Okano / Park Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels Handbook

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-5919-5
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 432 Seiten

Hydrogels are networks of polymer chains which can produce a colloidal gel containing over 99 per cent water. The superabsorbency and permeability of naturally occurring and synthetic hydrogels give this class of materials an amazing array of uses. These uses range from wound dressings and skin grafts to oxygen-permeable contact lenses to biodegradable delivery systems for drugs or pesticides and scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels Handbook provides a comprehensive description of this diverse class of materials, covering both synthesis and properties and a broad range of research and commercial applications. The Handbook is divided into four sections: Stimuli-Sensitive Hydrogels, Hydrogels for Drug Delivery, Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering, and Hydrogels with Unique Properties. Key Features: Provides comprehensive coverage of the basic science and applications of a diverse class of materials Includes both naturally occurring and synthetic hydrogels Edited and written by world leaders in the field.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Okano, Teruo

Park, Kinam

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;8
2;Contents;10
3;List of Contributors;18
4;Introduction to Hydrogels;22
4.1;Crosslinked Polymers;22
4.2;Hydrogels Synthesis;23
4.3;Expansion of a Hydrogels Structure;24
4.4;Swelling Forces in Hydrogels;25
4.5;Swelling Mechanism;27
4.6;Water in Hydrogels;27
4.7;Hydrogels Properties;29
4.8;Hydrogels Characterization;29
4.9;Hydrogels Applications;33
4.10;Summary;36
4.11;References;36
5;Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels and Their Application to Functional Materials;39
5.1;Introduction;39
5.2;Stimuli-Responsive Gels as Functional Materials;39
5.2.1;Function of Mechanical Motion;40
5.2.2;Function of Information Transmission and Transformation;40
5.2.2.1;Shape Memory;40
5.2.2.2;Optical Function;40
5.2.2.3;Molecular Recognition;41
5.2.3;Function of Mass Transport;41
5.2.3.1;Pulsatile Drug Release Control Using Hydrogels;41
5.2.3.2;Intelligent Surfaces for Bioseparation;42
5.3;Cell-Sheet Engineering Using an Intelligent Surface;44
5.3.1;Cell-Sheet Engineering;44
5.3.2;Intelligent Surfaces;46
5.3.2.1;Immobilization of Cell-Adhesive Peptides;46
5.3.2.2;Micropatterned Surfaces;48
5.4;Design of Network Structure for Functional Gels;49
5.4.1;Topological Gels, Double Network Structure Gels, Nanocomposite Gels;49
5.4.2;Graft Gels;50
5.4.3;Microfabrication of Gels;50
5.5;Self-Oscillating Gels as Novel Biomimetic Materials;51
5.5.1;Design of Self-Oscillating Gels;52
5.6;Self-Oscillating Behavior of the Gels;53
5.6.1;Self-Oscillation of the Miniature Bulk Gels;53
5.6.2;Control of Oscillation Period and Amplitude;54
5.6.3;On–Off Regulation of Self-Beating Motion;54
5.6.4;Peristaltic Motion of Gels with Propagation of Chemical Wave;54
5.7;Design of Biomimetic Micro-/Nanoactuator Using Self-Oscillating Polymers and Gels;54
5.7.1;Self-Walking Gels;54
5.7.2;Microfabrication of the Gels by Lithography;57
5.7.3;Control of Chemical Wave Propagation in Self-Oscillating Gels Array;57
5.7.4;Self-Oscillating Polymer Chains as a “Nano-oscillator”;58
5.7.5;Self-Flocculating/Dispersing Oscillation of Microgels;58
5.7.6;Fabrication of Microgel Beads Monolayer;60
5.7.7;Self-Oscillation Under Physiological Conditions;61
5.8;References;61
6;Feedback Control Systems Using Environmentally and Enzymatically Sensitive Hydrogels;64
6.1;Hydrogels as Basic Functional Elements of a Control System;64
6.2;Hydrogels in Sensors;66
6.2.1;Optical Transduction;66
6.2.2;Mechanical Transduction;67
6.2.3;Electric Transduction;67
6.2.4;Limitation of Enzyme Secondary Substrate;67
6.2.5;Preservation of Enzyme Activity;69
6.3;Hydrogels as Actuators;69
6.3.1;Magnetically Controlled Systems;70
6.3.2;Ultrasonically Controlled Systems;70
6.3.3;Electronically Controlled Systems;70
6.3.4;Photo-Controlled Systems;70
6.3.5;Thermally Controlled Systems;72
6.3.6;Chemically Controlled Systems;72
6.3.7;Protein Responsive and Controlled Systems;73
6.4;Self-Regulated Hydrogels-Based Systems;74
6.4.1;pH Feedback Systems;74
6.4.2;Temperature Feedback Systems;76
6.4.3;Protein Concentration Feedback Systems;76
6.4.4;Enzyme Cofactor Feedback System;76
6.4.5;Glucose Concentration Feedback Systems;77
6.5;Hydrogels-Based Feedforward and Cascade Systems;79
6.6;Summary;81
6.7;References;82
7;Biomolecule-Responsive Hydrogels;84
7.1;Introduction;84
7.2;Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels;85
7.2.1;Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels Using Glucose Oxidase;85
7.2.2;Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels Using Phenylboronic Acid;86
7.2.3;Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels Using Lectin;88
7.3;Protein-Responsive Hydrogels;91
7.3.1;Enzyme-Responsive Hydrogels;91
7.3.2;Antigen-Responsive Hydrogels;93
7.4;Other Biomolecule-Responsive Hydrogels;96
7.4.1;Molecularly Imprinted Hydrogels;96
7.4.2;Other Biomolecule-Responsive Hydrogels;99
7.5;Summary;103
7.6;References;103
8;Stimuli-Responsive PEGylated Nanogels for Smart Nanomedicine;106
8.1;Introduction;106
8.2;Synthesis and Characterization of Stimuli-Responsive PEGylated Nanogels;107
8.3;Tumor-Specific Smart 19F MRI Nanoprobes Based on pH-Responsive PEGylated Nanogels;109
8.4;pH-Responsive PEGylated Nanogels for Intracellular Drug Delivery Systems;113
8.5;Smart Apoptosis Nanoprobe Based on the PEGylated Nanogels Containing GNPs for Monitoring the Cancer Response to Therapy;117
8.6;Summary;123
8.7;References;123
9;Stimuli-Sensitive Microhydrogels;125
9.1;Introduction;125
9.2;Stimuli-Sensitive Microgels;125
9.2.1;Preparation of Microhydrogels;125
9.2.1.1;Microgel Preparation by Particle-Forming Polymerization;126
9.2.1.2;Microgel Preparation by Surface Modification of Core Particle;126
9.2.1.3;Microgel Preparation by Assembling Polymer Molecules in Solution;127
9.2.2;Stimuli Responsiveness of Microhydrogels;127
9.2.2.1;Temperature Responsiveness of Microhydrogels;127
9.2.2.2;Microgel Volume Phase Transition Temperature;127
9.2.2.3;Temperature Dependent Hydrophilicity–Hydrophobicity of Microgel;129
9.2.2.4;pH Responsiveness of Microhydrogels;129
9.2.2.5;Responsiveness of Microhydrogels to Other Stimuli;130
9.2.2.6;Multistimuli-Sensitive Microhydrogels;130
9.2.3;Preparation of Inorganic Nanoparticles/Polymer Composite Microgel;130
9.2.3.1;Preparation of Inorganic Microgel Composites;130
9.2.4;Polymer Composite Microgel Functions;132
9.2.4.1;Noble Metal Nanoparticles/PNIPAM Composite Microgel;132
9.2.5;Metal Oxide Nanoparticles/Thermosensitive Polymer Composite Microgels;132
9.2.5.1;Magnetite Nanoparticles/PNIPAM Composite Microgels;132
9.2.5.2;Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles/Thermosensitive Composite Microgels;133
9.2.5.3;Titania Nanoparticles/Thermosensitive Composite Microgels;134
9.2.5.4;Photoluminescent Nanocrystals/Thermosensitive Composite Microgels;134
9.2.6;Miscellaneous Nanoparticles/Thermosensitive Composite Microgels;134
9.2.6.1;Assemblies and Colloid Crystals of Thermosensitive Microgels;135
9.3;Summary;135
9.4;References;135
10;In-Situ Gelling Stimuli-Sensitive PEG-Based Amphiphilic Copolymer Hydrogels;139
10.1;Introduction;139
10.2;Thermogelling PEG–PNIPAM Block Copolymers;140
10.3;Pluronic-Based In-Situ Forming Hydrogels;142
10.4;Thermogelling PEG/PLGA Amphiphilic Block Copolymers;143
10.5;Thermogelling Star-Shaped and Graft PEG/PLGA Amphiphilic Copolymers;147
10.6;Thermogelling PEG–PCL Amphiphilic Copolymers;148
10.7;Thermogelling PEG-Based Amphiphilic Multiblock Copolymers;150
10.8;pH- and Thermo-Sensitive PEG–Polyester Amphiphilic Copolymer Hydrogels;150
10.9;PEG-Based Amphiphilic Copolymers Modified by Anionic Weak Polyelectrolytes;151
10.10;PEG-Based Amphiphilic Copolymers Modified by Cationic Weak Polyelectrolytes;154
10.11;Summary;157
10.12;Acknowledgments;158
10.13;References;158
11;Biodegradable Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Release;163
11.1;Introduction;163
11.2;The Nature of Biodegradable Hydrogels;164
11.3;Physical Hydrogels;165
11.4;Hydrophobic Interactions Hydrogels;166
11.5;Ionic Interaction Hydrogels;168
11.6;Hydrogen Bonded Hydrogels;169
11.7;Chemically Bonded Hydrogels;169
11.8;Summary;170
11.9;References;170
12;Thermo-Responsive Biodegradable Hydrogels from Stereocomplexed Poly(lactide)s;172
12.1;Introduction;172
12.2;Micelles and Hydrogels with Various Block, Graft, and Armed PLA Copolymers;173
12.3;Stereocomplexation of Enantiomeric PLAs, and the Hydrogels Applications;174
12.4;Hydrogels Study on Enantiomeric PLA–PEG Linear Block Copolymers;177
12.4.1;Motivation for the Study of Stereocomplexed Micellar Hydrogels;177
12.4.2;Copolymer Synthesis and Gels Formation;178
12.4.3;Hydrogels from Micellar Solutions of ABA Triblock Copolymers;178
12.4.4;Hydrogels from BAB Triblock Copolymers;182
12.4.5;Hydrogels from AB Diblock Copolymers;183
12.4.6;Hydrogels Properties and Applications;188
12.5;Summary;188
12.6;References;188
13;Hydrogels-Based Drug Delivery System with Molecular Imaging;193
13.1;Introduction;193
13.2;Hydrogels Polymers for Imaging Probes;194
13.3;Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) and Its Copolymers;197
13.4;Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm);197
13.5;Molecular Probes for Imaging;198
13.6;Gold Nanoparticles;198
13.7;Magnetic Nanoparticles;198
13.8;Fluorescence Dyes;199
13.9;Microbubbles;201
13.10;Quantum Dots;201
13.11;Molecular Probe/Polymer Composite Systems;201
13.12;Iron Oxide Nanoparticle/Polymer Composite Systems;203
13.13;Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite Systems;204
13.14;Microbubble/Polymer Composite Systems;205
13.15;Drug Delivery System with Molecular Imaging Capability;205
13.16;Summary;207
13.17;References;207
14;Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications;216
14.1;Introduction;216
14.2;Hydrogels Designs for Tissue Engineering;217
14.3;Crosslinking Methods to Form Hydrogels;219
14.3.1;Chemical Crosslinking by Radical Polymerization;219
14.3.2;Crosslinking Functional Groups;220
14.3.3;Crosslinking by Enzymatic Reactions;223
14.3.4;Crosslinking by Stereocomplexation;224
14.3.5;Hydrogels by Thermo-Gelation;225
14.3.6;Crosslinking by Self Assembly;225
14.3.7;Crosslinking by Inclusion Complexation;226
14.3.8;Combining Physical and Chemical Crosslinking;227
14.4;Naturally Derived Hydrogels;228
14.4.1;Protein-Based Polymers;228
14.4.2;Polysaccharides;229
14.5;Synthetic Hydrogels;230
14.5.1;Hydrogels Based on PEG–PLA and PEG–PGA Copolymers;230
14.5.2;Fumaric Acid-Based Hydrogels;230
14.5.3;Hybrid Hydrogels;230
14.6;Tissue Engineering Applications;232
14.6.1;Bone Graft Substitutes;232
14.6.2;Cartilage Regeneration;233
14.7;Summary;234
14.8;References;234
15;Composite Hydrogels for Scaffold Design, Tissue Engineering, and Prostheses;239
15.1;Introduction;239
15.2;Basic Concepts and Properties;240
15.3;Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration;247
15.4;Composite hydrogels for bone replacement:;249
15.5;Composite hydrogels for menisci:;251
15.6;Composite hydrogels for cartilage:;252
15.7;Summary;254
15.8;References;254
16;Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering;258
16.1;Introduction;258
16.1.1;Characterization of Hydrogels;259
16.1.2;Theory of Viscoelastic Behavior;259
16.1.3;Cartilage Morphology, Properties and Diseases;261
16.1.4;Composition of Articular Cartilage;261
16.1.5;Chondrocyte;261
16.1.6;Histological Organization of Articular Cartilage;262
16.1.7;Extracellular Matrix (ECM);264
16.1.8;Pathology of Articular Cartilage;264
16.1.9;Cartilage Repair;265
16.2;Cartilage Regeneration;266
16.2.1;Tissue Engineering (TE);266
16.2.1.1;Cell Origins;267
16.2.1.2;Scaffolds;268
16.2.2;Hydrogels Polymers (FIGURE 4);268
16.2.3;In Situ Crosslinkable Hydrogels;272
16.2.4;Polymer Associations;273
16.2.5;Physical and Mechanical Behavior;273
16.3;Summary;275
16.4;References;275
17;Gelatin-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Cell Assembly;280
17.1;Introduction;280
17.2;Gelatin-Based Hydrogels for the Controlled Hepatocyte Assembly;285
17.3;Establishing a Multicellular Model by 3D Cell Assembly for Metabolic Syndrome;289
17.4;Cryopreservation of 3D Constructs Based on Controlled Cell Assembly;291
17.5;Summary;293
17.6;References;294
18;Double Network Hydrogels as Tough, Durable Tissue Substitutes;296
18.1;Introduction;296
18.2;Robust Gels with High Elasticity;297
18.2.1;DN Gels from Synthetic Polymers;297
18.2.2;Necking Phenomenon of DN Gels;299
18.2.3;Local Damage Zone Model for the Toughening Mechanism of DN Gels;301
18.2.4;Robust Gels from Bacterial Cellulose;301
18.3;Sliding Friction of Gels;303
18.4;Frictional Behavior of Gels;303
18.4.1;Dependence on Load;303
18.4.2;Sample Area Dependence;304
18.4.3;Substrate Effect;305
18.5;Extremely Low Friction Gels;306
18.5.1;Template Effect on Gels Surface Structure and Its Friction;306
18.6;Robust Hydrogels with Low Friction as Candidates for Artificial Cartilage;307
18.7;Wear Properties of Robust DN Gels;309
18.8;Biocompatibility of Robust DN Hydrogels;309
18.8.1;Evaluation of Robust Gels;309
18.9;Summary;311
18.10;References;312
19;Hydrogels Contact Lenses;313
19.1;Introduction;313
19.2;Contact Lens Terminology;316
19.3;Materials Used for Hydrogels Contact Lenses;317
19.3.1;HEMA;317
19.3.2;Other Glycol Methacrylates;317
19.3.3;Dihydroxy Methacrylates;318
19.3.4;Methacrylic Acid;318
19.3.5;Acrylamides;319
19.4;1-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidone;320
19.5;FDA Contact Classification;320
19.6;Selected Types of Hydrogels Contact Lens Materials;321
19.7;Silicone Hydrogels;322
19.8;Current Trends in Silicone-Hydrogels Lenses;323
19.9;Summary;323
19.10;References;324
20;Electroconductive Hydrogels;327
20.1;Introduction;327
20.2;Inherently Conductive Electroactive Polymers [28];328
20.3;Hydrogels [37];331
20.4;Electroconductive Hydrogels;333
20.5;Synthesis of Electroconductive Hydrogels;334
20.6;Summary;341
20.7;References;341
21;Self-assembled Nanogel Engineering;346
21.1;Introduction;346
21.2;Self-Assembled Polysaccharide Nanogels;346
21.2.1;Stimuli-Responsive Self-Assembled Nanogels;348
21.2.2;Thermoresponsive Nanogels;349
21.2.3;Dual Stimuli (Heat-Redox)-Responsive Nanogels;350
21.2.4;Photoresponsive Nanogels;351
21.3;Biomedical Applications of Polysaccharide Nanogels;352
21.4;Design and Function of Nanogel-Based Hydrogels Materials;353
21.4.1;Hybrid gels Crosslinked by Polymerizable Nanogels;353
21.4.2;Rapid Shrinking Hydrogels Using Nanogel Crosslinker;354
21.4.3;Biodegradable Nanogel-Crosslinked Hydrogels and Application in Regenerative Medicine;354
21.5;Summary;355
21.6;References;355
22;Engineered High Swelling Hydrogels;358
22.1;Introduction;358
22.2;Engineered Hydrogels;359
22.3;Purity of HSHs;365
22.4;Hydrogels Characterization;367
22.5;Hydrogels Stability;371
22.6;Engineered HSH Polymers;372
22.7;Summary;376
22.8;References;376
23;Superabsorbent Hydrogels;382
23.1;Introduction;382
23.2;Hydrogels Swelling;383
23.3;Mechanism of hydrogels Swelling;385
23.4;The Effect of Neutralization and Acidity on the Swelling Capacity of Polycarbonic Acids;387
23.5;Donnan’s Equilibrium and Potential in a hydrogels Solution System;387
23.6;Effect of Concentration Redistribution;391
23.7;Kinetics of Hydrogels Swelling;394
23.8;Summary;397
23.9;References;397
24;Name Index;399
25;Subject Index;429