E-Book, Englisch, 250 Seiten
Ojovan / Lee An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-08-045571-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 250 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-08-045571-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Safety and environmental impact is of uppermost concern when dealing with the movement and storage of nuclear waste. The 20 chapters in 'An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation' cover all important aspects of immobilisation, from nuclear decay, to regulations, to new technologies and methods. Significant focus is given to the analysis of the various matrices used in transport: cement, bitumen and glass, with the greatest attention being given to glass. The last chapter concentrates on the performance assessment of each matrix, and on new developments of ceramics and glass composite materials, thermochemical methods and in-situ metal matrix immobilisation. The book thoroughly covers all issues surrounding nuclear waste: from where to locate nuclear waste in the environment, through nuclear waste generation and sources, treatment schemes and technologies, immobilisation technologies and waste forms, disposal and long term behaviour. Particular attention is paid to internationally approved and worldwide-applied approaches and technologies.
* Each chapter focuses on a different matrix used in nuclear waste immobilisation: Cement, bitumen, glass and new materials.
* Keeps the most important issues surrounding nuclear waste - such as treatment schemes and technologies, and disposal - at the forefront.
Dr Michael I. Ojovan is an Associate Professor (Reader) in Materials Science and Waste Immobilisation at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;8
5;Foreword;14
6;Preface;16
7;Acknowledgements;18
8;Chapter 1. Introduction to Immobilisation;20
8.1;1.1. Introduction;20
8.2;1.2. Importance of Waste;21
8.3;1.3. Radioactive Waste;22
8.4;1.4. Recycling;23
8.5;1.5. Waste Minimisation;24
8.6;1.6. Immobilisation;25
8.7;1.7. Time Frames;25
8.8;Bibliography;26
9;Chapter 2. Nuclear Decay;28
9.1;2.1. Nuclear Decay;28
9.2;2.2. Decay Law;29
9.3;2.3. Radioactive Equilibrium;30
9.4;2.4. Activity;31
9.5;2.5. Alpha Decay;32
9.6;2.6. Beta Decay;33
9.7;2.7. Gamma Decay;34
9.8;2.8. Spontaneous Fission;35
9.9;2.9. Radionuclide Characteristics;36
9.10;Bibliography;40
10;Chapter 3. Contaminants and Hazards;42
10.1;3.1. Elemental Abundance;42
10.2;3.2. Migration and Redistribution;43
10.3;3.3. Hazard Potential;46
10.4;3.4. Relative Hazard;48
10.5;3.5. Real hazard Concept;49
10.6;3.6. Form Factors that Diminish the Hazard;50
10.7;Bibliography;52
11;Chapter 4. Heavy Metals;54
11.1;4.1. Metallic Contaminants;54
11.2;4.2. Biogeochemical Cycle;54
11.3;4.3. Heavy Metals;56
11.4;4.4. Heavy Metals in Living Species;57
11.5;4.5. Lead;58
11.6;4.6. Mercury;59
11.7;4.7. Cadmium;59
11.8;4.8. Arsenic;60
11.9;Bibliography;60
12;Chapter 5. Naturally Occurring Radionuclides;62
12.1;5.1. NORM and TENORM;62
12.2;5.2. Primordial Radionuclides;62
12.3;5.3. Cosmogenic Radionuclides;66
12.4;5.4. Natural Radionuclides in Igneous Rocks;66
12.5;5.5. Natural Radionuclides in Sedimentary Rocks and Soils;67
12.6;5.6. Natural Radionuclides in Sea Water;69
12.7;5.7. Radon Emissions;69
12.8;5.8. Natural Radionuclides in the Human Body;70
12.9;Bibliography;71
13;Chapter 6. Background Radiation;72
13.1;6.1. Radiation is Natural;72
13.2;6.2. Dose Units;73
13.3;6.3. Biological Consequences of Irradiation;74
13.4;6.4. Background Radiation;77
13.5;Bibliography;79
14;Chapter 7. Nuclear Waste Regulations;80
14.1;7.1. Regulatory Organisations;80
14.2;7.2. Protection Philosophies;81
14.3;7.3. Regulation of Radioactive Materials and Sources;82
14.4;7.4. Exemption Criteria and Levels;82
14.5;7.5. Clearance of Materials from Regulatory Control;83
14.6;7.6. Double Standards;85
14.7;7.7. Dose Limits;86
14.8;7.8. Control of Radiation Hazards;86
14.9;Bibliography;88
15;Chapter 8. Principles of Nuclear Waste Management;90
15.1;8.1. International Consensus;90
15.2;8.2. Objective of Radioactive Waste Management;91
15.3;8.3. Fundamental Principles;91
15.4;8.4. Comments on the Fundamental Principles;91
15.5;8.5. Ethical Principles;97
15.6;8.6. Joint Convention;97
15.7;Bibliography;98
16;Chapter 9. Sources and Characteristics of Nuclear Wastes;100
16.1;9.1. Key Waste Characteristics;100
16.2;9.2. Classification Schemes;100
16.3;9.3. Examples of Waste Classification;103
16.4;9.4. Sources of Waste;103
16.5;9.5. Front End and Operational NFC Waste;107
16.6;9.6. Back End Open NFC Waste;109
16.7;9.7. Back End Closed NFC Waste;110
16.8;9.8. Back End NFC Decommissioning Waste;114
16.9;9.9. Non-NFC Wastes;115
16.10;9.10. Accidental Wastes;119
16.11;Bibliography;122
17;Chapter 10. Short-Lived Waste Radionuclides;124
17.1;10.1. Introduction;124
17.2;10.2. Tritium;124
17.3;10.3. Cobalt-60;127
17.4;10.4. Strontium-90;128
17.5;10.5. Caesium-137;130
17.6;Bibliography;132
18;Chapter 11. Long-Lived Waste Radionuclides;134
18.1;11.1. Introduction;134
18.2;11.2. Carbon-14;134
18.3;11.3. Technetium-99;136
18.4;11.4. Iodine-129;138
18.5;11.5. Plutonium;139
18.6;11.6. Neptunium-237;141
18.7;11.7. Nuclear Criticality;142
18.8;Bibliography;142
19;Chapter 12. Management and Characterisation of Radioactive Wastes;144
19.1;12.1. Management Roadmaps;144
19.2;12.2. Predisposal;144
19.3;12.3. Disposal;148
19.4;12.4. Characterisation;150
19.5;Bibliography;152
20;Chapter 13. Pre-Treatment of Radioactive Wastes;154
20.1;13.1. Pre-Treatment Definition;154
20.2;13.2. Collection and Segregation;155
20.3;13.3. Adjustment;155
20.4;13.4. Size Reduction;156
20.5;13.5. Packaging;158
20.6;13.6. Decontamination;159
20.7;Bibliography;165
21;Chapter 14. Treatment of Radioactive Wastes;168
21.1;14.1. Treatment Objectives;168
21.2;14.2. Treatment of Aqueous Wastes;169
21.3;14.3. Treatment of Organic Liquid Wastes;179
21.4;14.4. Treatment of Solid Wastes;182
21.5;14.5. Treatment of Gaseous and Airborne Effluents;192
21.6;14.6. Partitioning and Transmutation;194
21.7;Bibliography;195
22;Chapter 15. Immobilisation of Radioactive Wastes in Cement;198
22.1;15.1. Waste Immobilisation;198
22.2;15.2. Waste-Form Leaching Behaviour;198
22.3;15.3. Immobilisation Techniques;200
22.4;15.4. Immobilisation in Hydraulic Cements;201
22.5;15.5. Hydraulic Cements;202
22.6;15.6. Cement Hydration;204
22.7;15.7. Hydrated Cement Composition;205
22.8;15.8. Cementation of Radioactive Wastes;207
22.9;15.9. Modified and Composite Cement Systems;208
22.10;15.10. Cementation Technology;212
22.11;15.11. Acceptance Criteria;215
22.12;Bibliography;218
23;Chapter 16. Immobilisation of Radioactive Wastes in Bitumen;220
23.1;16.1. Bituminisation;220
23.2;16.2. Composition and Properties of Bitumen;220
23.3;16.3. Bituminous Materials for Waste Immobilisation;222
23.4;16.4. Bituminisation Technique;223
23.5;16.5. Acceptance Criteria;227
23.6;16.6. Bitumen Versus Cement;228
23.7;Bibliography;229
24;Chapter 17. Immobilisation of Radioactive Wastes in Glass;232
24.1;17.1. Vitrification;232
24.2;17.2. Immobilisation Mechanisms;233
24.3;17.3. Retention of Radionuclides;235
24.4;17.4. Nuclear Waste Glasses;236
24.5;17.5. Nuclear Waste Glass Compositions;236
24.6;17.6. Borosilicate Glasses;237
24.7;17.7. Role of Boron Oxide;241
24.8;17.8. Role of Intermediates and Modifiers;243
24.9;17.9. Difficult Elements;245
24.10;17.10. Phosphate Glasses;246
24.11;17.11. Glass Composites;248
24.12;17.12. Vitrification Processes;251
24.13;17.13. Cold Crucible Melters;257
24.14;17.14. Vitrification Technology;260
24.15;17.15. Calcination;262
24.16;17.16. Radionuclide Volatility;264
24.17;17.18. Acceptance Criteria;266
24.18;Bibliography;267
25;Chapter 18. New Immobilising Hosts and Technologies;270
25.1;18.1. New Approaches;270
25.2;18.2. Crystalline Waste-Forms;271
25.3;18.3. Polyphase Crystalline Waste-Forms: Synroc;275
25.4;18.4. Polyphase Crystalline Waste-Forms: Composites;276
25.5;18.5. New Technological Approaches;278
25.6;18.6. Metal Matrix Immobilisation;282
25.7;Bibliography;284
26;Chapter 19. Nuclear Waste Disposal;288
26.1;19.1. Disposal/Storage Concepts;288
26.2;19.2. Retention Times;288
26.3;19.3. Multi-Barrier Concept;289
26.4;19.4. Disposal/Storage Options;290
26.5;19.5. Role of the EBS;295
26.6;19.6. Importance of Geology;296
26.7;19.7. Transport of Radionuclides;300
26.8;19.8. Disposal/Storage Experience;302
26.9;19.9. Acceptance Criteria;304
26.10;Bibliography;305
27;Chapter 20. Performance Assessment;308
27.1;20.1. Safety and Performance Assessments;308
27.2;20.2. Safety Requirements;308
27.3;20.3. Safety Case Content;310
27.4;20.4. Cement Performance;312
27.5;20.5. Bitumen Performance;314
27.6;20.6. Glass Performance;314
27.7;20.7. Radiation Effects;317
27.8;20.8. Research Laboratories;321
27.9;20.9. Conclusion;321
27.10;Bibliography;323
28;Index;326
