.3;Relation between recognition memory performance and familiarity;145
9.4;Non-linearity of familiarity;146
9.5;Explanation through list markers;148
9.6;The single node problem;149
9.7;Difficulties in identifying context elements;151
9.8;Multiple trace theory of memory representation;152
9.9;Mechanism of the process that generates non-linearity of familiarity;152
9.10;MINERVA2;153
9.11;Do humans store symbolic information?;154
9.12;Assumptions of the spiral representation theory;155
9.13;Activation Inter-Restraint Theory;157
9.14;Other assumptions;160
9.15;Simulation of familiarity by UME;161
9.16;Simulation of recall and symbol creation by UME;163
9.17;Author Notes;167
9.18;References;167
10;The Role of Inhibitory Control in Forgetting Unwanted Memories: A Consideration of Three Methods;170
10.1;Executive Control and the Mechanisms of Retrieval;172
10.2;Practiced Category Unpracticed Category Fruits Drinks;175
10.3;Orange Banana Scotch Rum;175
10.4;Forgetting Unwanted Memories: A Comparison of Methods;184
10.5;Directed Forgetting: the Phenomenon and its Interpretations;184
10.6;Author Notes;197
10.7;References;197
11;Encoding Deselection and Long-Term Memory;201
11.1;Introduction;201
11.2;Varieties of memory and division of attention;203
11.3;Dividing attention between two sources versus ignoring one source;208
11.4;Consequences of deselection: The Stroop task as a model;210
11.5;Stroop deselection and long-term memory;211
11.6;Mechanisms underlying deselection effects in perceptual priming;215
11.7;Protecting the target from deselection effects;217
11.8;Concluding remarks;220
11.9;Author Notes;221
11.10;References;221
12;List Method Directed Forgetting: Return of the Selective Rehearsal Account;228
12.1;Introduction;228
12.2;Directed Forgetting Methods and Terminology;231
12.3;Theoretical Accounts of Directed Forgetting;233
12.4;Early Evidence for Selective Rehearsal;237
12.5;New Evidence For a Rehearsal Account of List Method Directed Forgetting;241
12.6;Other Evidence Supporting a Selective Rehearsal Account;250
12.7;Conclusions;252
12.8;Author notes;253
12.9;References;253
13;Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Hypermnesia;258
13.1;Introduction;259
13.2;Conclusion;277
13.3;Author Notes;278
13.4;References;278
14;Age-Related Changes in Event-Cued Prospective Memory Proper;281
14.1;Introduction;281
14.2;Prospective Memory Proper (ProMP) Prospective Memory vs Prospective Memory Tasks;283
14.3;Age-related Differences in Prospective Memory Proper Theoretical Expectations;289
14.4;Aging and Visually and Auditorily Cued ProM Proper;298
14.5;Participants and Design;298
14.6;Section Summary;305
14.7;Conclusions;305
14.8;Author Notes;306
14.9;References;306
15;Prospective Memory Retrieval Revisited;312
15.1;Introduction;312
15.2;ProM tasks: Provisos;314
15.3;An analysis of episodic ProM task retrieval;315
15.4;ProM cues must be noticed;317
15.5;ProM cues must be singularized;322
15.6;Plans must be recollected;325
16;Ongoing Task Type;327
16.1;Singular experiences functions as task interrupts;329
16.2;Conclusion;333
16.3;Author Notes;334
16.4;References;334
17;Hippocampal Complex Contribution to Retention and Retrieval of Recent and Remote Episodic and Semantic Memories: Evidence from Behavioral and Neuroimaging Studies of Healthy and Brain- Damaged People;340
17.1;Introduction;341
17.2;A very brief history of the problem of remote memory and consolidation;343
17.3;The standard model;344
17.4;The relevance of the neuroanatomical components of the medial temporal lobes and related structures;347
17.5;Multiple Trace Theory;349
17.6;Tests of MTT and the standard model: Autobiographical memory;350
17.7;Parallels between anterograde and retrograde memory: A common mechanism?;360
17.8;Semantic memory for facts, events, people, and words;362
17.9;Prolonged consolidation for semantic memory: Two alternatives;367
17.10;Test of the standard model's and MTT account of the pattern of semantic memory loss in amnesia and dementia;371
17.11;Conclusion;375
17.12;Author Notes;377
17.13;References;377
18;Name Index;388
19;Subject Index;398