E-Book, Englisch, 488 Seiten
Okafor / Okeke Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Second Edition
2. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-1-351-37749-2
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
E-Book, Englisch, 488 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-351-37749-2
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
The field of industrial microbiology involves a thorough knowledge of the microbial physiology behind the processes in the large-scale, profit-oriented production of microbe-related goods which are the subject of the field. In recent times a paradigm shift has occurred, and a molecular understanding of the various processes by which plants, animals and microorganisms are manipulated is now central to industrial microbiology. Thus the various applications of industrial microbiology are covered broadly, with emphasis on the physiological and genomic principles behind these applications. Relevance of the new elements such as bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, site-directed mutation and metabolic engineering, which have necessitated the paradigm shift in industrial microbiology are discussed.
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INTRODUCTION
Introduction of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Definition of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Characteristics of Industrial Microbiology
Patents and Intellectual Property Rights in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
The Word ‘Fermentation’ in Industrial Microbiology
Organizational Set-up in an Industrial Microbiology Establishment
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PRODUCTIVITY IN INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Microorganisms in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Nature of Cells of Living Systems
Classification of Living Organisms into three Domains
Taxonomic Grouping of Industrial Microorganism
Important Characteristics of Industrial Microbes
Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Protein Synthesis
The Polymerase Chain Reaction
Microarrays
Sequencing of DNA
Identification of Genes in DNA Fragments
Metagenomics
Nature of Bioinformatics
Nutrient Media for Cultivation of Industrial Microorganisms and Production of Microbial Products
The Basic Nutrient Requirements of Industrial Media
Criteria for Raw Materials in Industrial Media
Raw Materials Used in Compounding Industrial Media
Growth Factors
Water
Sources of Components of Industrial Media
Plant Waste Materials in Industrial Microbiology Media: Saccharification of Polysaccharides
Biosynthetic Pathways for Metabolic Products of Microorganisms
The Nature of Metabolic Pathways
Industrial Microbiological Products as Primary and Secondary Metabolites
Trophophase-Idiophase Relationships in the Production of Secondary Products
Role of Secondary Metabolites in the Physiology of Organisms Producing Them
Pathways for the Synthesis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Industrial Importance
Carbon Pathways for the Formation of Industrial Products Derived from Primary Metabolism
Carbon Pathways for the Formation of Products of Microbial Secondary Metabolism of Industrial Importance
Processes for Overproduction of Microbial Metabolites for Industrial Applications
Mechanisms Enabling Microorganisms to Avoid Overproduction of Primary Metabolic Products Through Enzyme Regulation
Derangement or Bypassing of Regulatory Mechanisms for the Overproduction of Primary Metabolites
Regulation of Overproduction in Secondary Metabolites
Empirical Methods Employed to Disorganize Regulatory Mechanisms in Secondary Metabolite Production
Selection and Improvement of Industrial Organisms for Biotechnological Applications
Sources of Microorganisms Used in Biotechnology
Strain Improvement
Methods of Preservation of the Gene Pool in Industrial Organisms and Culture Collections
The Importance of Culture Collections in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Types of Culture Collections
Handling Culture Collections
Methods of Preserving Microorganisms
BASIC OPERATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATIONS
Fermentors and Operation of Fermentation Equipment
Definition of a Fermentor
The Aerated Stirred-Tank Batch Fermentor
Anaerobic Batch Fermentors
Fermentor Configurations
Fed-batch Cultivation
Design of New Fermentors Based on the Physiology of the Organisms: Air Lift Fermentors
Microbial Experimentation in the Fermentation Industry: The Place of the Pilot Plant
Inoculum Preparation
Surface or Solid State Fermentors
Downstream Processing: Extraction of Fermentation Products
Solids (Insolubles) Removal
Primary Product Isolation
Purification
Product Isolation
Significance and Processes of Sterility in Industrial Microbiology
The Basis of Loss by Contaminants
Methods of Achieving Sterility
Aspects of Sterilization in Industry
Viruses (Phages) in Industrial Microbiology
PRODUCTION OF METABOLITES AS BULK CHEMICALS OR AS INPUTS IN OTHER PROCESSES
Biocatalysts, Immobilized Enzymes and Immobilized Cells
Enzymes Produced by Microorganisms
Classification of Enzymes
Uses of Enzymes in Industry
Production of Enzymes
Immobilized Biocatalysts: Enzymes and Cells
Bioreactor Designs Used in Biocatalysis
Practical Application of Immobilized Biological Catalyst Systems
Manipulation of Microorganisms for Higher Yield of Enzymes
Production of Biofuel and Industrial Alcohol
Biofuel
Industrial Alcohol Production
Production of Organic Acids
Organic Acids
Production of Amino Acids by Fermentation
Uses of Amino Acids
Methods for Amino Acid Production
Production of Glutamic Acid by Wild Type Bacteria
Production of Amino Acids by Mutants
Improvements in the Production of Amino Acids Using Metabolically Engineered Organisms
Fermenter Production of Amino Acid
Mining Microbiology: Bioleaching by Microorganisms
Bioleaching
Commercial Leaching Methods
Microbiology of the Leaching Process
Leaching of Some Metal Sulfides
Environmental Conditions Affecting Bacterial Leaching
USE OF WHOLE CELLS FOR FOOD RELATED PURPOSES
Single Cell Protein Production
Substrates for Single Cell Protein Production
Microorganisms Used in SCP Production
Use of Autotrophic Microorganisms in SCP Production
Safety of Single Cell Protein
Nutritional Value of Single Cell Protein
Yeast Production
Production of Baker’s Yeast
Food Yeasts
Alcohol Yeasts
Feed Yeasts
Yeast Products
Production of Microbial Insecticides
Alternatives to Chemical Insecticides
Biological Control of Insects
Production of Biological Insecticides
Bioassay of Biological Insecticides
Formulation and Use of Bioinsecticides
Safety Testing of Bioinsecticides
Search and Development of New Bioinsecticides
Production of Rhizobium Biofertilizer
Biology of Rhizobium
Fermentation of Rhizobia
Inoculant Packaging for Use
Quality Control
Production of Fermented Foods
Introduction
Fermented Food from Wheat: Bread
Fermented Foods Made from Milk
Fermented Foods from Corn
Fermented Foods from Cassava: Garri, Foo-Foo, Chikwuange, Kokonte, Bikedi, and Cinguada Fermented Vegetables
Fermentations for the Production of the Stimulant Beverages: Coffee, and Cocoa
Fermented Foods Derived from Legumes and Oil Seeds
ALCOHOL-BASED FERMENTATION INDUSTRIES
Production of Beer: Raw Materials and Brewing Processes
Barley Beers
Sorghum Beers
Production of Wines and Spirits
Grape Wines
Palm Wine
The Distilled Alcoholic (or Spirit) Beverages
Production of Vinegar
Uses
Measurement of Acetic Acid in Vinegar
Types of Vinegar
Organisms Involved
Manufacture of Vinegar
Processing of Vinegar
PRODUCTION OF COMMODITIES OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
Production of Antibiotics and Anti-Tumor Agents
Classification and Nomenclature of Antibiotics
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
The Search for New Antibiotics
Combating Resistance and Expanding the Effectiveness of Existing Antibiotics
Antitumor Antibiotics
Newer Methods for the Search for Antibiotic and Antitumor Drugs
Production of Ergot Alkaloids
Nature of Ergot Alkaloids
Uses of Ergot Alkaloids and their Derivatives
Production of Ergot Alkaloids
Physiology of Alkaloid Production
Microbial Transformation of Steroids and Sterols
Nature and Use of Steroids and Sterols
Uses of Steroids and Sterols
Manufacture of Steroids
Screening for Microorganisms
Vaccines
Nature and Importance of Vaccines
Body Defenses against Communicable Diseases
Traditional and Modern Methods of Vaccine Production
Production of Vaccines
Control of Vaccines
Vaccine Production versus Other Aspects of Industrial Microbiology
Drug Discovery in Microbial Metabolites: The Search for Microbial Products with Bioactive Properties
Conventional Processes of Drug Discovery
Newer Methods of Drug Discovery
Approval of New Antibiotic and other Drugs by the Regulating Agency
WASTE DISPOSAL
Treatment of Wastes in Industry
Methods for the Determination of Organic Matter Content in Waste Waters
Wastes from Major Industries
Systems for the Treatment of Wastes
Treatment of the Sludge: Anaerobic Breakdown of Sludge
Wastewater Disposal in the Pharmaceutical Industry