Okata Sustainable Urban Transport in an Asian Context

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-4-431-93954-2
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 422 Seiten

Systems of transportation long ago developed out of the profound human need to connect and communicate. Transport today is still the only means for the physical movement of goods and people. Alongside the evolution of transportation and communication technologies, the astounding phenomenon of urbanization has taken place. Cities have grown faster and larger, absorbing vast influxes of dwellers who seek convenient and comfortable lifestyles with the required fast, cheap, and safe systems of transport. Of the world's megacities, with populations of more than ten million, over half are in Asia. While enjoying large-scale economic power, Asian megacities also face serious challenges. They suffer from too-rapid urbanization, with the resulting congestion, pollution, and destruction of traditional local cultures and industries. Written by experts from Asian academic institutes, this book addresses the urgent question of how to achieve sustainability in the still-growing cities of Asia. The chapters comprise the latest research and the application of promising measures, some already realized in Asia, that include urban transport system design and management, land-use control, city planning, and sustainability. Of vast import, this volume was written for students and researchers, planners and engineers, and all who are interested in sustainable urban environments.    Following is the structure and rough sketch of the contents of this book: Part I, 'The First Step: An Overview' deals with Asian characteristics from natural, cultural, and economic viewpoints, and then describes how we should grasp the concept of urban sustainability in urban transport in Asia. Readers will understand various aspects of Asia as introductory and preparatory knowledge. Part II, 'Best Practices from Asia with Wisdom: Keys to Success and Facing Limitations' will introduce actual comparatively successful and promising measures tried and realized in Asia. This part covers various cases from passenger transport to freight transport, from transport system design to system management, from engineering measures to people's participation, from traffic control to land-use control and site development. Readers will find an abundance of information and examples in this main part of the book. Part III, 'Future of Urban Transport in Asia: Rising Asia Proposes to the World' discusses key issues and hot topics of study on sustainable city and transport for the future: development and management, travel demand management, growth management, site development strategies, and financial and institutional measures.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Okata, Junichiro

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
1.1;What Did Communication Bring About for Mankind?;6
1.2;What Is the Downside of the Development of the City and Modern Urban Transport?;7
1.3;What Is Happening in Asian Cities?;8
1.4;What Is the Role of Asia Then?;9
1.5;How Was This Book Written and How Is It Expected to Be Read?;10
1.6;Following is the structure and rough sketch of the contents of this book:;10
2;Contents;12
3;List of Contributors;16
4;Part I: The Frist Step: An Overview;20
4.1;Chapter 1;21
4.1.1;Fundamental Asian Conditions: Geography,Climate, Thoughts, and Lifestyles;21
4.1.1.1;1.1 Asian Natural Factors Affecting City and Transport;21
4.1.1.1.1;1.1.1 Geographical and Geological Factors of Asia;21
4.1.1.1.2;1.1.2 Climatological Factors of Asia;23
4.1.1.1.3;1.1.3 City and Transport from Natural Conditions;24
4.1.1.1.3.1;Natural Conditions and Requirements for City and Transport in Asia;24
4.1.1.1.3.2;Pedestrians in Asia (See Mateo-Babiano and Ieda, 2005, for Details);25
4.1.1.1.3.3;Street Trees and On-Street Daily Activities of People;26
4.1.1.2;1.2 Asian Philosophies and Life-Style;28
4.1.1.2.1;1.2.1 Confucianism and Asian Social Structure;29
4.1.1.2.1.1;Self-Cultivation and Education as Key;29
4.1.1.2.1.2;Filial to Parents and Respect for Seniors;30
4.1.1.2.1.3;Responsibility to Children;30
4.1.1.2.1.4;Women’s Relatively Low Social Status;30
4.1.1.2.1.5;Emphasis on Righteousness Rather than Profit;31
4.1.1.2.1.6;Collective Social Systems;31
4.1.1.2.1.6.1;Prejudice against individualism;31
4.1.1.2.1.6.2;Interdependent human relationship rather than individuality;31
4.1.1.2.1.6.3;Harmony as goal;32
4.1.1.2.1.6.4;Individual relationships with groups;32
4.1.1.2.2;1.2.2 Daoism and Asian Worldview;32
4.1.1.2.2.1;Principle of Change and Balance of Yin and Yang;33
4.1.1.2.2.2;Do Nothing That Is Unnatural, or “Wu-wei”;33
4.1.1.2.2.3;Quest for Simple Life and Freedom of Mind;33
4.1.1.2.2.3.1;Daoism and Asian Life Style;33
4.1.1.2.2.3.1.1;Balance, Middle Way and Harmony;34
4.1.1.2.2.3.1.2;Holistic Approach and Man–Nature Relationship;34
4.1.1.2.2.3.1.3;Extension of Daoism in Medical Practices and Fengshui;34
4.1.1.2.3;1.2.3 Buddhism and Asians’ View of Life and Death;35
4.1.1.2.3.1;Mercy and Respect for Life;35
4.1.1.2.3.2;Stop Craving, or the Root of Sorrow, by Disciplined Conducts;36
4.1.1.2.3.3;Law of Karma, Chain of Causation and Rebirth;36
4.1.1.3;1.3 Asian Thoughts and City and Transport;36
4.1.1.3.1;1.3.1 Asian Thoughts and City Planning;36
4.1.1.3.1.1;Principles of Planning;38
4.1.1.3.1.1.1;Confucianism;38
4.1.1.3.1.1.2;Man and Natural World Should Be Integrated;38
4.1.1.3.1.1.3;Planning for Harmony with the Environment;40
4.1.1.3.1.1.4;Ideas About “Fengshui”;41
4.1.1.3.1.1.5;Number Applications on Urban Planning;43
4.1.1.3.2;1.3.2 Asian Thoughts and Transportation Planning and Travel Behavior;43
4.1.1.3.2.1;The Concept for Choosing a Good Day;43
4.1.1.3.2.2;Concept of Self-Restraint and Comity;44
4.1.1.3.2.3;Commonalities and Diversities: Like a Mosaic Picture;45
4.1.1.4;References;46
4.2;Chapter 2;47
4.2.1;Growing Economies and Cities in Asia: From Comparative and Historical Viewpoints;47
4.2.1.1;2.1 Geographical Coverage of Asia;47
4.2.1.2;2.2 Asian Economic Growth in History;49
4.2.1.3;2.3 Recent Performance of Asian Economies;50
4.2.1.4;2.4 Factors for High Economic Growth in Asia;51
4.2.1.5;2.5 Formation of Port Cities in the Medieval Ages;55
4.2.1.6;2.6 Population Growth and Urbanization in the World and Asia;56
4.2.1.7;2.7 Economic Growth, Population Growth, and Urbanization;58
4.2.1.8;2.8 Megacities in Asia;64
4.2.1.9;2.9 Development Strategy and Megacities;67
4.2.1.10;2.10 Toward an Aging Society;69
4.2.1.11;References;75
4.2.1.12;Notes;75
4.3;Chapter 3;76
4.3.1;Sustainability in Urban Transport: Multidimensional Meanings and States;76
4.3.1.1;3.1 Sustainability in an Asian Context;77
4.3.1.1.1;3.1.1 Concept of Sustainability;77
4.3.1.1.2;3.1.2 Megacities with High Density and Mixed Uses in Asia;77
4.3.1.1.3;3.1.3 Special Considerations in Discussing Sustainability in an Asian Context;78
4.3.1.2;3.2 On Transport Safety;79
4.3.1.2.1;The Ultimate Precious Life;79
4.3.1.2.2;The Simile of the Blind Turtle;79
4.3.1.2.3;Declaring War on Road Crashes;80
4.3.1.2.4;“Knowing the Enemy”;80
4.3.1.2.5;The System Approach;80
4.3.1.2.6;The Four Noble Truths;80
4.3.1.2.7;The Road Crash System Environment;81
4.3.1.2.8;The Noble Eightfold Path;82
4.3.1.3;3.3 On Environmental and Energy Sustainability;82
4.3.1.4;3.4 In Security;86
4.3.1.5;3.5 On Social Sustainability;88
4.3.1.5.1;3.5.1 Mobility and Accessibility to Social Services;88
4.3.1.5.2;3.5.2 Economic Aspects;88
4.3.1.5.3;3.5.3 Life Style Changes;89
4.3.1.6;3.6 On Robustness in Facing Natural Disasters;89
4.3.1.7;3.7 On Finance;92
4.3.1.7.1;3.7.1 Financial Resources of Sustainable Urban Transport;92
4.3.1.7.2;3.7.2 Elements of Sustainable Urban Transport Financing;93
4.3.1.8;References;95
5;Part II: Best Practices from Asia with Wisdom: Keys to Success and Facing Limitations;98
5.1;Chapter 4;99
5.1.1;Building Transport Systems for People;99
5.1.1.1;4.1 Non-motorized Transport and Pedestrians;99
5.1.1.1.1;4.1.1 Introduction;99
5.1.1.1.2;4.1.2 Situation Analysis;100
5.1.1.1.3;4.1.3 NMT Benefits;101
5.1.1.1.4;4.1.4 Factors Affecting NMT;101
5.1.1.1.5;4.1.5 Strategies to Improve NMT;102
5.1.1.2;4.2 Urban Rail Systems – Tokyo and Her Sisters;102
5.1.1.2.1;4.2.1 Urban Rail Transit Systems in Asian Cities: Tokyo and Her Sisters;102
5.1.1.2.1.1;Types of Urban Rail Transit Systems;102
5.1.1.2.1.2;Development of Urban Rail Transit Systems in Asian Cities;103
5.1.1.2.2;4.2.2 Tokyo: How Her Extensive Rail Network Developed?;105
5.1.1.2.2.1;Rail City Tokyo;105
5.1.1.2.2.2;Development of Rail Systems;106
5.1.1.2.2.3;Transit-Oriented-Development in Tokyo;108
5.1.1.2.3;4.2.3 Successes and Failures in Tokyo’s Case;110
5.1.1.2.3.1;Management of Public Transit Systems;110
5.1.1.2.3.2;Roles of Public Sector;112
5.1.1.2.3.3;Distinctive Features with Both Positive and Negative Meanings;113
5.1.1.2.3.4;A Referential Case: JABOTABEK Railway in Greater Jakarta;114
5.1.1.3;4.3 Urban Expressway Systems – Shanghai and Tokyo;116
5.1.1.3.1;4.3.1 Types of Urban Expressway System;116
5.1.1.3.1.1;American Types of Urban Roads (ITE, 1997);116
5.1.1.3.1.2;Japan’s Types of Urban Roads (Wan Guochao et al., 1990);117
5.1.1.3.1.3;China’s Types of Urban Roads (Ministry of Construction, 1995);117
5.1.1.3.1.4;Conclusion;117
5.1.1.3.2;4.3.2 Functions of the Urban Expressway System;117
5.1.1.3.3;4.3.3 Planning and Design of the Urban Expressway System;118
5.1.1.3.3.1;Principles;118
5.1.1.3.3.2;Interaction Factors;118
5.1.1.3.3.3;Flow Chart;118
5.1.1.3.3.4;Key Points;118
5.1.1.3.4;4.3.4 Example – Shanghai;119
5.1.1.3.4.1;Background (Shanghai Municipal Government, 1998);119
5.1.1.3.4.2;Demand Analysis;120
5.1.1.3.4.3;Urban Expressway System Planning;120
5.1.1.3.5;4.3.5 Example – Tokyo;121
5.1.1.3.5.1;Background;121
5.1.1.3.5.2;Demand Analysis;121
5.1.1.3.5.3;Urban Expressway System Planning;122
5.1.1.4;4.4 Building Ring Roads in Advance – Beijing;122
5.1.1.4.1;4.4.1 Functions of Ring Roads;122
5.1.1.4.1.1;Definition;122
5.1.1.4.2;4.4.2 Planning and Design of Ring Roads;124
5.1.1.4.2.1;Conditions and Rules;124
5.1.1.4.2.2;Content;124
5.1.1.4.3;4.4.3 Lessons from Some Cities;125
5.1.1.4.3.1;Cities Abroad;125
5.1.1.4.3.2;Cities in China;125
5.1.1.4.4;4.4.4 Case Study – Beijing;127
5.1.1.4.4.1;General Information;127
5.1.1.4.4.2;Current State;130
5.1.1.4.4.3;Lessons and Problems;130
5.1.1.4.4.4;Solutions;131
5.1.1.5;4.5 Rapid Transit System in Developing Asia – Metro Manila;131
5.1.1.5.1;4.5.1 Role of Rapid Transit in Urban Transport Systems;131
5.1.1.5.2;4.5.2 RTS Network Development in Metro Manila;132
5.1.1.5.3;4.5.3 Implementation of the Three Lines in Metro Manila;134
5.1.1.6;4.6 Coordinating Long-distance and Urban Transport–Hong Kong;135
5.1.1.6.1;4.6.1 Introduction;135
5.1.1.6.2;4.6.2 The Transport System in Hong Kong;137
5.1.1.6.3;4.6.3 Experiences of Coordinating Long-distance and Urban Transport;137
5.1.1.6.3.1;Public Transport Priority;137
5.1.1.6.3.2;Increase the Car Tax Rate Sharply;139
5.1.1.6.3.3;Parking Demand Control;140
5.1.1.6.3.4;ERP, Increasing Tunnel Toll, etc.;141
5.1.1.6.3.5;Traffic Control and Monitoring Measures;141
5.1.1.6.3.6;Legislation;142
5.1.1.6.3.7;Flexible Work Time;143
5.1.1.7;4.7 Bus Systems and Its Management – Seoul, Bangkok, Nagoya and Jakarta;143
5.1.1.7.1;4.7.1 The Case of Seoul;143
5.1.1.7.1.1;Bus Operation: from Private to Quasi-Public Operation;143
5.1.1.7.1.2;Bus Management Using Information Technology: T-Money Smart Card;145
5.1.1.7.1.3;Scientific Bus Operation Management with TOPIS;146
5.1.1.7.2;4.7.2 Bus Transit in Bangkok;147
5.1.1.7.2.1;Background;147
5.1.1.7.2.2;Organization;148
5.1.1.7.2.3;Operation;148
5.1.1.7.2.4;Demand;148
5.1.1.7.2.5;Fares and Financial Status;148
5.1.1.7.2.6;Future Plan;150
5.1.1.7.3;4.7.3 Case of Nagoya;151
5.1.1.7.4;4.7.4 Case of Jakarta;153
5.1.1.7.4.1;Mixed-Traffic Bus Service Management;155
5.1.1.7.4.2;Busway Service Management[2];156
5.1.1.8;References;157
5.1.1.9;Notes;158
5.2;Chapter 5;159
5.2.1;Managing Transport Supply and Demand:From Passengers to Freight;159
5.2.1.1;5.1 The Origin and Strongest TDM in the World;160
5.2.1.1.1;5.1.1 Transportation Demand Management (TDM) in Singapore;160
5.2.1.1.1.1;Introduction;160
5.2.1.1.1.2;Coordinated Transportation Planning and Development;160
5.2.1.1.1.3;Public Transport Policy;162
5.2.1.1.1.4;Car Ownership Control;163
5.2.1.1.1.5;Car Usage Restriction Measures;163
5.2.1.1.2;5.1.2 Hong Kong;164
5.2.1.1.2.1;Introduction;164
5.2.1.1.2.2;Strategy of Hong Kong TDM;166
5.2.1.1.2.3;Experiences and Lessons;169
5.2.1.1.3;5.1.3 Commonness and Peculiarity of Singapore and Hong Kong;170
5.2.1.2;5.2 Effects of Congestion Pricing at the Namsan Tunnels in Seoul;170
5.2.1.2.1;5.2.1 Introduction;170
5.2.1.2.2;5.2.2 Background of Implementing Congestion Pricing in Seoul;171
5.2.1.2.3;5.2.3 Contents of Namsan Tunnel Congestion Pricing Scheme;173
5.2.1.2.4;5.2.4 Analysis Results;174
5.2.1.2.4.1;Trip Reduction Impacts on Namsan #1and #3 Tunnels;174
5.2.1.2.4.2;Route Change Impacts Trip;175
5.2.1.2.4.3;Mode Shift Impacts;176
5.2.1.2.5;5.2.5 Conclusion;176
5.2.1.3;5.3 Bus System Restructuring – Seoul;177
5.2.1.3.1;5.3.1 Background;177
5.2.1.3.2;5.3.2 Main Targets of the Bus System Restructuring;178
5.2.1.3.3;5.3.3 Restructuring Using New Governance Administration System;179
5.2.1.3.4;5.3.4 New Fare System;181
5.2.1.3.5;5.3.5 Bus Infrastructure;181
5.2.1.3.5.1;Rerouting of the Bus Network;181
5.2.1.3.5.2;Exclusive Median Bus Lanes;182
5.2.1.4;5.4 Inducing Motorcycles to Public Transit – Taipei;185
5.2.1.4.1;5.4.1 Introduction;185
5.2.1.4.2;5.4.2 Motorcycle Usage in the Taiwan Area;186
5.2.1.4.3;5.4.3 A Comparison of Motorcycle Transport: Taiwan and the United States;188
5.2.1.4.4;5.4.4 Experience of Taipei City;189
5.2.1.5;5.5 Challenging Sustainable Urban Logistics;193
5.2.1.5.1;5.5.1 Logistic Systems in Cities;193
5.2.1.5.2;5.5.2 Efficient City Logistics in Singapore;194
5.2.1.5.2.1;Logistics Land Use Planning;195
5.2.1.5.2.2;Green Link Determining System;195
5.2.1.5.2.3;Junction Electronic Eyes;196
5.2.1.5.2.4;Expressway Monitoring and Advisory Systems;197
5.2.1.5.2.5;Integrated Transport Information System;198
5.2.1.5.2.6;Vehicle Quota System;198
5.2.1.5.3;5.5.3 Competition or Collaboration? – An Example in Japan;199
5.2.1.5.4;Social Conflicts in Urban Parcel Delivery Services;199
5.2.1.5.5;A Gaming Situation in Collaborative Parcel Delivery System;199
5.2.1.5.6;A Mathematical Simulation of the System;200
5.2.1.5.7;Concluding Remarks;202
5.2.1.6;References;202
5.3;Chapter 6;204
5.3.1;For Better Urban Form: From Macroscopic Control to Microscopic Development;204
5.3.1.1;6.1 The Designation and Adjustment of Restricted Development Zone in Korea;205
5.3.1.1.1;6.1.1 Introduction;205
5.3.1.1.2;6.1.2 The Purpose and the Designation Status of RDZ;205
5.3.1.1.2.1;The Purpose of Designation;205
5.3.1.1.2.2;Designation Status and General Condition of RDZ;206
5.3.1.1.3;6.1.3 Directions for RDZ Adjustment;206
5.3.1.1.3.1;Background of RDZ Adjustment;206
5.3.1.1.3.2;Directions for RDZ Adjustment;207
5.3.1.1.4;6.1.4 Guidelines for the Large Seven Metropolises;208
5.3.1.1.4.1;The General Guideline;208
5.3.1.1.4.2;Quota of RDZ Removal for Cities and Counties;209
5.3.1.1.5;6.1.5 The Types and Criteria for the Adjustment of RDZ;210
5.3.1.1.5.1;Priority Removal Area;210
5.3.1.1.5.2;Possible Adjustment Area;210
5.3.1.1.5.3;Sites for National and Local Development Projects;210
5.3.1.1.6;6.1.6 The Directions of the RDZ Management;211
5.3.1.2;6.2 Typical Examples of Transit-Oriented City Development in Asia;212
5.3.1.2.1;6.2.1 Tokyo’s Case – Railway-Based Urban Development;212
5.3.1.2.1.1;Entrepreneurial Transit-Oriented Development Origin;213
5.3.1.2.1.2;Urban Adaptation to the Existing Public Transportation Infrastructure;214
5.3.1.2.1.3;What Can Be Learned from the Experience of Tokyo?;215
5.3.1.2.2;6.2.2 Historical Review – Seoul’s Case;216
5.3.1.2.2.1;Tram (1899–1968) Era (1899 –1956);216
5.3.1.2.2.2;Bus (1928–Now): Bus Era (1957 –1985);218
5.3.1.2.2.3;Subway (1974–Now) Era (1985 –2003);218
5.3.1.2.2.4;Hybrid Era (2004–Now);219
5.3.1.2.2.5;What Should Be Learned from the History Review of Seoul?;219
5.3.1.3;6.3 Realizing Vital, Comfortable, and Walkable Centers;220
5.3.1.3.1;6.3.1 Restoring Cheonggyecheon Stream in the Downtown Seoul;220
5.3.1.3.1.1;Stream Restoration in the Downtown Seoul;220
5.3.1.3.1.2;Before Cheonggyecheon Restoration (SDI 2003c);220
5.3.1.3.1.3;Stream Restoration Work (SDI 2003d);222
5.3.1.3.1.4;Lessons;224
5.3.1.3.2;6.3.2 Attempt in Kamakura City Toward Walkable Center;224
5.3.1.3.3;6.3.3 Realizing the Traditional Villages in Hanoi;226
5.3.1.3.3.1;Traditional Villages (Street-Villages, Village-Streets), Vital Delicate Parts of Color in Hanoi Urban Painting;227
5.3.1.3.3.2;Enclosed, Peaceful and Old Street-Villages;228
5.3.1.3.3.3;Hanoi Traditional Village in the Urbanization Process;231
5.3.1.3.3.4;The Measures for Traditional Village of Hanoi;231
5.3.1.3.4;6.3.4 The Asian Street Space: Comparative Analysis of Manila and Edo;234
5.3.1.3.4.1;Urban Planning Perspectives in Edo and Manila;234
5.3.1.3.4.2;The Morphology and Sociology of the Streets;235
5.3.1.3.4.3;Spatio-Historical Consideration in Planning, Design and Management of Street Spaces;238
5.3.1.4;6.4 Rebuilding City with Tram: Hiroshima and Dalian;239
5.3.1.4.1;6.4.1 Introduction;239
5.3.1.4.2;6.4.2 Transportation Characteristics;239
5.3.1.4.2.1;Hiroshima;239
5.3.1.4.2.2;Dalian;240
5.3.1.4.3;6.4.3 Transit Development;240
5.3.1.4.3.1;Hiroshima;240
5.3.1.4.3.2;Dalian;241
5.3.1.4.4;6.4.4 Interactive Impacts of Transit and Urban Form;241
5.3.1.4.4.1;Transit Impact on Urban Form;241
5.3.1.4.4.2;Urban Form on Transit;241
5.3.1.4.5;6.4.5 Lessons from Hiroshima and Dalian;242
5.3.1.4.5.1;Sparks from Hiroshima;242
5.3.1.4.5.2;Characteristics of Dalian;243
5.3.1.4.5.3;Sparks from Dalian;244
5.3.1.4.5.4;Problems to Be Solved for Dalian;244
5.3.1.5;6.5 Traffic Impact Assessment;244
5.3.1.5.1;6.5.1 Traffic Impact Assessment in Korea;244
5.3.1.5.2;6.5.2 Traffic Impact Assessment in Japan;245
5.3.1.5.3;6.5.3 Traffic Impact Assessment in China;247
5.3.1.5.4;6.5.4 Traffic Impact Fee in Korea;248
5.3.1.6;References;249
5.4;Chapter 7;251
5.4.1;Managing Transport with People;251
5.4.1.1;7.1 Road Safety Audit Involving the Public: Thailand;252
5.4.1.1.1;7.1.1 Introduction;252
5.4.1.1.2;7.1.2 Benefits of Road Safety Audit;254
5.4.1.1.3;7.1.3 Development and Practice of Road Safety Audit in Thailand;255
5.4.1.1.3.1;Development of RSA;255
5.4.1.1.4;7.1.4 Educating the People;261
5.4.1.1.5;7.1.5 Training and Accreditation of Auditors;262
5.4.1.1.6;7.1.6 Future Direction;263
5.4.1.1.6.1;The Responsibilities of the Committee;264
5.4.1.1.6.2;Issues Relating to the Practice of RSA by Government Agencies;264
5.4.1.1.6.3;Long-Term Plan;265
5.4.1.2;7.2 Cooperative Road Management with Users: Japan;265
5.4.1.2.1;7.2.1 Why Is Cooperative Road Management Needed?;265
5.4.1.2.1.1;Current Issues of Road Management in Japan;265
5.4.1.2.1.2;Key Points for New Road Management System;266
5.4.1.2.2;7.2.2 Concept of the New Road Performance Management;266
5.4.1.2.3;7.2.3 Case Study: National Route 17 in Kumagaya City;267
5.4.1.2.3.1;Location of Kumagaya City;267
5.4.1.2.3.2;RPM Procedure Designing;268
5.4.1.2.3.3;Implementation of RPM;269
5.4.1.2.3.4;Effects of the WS and Seminars;274
5.4.1.2.4;7.2.4 Summary and Points to Be Improved;276
5.4.1.3;7.3 Community-Based Development and Transport – Metro Manila;276
5.4.1.3.1;7.3.1 Urban Renewal of the Central University Belt of Manila;277
5.4.1.4;7.4 IT-Based Public Participation and Traffic Survey: Japan;282
5.4.1.4.1;7.4.1 Role of IT for Transport Planning and Management;282
5.4.1.4.2;7.4.2 IT-Based Hazard Information System for Traffic Safety;283
5.4.1.4.3;7.4.3 Traffic Control System Supported by Floating Vehicles;285
5.4.1.5;References;287
6;Part III: Future of Urban Transport in Asis: Rising Asia Proposes to the World;288
6.1;Chapter 8;289
6.1.1;Development and Management of Transport Systems;289
6.1.1.1;8.1 Urban Public Transit Systems Required in Asian Cities;289
6.1.1.1.1;8.1.1 Choice of Transit Systems and Their Better Combination;290
6.1.1.1.1.1;Fundamental Factors Affecting Choice of Transit Systems;290
6.1.1.1.1.2;“Consolidation” and Choice of Transit Systems;290
6.1.1.1.1.3;Ensuring “Accessibility in Space and in Time”;292
6.1.1.1.2;8.1.2 Basic Requirements for Urban Transit Systems;292
6.1.1.1.2.1;At the Beginning…;292
6.1.1.1.2.2;Urban Form;293
6.1.1.1.2.3;Scale of City;294
6.1.1.1.2.4;Growth of Personal Means of Transport;294
6.1.1.1.2.5;Urbanization and Long-Term Planning Strategies;295
6.1.1.1.2.6;Urban Security;295
6.1.1.1.2.7;Social, Economic and Political Stability;296
6.1.1.1.2.8;Mind of Transit Management;296
6.1.1.1.3;8.1.3 Financial Arrangement and Coordinationwith Land-Development[1];297
6.1.1.1.3.1;Public and Private Financial Arrangement;297
6.1.1.1.3.2;Coordination with Land-Development;298
6.1.1.1.4;8.1.4 Risks of Transit Projects;300
6.1.1.2;8.2 Sustainable Developing Road Transport System – Case Study of Hanoi;301
6.1.1.2.1;8.2.1 Overview;301
6.1.1.2.2;8.2.2 Characteristics of Hanoi Urban Road Network;302
6.1.1.2.3;8.2.3 Solutions for Urban Road Transport System Toward the Sustainable Urban Development;305
6.1.1.2.3.1;General Principles;305
6.1.1.2.3.2;Solutions for Hanoi;306
6.1.1.3;8.3 Future Direction of Paratransit;308
6.1.1.3.1;8.3.1 Role of Paratransit in Urban Environment;308
6.1.1.3.2;8.3.2 Advancement of Taxi Fleet Management;310
6.1.1.3.3;8.3.3 Flexible Minibus Services;312
6.1.1.4;8.4 Better Urban Space Allocation for Pedestrians and Non-Motorized Modes: Traffic Impacts of a Serious Loss of Road Capacity Followed by Cheonggyecheon Restoration in Seoul;313
6.1.1.4.1;8.4.1 Introduction;313
6.1.1.4.2;8.4.2 Travel Environment Surrounding Cheonggyecheon;314
6.1.1.4.3;8.4.3 Analysis Results;316
6.1.1.4.3.1;Monitoring Method & Counter Traffic Plan;316
6.1.1.4.3.2;Monitoring Results (SMG, 2003b);317
6.1.1.4.4;8.4.4 Conclusion;319
6.1.1.5;8.5 Comprehensive Approaches for Traffic Safety;320
6.1.1.5.1;8.5.1 Traffic Safety Situations in Asia;320
6.1.1.5.2;8.5.2 Multi-disciplinary Approaches to Road Safety;320
6.1.1.5.3;8.5.3 People Participation and Safety Awareness;323
6.1.1.5.4;8.5.4 Proactive and Reactive Measures;325
6.1.1.5.5;8.5.5 Road Safety Research;329
6.1.1.6;8.6 Convenient and Sustainable City Logistics;330
6.1.1.6.1;8.6.1 Comparing the Traffic and Environmental Outcome Caused by City Logistics;330
6.1.1.6.1.1;Logistics and Its Traffic and Environmental Burdens;330
6.1.1.6.1.2;Comparison of Three Conurbations;331
6.1.1.6.2;8.6.2 Influential Planning Factors;334
6.1.1.6.2.1;Master Plan of City;334
6.1.1.6.2.2;Transportation Network;335
6.1.1.6.2.3;Regulation;335
6.1.1.6.2.4;Environmental Impacts;335
6.1.1.6.2.5;Logistics Cost;336
6.1.1.6.2.6;Safety;336
6.1.1.6.3;8.6.3 Points Toward Better City L;337
6.1.1.6.3.1;Freight Villages;337
6.1.1.6.3.2;Administrative Control Mechanisms;338
6.1.1.6.3.3;Better Traffic Condition;338
6.1.1.6.3.4;Emerging Technologies;339
6.1.1.7;8.7 Role of ITS for Sustainability;340
6.1.1.7.1;8.7.1 Sustainability of Urban Transport System in ITS Context;340
6.1.1.7.1.1;Promotion of Urban Public Transport for Sustainability;340
6.1.1.7.1.2;Role and Future Direction of Intelligent Transport System;341
6.1.1.7.2;8.7.2 Strategies for ITS Development and Deployment in Asian Aptitudes;343
6.1.1.7.2.1;Requirements of ITS in Asia;343
6.1.1.7.2.2;Need of ITS Under Facility and Spatial Constraint;343
6.1.1.7.2.3;TDM-Oriented ITS;344
6.1.1.7.2.4;Use of Handy Device;344
6.1.1.7.2.5;ITS for Monitoring Environmental Impact;344
6.1.1.7.2.6;ITS for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation;345
6.1.1.8;References;345
6.2;Chapter 9;348
6.2.1;Travel Demand Management in Asian Context;348
6.2.1.1;9.1 Asia-Fitted TDM;349
6.2.1.1.1;9.1.1 What Is TDM?;349
6.2.1.1.2;9.1.2 Transport Strategy and TDM in Asian Context;351
6.2.1.1.3;9.1.3 Higher Potentials of TDM Tools in Asian Context;352
6.2.1.1.3.1;Long-Term TDM to Control Measures on Job-Housing Location;353
6.2.1.1.3.2;Congestion Pricing on Multi-modal Network;353
6.2.1.1.4;9.1.4 Innovative TDM Measures for the Future;353
6.2.1.2;9.2 Effective and Feasible Measures of TDM for Cities in Asia;354
6.2.1.2.1;9.2.1 Understanding Travel Behavior on Rainy Days Towards Weather-Based Asian TDM;354
6.2.1.2.2;9.2.2 Active Travel;359
6.2.1.2.3;9.2.3 Development of a Web GIS-Based Activity-Travel Simulator for Travel Feedback Program;361
6.2.1.2.4;9.2.4 Conclusions;362
6.2.1.3;9.3 Soft-Landing Motorization Management – Specially Considering the Motorcycle;363
6.2.1.3.1;9.3.1 Importance of Motorcycle in Asian Cities;363
6.2.1.3.2;9.3.2 Strategies and Measures for Controlling Motorcycle Ownership;365
6.2.1.3.3;9.3.3 Strategies and Measures for Controlling Motorcycle Use;369
6.2.1.4;References;370
6.3;Chapter 10;372
6.3.1;Growth Management and Site-Development Strategies;372
6.3.1.1;10.1 Sustainability Assessment of Compact Cities;372
6.3.1.1.1;10.1.1 Compact City and Sustainability;372
6.3.1.1.2;10.1.2 Study Methods;373
6.3.1.1.2.1;Hypothesis;373
6.3.1.1.2.2;Analysis Methods;374
6.3.1.1.3;10.1.3 Analysis Results;376
6.3.1.1.3.1;Travel Distance Changes with No Congestion Fee;376
6.3.1.1.3.2;Travel Distance Changes with Congestion Fees Imposed;377
6.3.1.1.4;10.1.4 Conditions of Successful Compact City Development;378
6.3.1.2;10.2 Site-Development Policies – TOD in Special;378
6.3.1.2.1;10.2.1 Renaissance in Transit Terminals;378
6.3.1.2.1.1;Shinagawa Station: Land-use Change and Development Chance;379
6.3.1.2.1.2;Station-Oriented High Density and Mixed-Use Land Development;379
6.3.1.2.1.3;Pedestrian-Oriented Design;380
6.3.1.2.1.4;At Least 10% Housing in Large Scale Development;382
6.3.1.2.2;10.2.2 Residential Development Along Transit;382
6.3.1.2.2.1;Background;383
6.3.1.2.2.2;Basic Community Design Concept;383
6.3.1.2.2.3;Transportation Plan;385
6.3.1.2.2.4;Success Points;385
6.3.1.2.2.5;Missing Points and Cover-Ups;385
6.3.1.2.3;10.2.3 Future of Asian TOD;386
6.3.1.3;References;387
6.3.1.4;Notes;388
6.4;Chapter 11;389
6.4.1;Financial and Institutional Measures for Sustainable Urban Transport;389
6.4.1.1;11.1 Financing Measures for Urban Transport for Asia;389
6.4.1.1.1;11.1.1 Issues in Financing Urban Transport;389
6.4.1.1.1.1;Infrastructure;390
6.4.1.1.1.2;Flow of Vehicles and Passengers;390
6.4.1.1.2;11.1.2 Modes of Financing Urban Transport – the Asian Experience;390
6.4.1.1.2.1;Government Budget;390
6.4.1.1.2.2;Official Development Assistance;391
6.4.1.1.2.3;Public–Private Partnerships;392
6.4.1.1.3;11.1.3 Perspectives for Future Financing of Sustainable Urban Transport in Asia;394
6.4.1.2;11.2 Urban Administration;395
6.4.1.2.1;11.2.1 Good Governance;395
6.4.1.2.2;11.2.2 Transport Administration in the Context of Metropolitan Government;396
6.4.1.3;11.3 Management System Collaborative with Users;398
6.4.1.3.1;11.3.1 Importance of User’s Participation in Transport System Management;398
6.4.1.3.1.1;Collaborative Infrastructure Management with Users;398
6.4.1.3.1.2;Manners in Collaborative Infrastructure Management;399
6.4.1.3.2;11.3.2 New Wave of Road Management Scheme – Collaborative Approach;401
6.4.1.3.2.1;Design of “Plan-Do-Check-Action (PDCA)” Cycle;401
6.4.1.3.2.2;Management Objective;402
6.4.1.3.2.3;Management Body Structure;402
6.4.1.3.2.4;Process at “Plan” Stage;402
6.4.1.3.2.5;Visual Aids for Management;404
6.4.1.4;11.4 Planning Processes for a Sustainable Society;405
6.4.1.4.1;11.4.1 Problems of the Current Planning Process and Directions for the Future;405
6.4.1.4.1.1;Current Process;405
6.4.1.4.1.2;Challenges Faced by Urban Transport Planning;407
6.4.1.4.1.3;Mobility, Accessibility and Transportation Planning;408
6.4.1.4.1.4;Directions for the Transportation Planning Process;410
6.4.1.4.2;11.4.2 Social Conflict of Transport Projects in Korea;412
6.4.1.4.2.1;Mt. Sapae Section on the Seoul Outer-Ring Expressway Project;412
6.4.1.4.2.2;Seoul Kangnam Circular Highway Project;412
6.4.1.4.2.3;The Second Jayu-Ro Highway Project;413
6.4.1.4.2.4;Bundang – Jukjeon Highway Project;413
6.4.1.4.3;11.4.3 Problem with the Current Planning Process;413
6.4.1.4.4;11.4.4 Changes of Planning Process of Transport projects;414
6.4.1.4.4.1;Highway Construction Process in European Countries;414
6.4.1.4.4.2;Public Involvement (PI) Initiative for Highway Constructions in Korea;414
6.4.1.4.4.3;Issues Related to Introducing Public Involvement;416
6.4.1.5;11.5 Urban Transportation Policy and Poverty Reduction in Asia;418
6.4.1.5.1;11.5.1. Travel Patterns of Urban Poor;420
6.4.1.5.2;11.5.2 Impacts of Urban Transport Policy on Poverty Reduction;421
6.4.1.6;Notes;423
6.4.1.7;References;423
7;Index;426