Oliveira / Cardinal One Country, Two Systems, Three Legal Orders - Perspectives of Evolution

Essays on Macau's Autonomy after the Resumption of Sovereignty by China
2009
ISBN: 978-3-540-68572-2
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 826 Seiten

'One Country, Two Systems, Three Legal Orders' - Perspectives of Evolution - : Essays on Macau's Autonomy after the Resumption of Sovereignty by China' can be said, in a short preamble-like manner, to be a book that provides a comprehensive look at several issues regarding public law that arise from, or correlate with, the Chinese apex motto for reunification - One Country, Two Systems - and its implementation in Macau and Hong Kong. Noble and contemporary themes such as autonomy models and fundamental rights are thoroughly approached, with a multilayered analysis encompassing both Western and Chinese views, and an extensive comparative law acquis is also brought forward. Furthermore, relevant issues on international law, criminal law, and historical and comparative evolutions and interactions of different legal s- tems are laid down in this panoramic, yet comprehensive book. One cannot but underline the presence, in the many approaches and comments, of a certain aura of a modern Kantian cosmopolitanism revisitation throughout the work, especially when dealing with the cardinal principle of «One Country, Two Systems», which enabled a peaceful and integral reunification ex vi international law - the Joint Declarations - that ended an external and distant control.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Oliveira, Jorge

Cardinal, Paulo

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;13
4;Opening Ceremony;18
5;Welcome Address by the Secretary for Administration and Justice;19
6;Speech by the Head of the Office of the European Union Commission in Hong Kong and Macao SARs;21
7;Address by the Project Director;23
8;Panel 1 Evolution and Interaction of the Three Legal Systems: Romano-Germanic, Common Law, Socialist;27
8.1;The Intersection of Chinese Law and the Common Law in the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong: Question of Technique or Politics?;28
8.1.1;1 The Argument;28
8.1.2;2 The Context of the Common Law;31
8.1.3;3 The Common Law in the Basic Law;33
8.1.4;4 The Interface Between Chinese and Hong Kong Legal Systems;35
8.1.5;5 The Management of the Interface and the Mediation Between the Legal Systems;36
8.1.5.1;5.1 Constitutional Jurisdiction of Hong Kong Courts;36
8.1.5.2;5.2 The Approach of the Hong Kong Courts to Interpretation;44
8.1.5.3;5.3 Jurisdiction of the NPCSC;50
8.1.5.4;5.4 The Approach of the NPCSC to Interpretation;54
8.1.5.5;5.5 Comments on Methods of Interpretation;59
8.1.6;6 The Triumph of the Civil Law or the Might of the Chinese Communist Party?;60
8.1.6.1;References;64
8.2;Law of Things in the Macau Civil Code: An Extension of the Romano–Germanic System Built Upon the Classical Concept of Ownership;66
8.2.1;1 Introduction;66
8.2.1.1;1.1 As to Why This Topic was Chosen;66
8.2.1.2;1.2 As to the Term Law of Things;66
8.2.1.3;1.3 Method and Sequence;67
8.2.1.4;1.4 Reserves;68
8.2.2;2 A Review of the Formal Aspect of the Law of Things in the Macau Civil Code: In Search of a Tradition;68
8.2.2.1;2.1 The Basic Structure of the Macau Civil Code;68
8.2.2.2;2.2 The Possible Legal Tradition Hidden Behind This Structure;68
8.2.3;3 The Formation of a Tradition of Ownership;70
8.2.4;4 A Disruption of the Ownership Tradition;71
8.2.5;5 The Origin and Consequences of a Contorted Interpretation of the Ownership Tradition;74
8.2.6;6 The Convergence of Ownership Tradition with the Aristotelian Tradition;79
8.2.7;7 The Extension of the Ownership Tradition from Portugal to Macau;80
8.2.8;8 The Possibility of Continuation of the Tradition of Ownership;85
8.2.9;References;87
8.3;Legal Transplants and Economic Development: Civil Law Vs. Common Law?;89
8.3.1;1 Introduction;89
8.3.2;2 Why Legal Transplants?;90
8.3.3;3 Legal Transplants and Economic Development;98
8.3.4;4 A First Conclusion;100
8.3.5;References;101
8.4;Modernisation, Westernisation, and Globalisation: Legal Transplant in China;104
8.4.1;1 Introduction;104
8.4.2;2 The Beginning of Modernisation – The Wholesale Westernisation of Chinese Law;105
8.4.2.1;2.1 Constitutional and Political Reform at Gunpoint;105
8.4.2.2;2.2 The Beginning of Westernisation of Chinese Law;107
8.4.2.3;2.3 A Second-Hand Introduction of the Continental Civil Law Model;108
8.4.3;3 A Balancing Act Between Westernisation and Modernisation;109
8.4.3.1;3.1 The Establishment of a Continental Civil Law System in China;109
8.4.3.2;3.2 Between Westernisation and Modernisation;110
8.4.4;4 Behind the Ideological Mask – The Second-Hand Civil Law Tradition Continues;113
8.4.4.1;4.1 The Short-Lived Triumph of the Soviet Model;113
8.4.4.2;4.2 Mixed Influences Under Utilitarian and Instrumentalist Guidelines;114
8.4.5;5 Globalisation and ‘Rational’ Law;117
8.4.5.1;5.1 ‘Rational’ Law and Bold Legal Transplant;117
8.4.5.2;5.2 From Western Law to International Law;120
8.4.6;6 Concluding Remarks – The Search for Chinese Law Continues;121
8.4.7;References;124
8.5;Comments Globalization and the Politics of Comparative Law;128
8.6;Comments “Law of the Things in the Macao Civil Code: An Extension of the Roman–Germanic System Built Upon the Classic Concept of Ownership”;130
8.7;Scotland: The Constitutional Protection of a Mixed Legal System;132
8.7.1;1 Introducton;132
8.7.2;2 The Scottish Devolution Settlement in Outline;134
8.7.3;3 The Mixed Legal System of Scotland;135
8.7.4;4 Devolution and the Other (New Labour) Constitutional Reforms;140
8.7.5;5 Conclusions;153
8.7.6;References;153
8.8;The South-Tyrol Autonomy in Italy;155
8.8.1;Preface;155
8.8.2;1 The International Foundation of Autonomy;156
8.8.2.1;1.1 Historical and Political Background;156
8.8.2.2;1.2 The International Agreement and First Regional Statute;159
8.8.2.3;1.3 Specific Treaty Arrangements;162
8.8.3;2 The Local Foundations of Autonomy;162
8.8.3.1;2.1 The Purposes of Autonomy;162
8.8.3.2;2.2 Constitutional Provisions for Autonomy;163
8.8.3.3;2.3 The Relationship of the Constitution of the Autonomous Region to the National Constitution;163
8.8.3.4;2.4 The Scope of the Autonomous Region to Make and Adopt its Own Constitution;164
8.8.3.5;2.5 Interpretation and Implementation of Constitutional/Legal Provisions for Autonomy;165
8.8.4;3 The Institutions of Autonomy;165
8.8.4.1;3.1 The Structure and Composition of Governments Institutions at the Autonomous Level and Relations Between Them;165
8.8.4.2;3.2 The Relations Between Institutions at the National and Autonomous Levels;167
8.8.4.3;3.3 The Scheme for the Division of Powers Between the National and Autonomous Governments;168
8.8.5;4 The Methods of Autonomy;175
8.8.5.1;4.1 Methods of Cooperation and Consultations Between Different Levels of Government;175
8.8.5.2;4.2 Methods of Dispute Resolutions;175
8.8.5.3;4.3 Notions of State or Parliamentary Sovereignty;176
8.8.5.4;4.4 The Relative Size of the Autonomous Region Compared to the State as a Whole;176
8.8.5.5;4.5 Differing Legal Traditions Between the State and the Autonomous Region;177
8.8.6;5 Conclusion: Autonomy for Peace;181
8.8.7;References;182
8.9;The Europeanization of Law;183
8.9.1;1 Introduction;183
8.9.2;2 Europeanization of Law: Brief Analysis;185
8.9.2.1;2.1 First Perspective: Direct Legal Integration;185
8.9.2.2;2.2 Second Perspective: Indirect Legal Integration;188
8.9.2.3;2.3 Third Perspective: Beyond EU Boundaries;193
8.9.3;3 Concluding Remarks;199
8.9.4;References;201
8.10;The Notion of Reparations as a Restorative Justice Measure;203
8.10.1;1 Introduction;203
8.10.2;2 International Law;205
8.10.3;3 Reparation Justice Theories;207
8.10.3.1;3.1 Corrective Justice;207
8.10.3.2;3.2 Distributive Justice;208
8.10.3.3;3.3 Restorative Justice;209
8.10.4;4 Some International Examples of Reparations;211
8.10.4.1;4.1 Australia;212
8.10.4.2;4.2 Canada;213
8.10.4.3;4.3 Ireland;214
8.10.4.4;4.4 Japanese War Crimes (Particularly Sex Slaves);215
8.10.5;5 Conclusion;216
8.10.6;References;217
8.11;Comments - Jorge Godinho;219
8.12;Comments - Zhenmin Wang;222
9;Panel 2 Evolution of the Judicial Systems – Role of Public Prosecution, Role of the Lawyers, Specialised Courts, Judicial Guarantees of Fundamental Rights;225
9.1;Lawyers, the Protection of Human Rights and Harmonious Society;226
9.1.1;1 The Protection of Human Rights and a Harmonious Society;226
9.1.1.1;1.1 A Harmonious Society is a Society Governed by Law, While the Protection of Human is Due Justice of a Harmonious Society;226
9.1.1.2;1.2 New Development and Existing Inharmonious Factors on the Protection of Chinese Human Rights;227
9.1.2;2 Lawyers and the Protection of Human Rights;228
9.1.3;3 Lawyers and the Structuring of a Harmonious Society;229
9.2;The Judicial Guarantees of Fundamental Rights in the Macau Legal System: A Parcours Under the Focus of Continuity and of Autonomy;230
9.2.1;1 Some Preliminary Remarks: To Lay the Buoys that will Guide the Journey;230
9.2.2;2 A Glance at Macau’s Juridical-Political History: Anomaly in the Annals … and Shaping the Future;232
9.2.3;3 The Continuity Principle as the Transition Process Master Guarantee: The Joint Declaration of Macau from Here to (Almost) Eternity;236
9.2.3.1;3.1 The Transition Process;237
9.2.3.2;3.2 The Continuity Principle;240
9.2.4;4 The Macau S.A.R. Autonomy: An Internationally Plugged Autonomy;242
9.2.4.1;4.1 The Joint Declaration: Genesis and Anchor of the Macau Autonomy;243
9.2.4.2;4.2 The PRC Constitution vis–à–vis the Macau SAR;246
9.2.4.3;4.3 Autonomy and the Basic Law;248
9.2.5;5 (Still) The Macau SAR Autonomy: An Anonymous New Federalism?;253
9.2.5.1;5.1 Less than (Political) Regionalist Elements;255
9.2.5.2;5.2 Regionalist Elements of the SARs;255
9.2.5.3;5.3 Federal Elements of the SARs;255
9.2.5.4;5.4 Statehood Elements of the SARs;256
9.2.5.5;5.5 Uncategorized/Unique Elements;256
9.2.5.6;5.6 The Dynamics of the Macau Autonomy;257
9.2.6;6 An Autonomous and Self Contained Fundamental Rights System in a mere Autonomous Region Tailored in a Statehood Like Fashion;257
9.2.7;7 An Overview of the Macau Fundamental Rights Constitutional System: A Rich Catalogue with a Moderated Depth and Some Lacunae in the Protective Dimension;261
9.2.8;8 The Fundamental Rights Judicial Mechanisms of Protection: Two Assessments, within International Standards and with a Continuity Rupture and a Correlative Deficit;268
9.2.8.1;8.1 The Non Judicial Mechanisms;269
9.2.8.2;8.2 The Judicial Mechanisms;269
9.2.8.3;8.3 The Continuity;272
9.2.8.4;8.4 The Deficit;273
9.2.9;References;273
9.3;Public Prosecution vis à vis the Protection of the Legal System and the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights;279
9.3.1;Synopsis;279
9.3.2;1 Decision to Prosecute;279
9.3.3;2 Public Interest Criteria;280
9.3.4;3 The Basic Law-Entrenching Freedoms;281
9.3.5;4 Public Order Prosecutions;281
9.3.6;5 The Decision;282
9.3.7;6 Consent to Prosecutions;284
9.3.8;The United Kingdom Position;285
9.3.9;The Hong Kong Position;285
9.3.10;Consent as an Effective Human Rights Safeguard;286
9.3.11;7 Disclosure;287
9.3.12;8 Necessary Support for Prosecutors;288
9.3.13;9 Conclusion;288
9.3.14;References;289
9.4;International Criminal Procedure and the Protection of the Fundamental Rights of the Person;290
9.4.1;1 Introduction;290
9.4.2;2 The International Criminal Procedure in the Era of Institutionalization;293
9.4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;293
9.4.2.2;2.2 Compulsory Regulated Justice and the Emergence of the Criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Procedure;296
9.4.3;3 International Criminal Proceedings in the Era of Human Rights;298
9.4.3.1;3.1 The International Criminal Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal (Tribunal of Nuremberg);300
9.4.3.2;3.2 International Criminal Proceedings of Nuremberg or the Emergence of a Paradigm International Criminal Procedure Based on Principles;301
9.4.4;4 International Criminal Proceedings in the Era of Humanitarian Solidarity;307
9.4.4.1;4.1 Introduction;307
9.4.4.2;4.2 The Transformation of the International Criminal Procedural Law;308
9.4.5;5 Conclusion;319
9.4.6;References;319
9.4.7;Comments;322
9.5;Trend of Evolution of Chinese Mainland Prosecutorial System in the Context of Judicial Reform;326
9.5.1;1 The Prosecutorial System of the Mainland under the Contemporary Constitutional System;326
9.5.2;2 Trend of Reform of Prosecutorial System in Chinese Mainland;330
9.5.2.1;2.1 Perfect Legal Supervision over Litigation to Improve its Efficiency;330
9.5.2.2;2.2 Establish and Perfect the Integrated Mechanism of Performing Prosecutorial Power and the Mechanism of Managing Prosecutorial Work;332
9.5.2.3;2.3 Establish and Perfect the Management System of Prosecutors with Professional Construction as the Breakthrough;333
9.6;The Role of the Ombudsman in Defending Human Rights;336
9.6.1;1 The Importance of the Ombudsman in Defending Human Rights;336
9.6.2;2 Overview of Human Rights Protection in the People’s Republic of China;337
9.6.3;3 Overview of Human Rights Protection in Hong Kong S.A.R.;338
9.6.4;4 Macao’s Case: An Independent Ombudsman;339
9.6.5;5 Help and Consultation;340
9.6.6;6 Investigation;340
9.6.7;7 Real Cases;341
9.6.8;8 Research and Examination;342
9.6.9;9 Operational Research;343
9.6.10;10 Formulation of Guidelines;343
9.6.11;11 Conclusion;344
9.6.12;References;344
9.7;Domestic and International Judicial Protection of Fundamental Rights: A Latin American Comparative Perspective;345
9.7.1;1 Introduction;345
9.7.2;2 The Evolution of the Amparo Writ in Mexico up to the Late Nineteenth Century;346
9.7.3;3 The Widening of the Amparo Writ in Latin America;349
9.7.4;4 The Amparo Writ in Mexico at the Threshold of the Twenty-first Century;350
9.7.5;5 The Shortcomings of the Mexican Amparo: The Usefulness of the Comparative Legal Perspective;351
9.7.6;6 The Inter American System of Protecting Human Rights and the Amparo Writ in Latin America;354
9.7.7;7 Something About the International Responsibility of the State Provoked by the Judiciary Performance;360
9.7.8;8 Conclusion;361
9.7.9;References;362
9.8;Fundamental Rights and Constitutional Limits and Constraints to the Police Action in the Criminal Procedure: Several Aspects in Some Juslusophony Systems;364
9.8.1;1 Preliminaries;364
9.8.2;2 The Constitutional Framework for the OPC Acting in Criminal Procedure;366
9.8.3;3 The Police and Criminal Procedure;367
9.8.4;4 Observations and Conclusions;375
9.8.5;References;376
9.9;Comments Reciprocal Enforcement of Court Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters Between Hong Kong SAR and the Mainland;379
9.9.1;1 The Arrangement on Reciprocal Enforcement of Court Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (2006);379
9.9.2;2 Finality;380
9.9.3;3 Grounds for Refusing Enforcement;381
9.9.4;4 Implementation;382
9.9.5;5 The Arrangement on Mutual Service of Judicial Documents in Civil and Commercial Proceedings (1999);382
9.9.6;6 The Arrangement on Mutual Enforcement of Arbitral Awards (1999);383
9.9.7;Comment;385
9.10;Comments - Zhu Lin;386
10;Panel 3 Autonomy – A Comparative Approach: Purpose, Origins, International Foundations, Structures, Financial Aspects, Evolution;389
10.1;Evolution of Autonomy and Federalism;390
10.1.1;1 Sub-State Entities and the Law;391
10.1.2;2 Positive Potential of Autonomy and Federalism;392
10.1.3;3 Decentralization and Self-Determination;394
10.1.4;4 Self-Administration as a Remedy;396
10.1.5;5 Democracy and the Devolution of Powers;397
10.1.6;6 Sub-State Entities and Sovereignty;399
10.1.7;7 Shortcomings of Self-Government Regulations;402
10.1.8;8 Conclusion: Which Evolution?;405
10.1.9;References;406
10.2;Autonomy Experiences in Europe – A Comparative Approach: Portugal, Spain and Italy;409
10.2.1;1 A Brief Approach to the Concept of Autonomy;409
10.2.2;2 Autonomy and the Federal State;411
10.2.3;3 Spain, Portugal and Italy as Compound States;414
10.2.4;4 Elements of Comparison;419
10.2.5;5 And Does the European Union Have Anything to Say?;433
10.2.6;6 Macao’s Autonomy: Elements for Comparison with the Sub-State Entities of the European States;435
10.2.7;References;439
10.3;French Overseas: New Caledonia and French Polynesia in the Framework of Asymmetrical Federalism and Shared Sovereignty;442
10.3.1;1 French Polynesia and New-Caledonia in Context;444
10.3.2;2 The Institutional Setting of New-Caledonia and French Polynesia;448
10.3.3;3 Policy-Making Competencies in New-Caledonia and French Polynesia;452
10.3.4;4 The Relationship of New-Caledonia and French Polynesia with the European Union;454
10.3.5;References;458
10.4;The Development of Asymmetric Regionalism and the Principle of Autonomy in the New Constitutional Systems: A Comparative Approach;460
10.4.1;1 From the Federalizing Process to Multilevel Constitutionalism;460
10.4.2;2 Recognizing the Autonomy of Territorial Communities: The Main Characteristics of the Concept of Autonomy;462
10.4.3;3 The Most Important Organizational Expressions of the Principle of Autonomy: From Homogenous Regionalism to Asymmetric Regionalism;465
10.4.4;4 The Drive Towards Differentiation and the Search for Unitary Principles;469
10.4.5;5 Some Suggestions About Macau’s Autonomy;471
10.4.6;References;476
10.5;Comments Chris Himsworth;481
10.5.1;1 Defining Our Topic;481
10.5.2;2 Justifications for Autonomy;482
10.5.3;3 The Essential Conditions for Sustaining Autonomy;482
10.6;Decentralization and Structural Policies: The European Experience;483
10.6.1;1 Introduction;483
10.6.2;2 The First EU Worries with Regional Disequilibria;484
10.6.3;3 The Reasons Behind Regional Policy;486
10.6.4;4 The Most Important Steps Taken Up To Now;487
10.6.5;5 The Criteria and the Means of Support;488
10.6.6;6 The Results of the Policy Implemented;489
10.6.7;7 The Future of EU Regional Policy;490
10.6.8;References;491
10.7;Legal Foundations, Structures and Institutions of Autonomy in Comparative Law;492
10.7.1;1 Introduction;492
10.7.2;2 Participation and Self-Determination;492
10.7.3;3 Distinction Between Spatial and Normative Dimensions;497
10.7.4;4 Combination of the Normative Dimension and the Level of Entrenchment Concerning Territorial Autonomy in Europe;500
10.7.5;5 Different Forms of Entrenchment;511
10.7.6;6 Concluding Remarks;512
10.7.7;References;515
10.7.8;Comments Autonomy as an Enduring Concept;517
11;Panel 4 Autonomy Within the P.R. of China - S.A.R.s et alii; Purpose, Origins, Structures and Evolution;521
11.1;The Relationship Between Central and Local Governments Under the Unitary State System of China;522
11.1.1;1 Formation of the Relationship Between the Central and the Local Governments;522
11.1.2;2 Diversification of the Relationship Between the Central and the Local Governments Under the Unitary State System;524
11.1.3;3 Problems with the Relationship Between the Central and Local Governments Under the Unitary State System;532
11.1.4;4 Approaches to the Adjustment of the Relationship Between the Central and the Local Governments;534
11.2;Autonomous Legislative Power in Regional Ethnic Autonomy of the People’s Republic of China: The Law and the Reality;536
11.2.1;1 Introduction;536
11.2.2;2 Autonomous Legislative Power in REA;538
11.2.3;4 Conclusion;556
11.2.4;Reference;557
11.3;Macao SAR Inter-Regional Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters1;559
11.3.1;1 Introduction;559
11.3.2;2 Legal Framework;560
11.3.3;3 Possible Models;564
11.3.4;4 The Inter-Regional MLA Arrangements in the Hierarchy of the Sources of Law in Macao;567
11.3.5;5 Current Arrangements and Pending Negotiations;569
11.3.6;6 Main Sensitive Issues on Inter-Regional MLA Between Macao and Mainland China;570
11.4;Comments Local Autonomy in the Context of Chinese Political Modernization;576
11.4.1;1 Concept of Local Autonomy;576
11.4.2;2 China’s Peculiarities;576
11.4.3;3 Local Autonomy’s Diversity in China;578
11.4.4;4 Control of Local Autonomy by the Central Government;581
11.4.5;5 Assessment and Conclusions;582
11.4.6;References;583
12;Panel 5 Fundamental Rights and Interaction of the Legal Systems;584
12.1;The Ranking of the International Law in the Framework of “The Basic Law of the Macao SAR of the People’s Republic of China” and the Introspection on the Perplexities of Fundamental Rights;585
12.1.1;1 From “International Law” to “Regional Law”;585
12.1.2;2 Practice of International Law Stretched to Macao Without Participation in the Negotiation;589
12.1.3;3 The Absorption of International Laws to National Laws;594
12.1.4;4 A Few Questions on the Fundamental Rights;596
12.1.5;The Validity of the International Agreements of the Human Rights in the Juridical Order of the Special Administrative Region of Macau;599
12.1.6;References;621
12.2;Interpretation of the Basic Law by the Courts of the Macao SAR;622
12.2.1;1 Introduction;622
12.2.2;2 Constitutional Interpretation;623
12.2.3;3 Three Main Criteria;627
12.2.4;4 The Basic Law’s Foundational Political Context;628
12.2.5;5 The Content of the Basic Law;630
12.2.6;6 The Relevant Criterion of Belonging;636
12.2.7;7 Article 143 of the Basic Law and the Standing Committee;637
12.2.8;8 Some Final Remarks;643
12.2.9;References;644
12.3;The General Regime of Fundamental Rights in the Basic Law and in the International Instruments;646
12.3.1;1 Delimitation of the Subject;646
12.3.2;2 Democratic and Liberal Conception of Fundamental Rights;648
12.3.3;3 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR);649
12.3.4;4 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU);651
12.3.5;5 Basic Law of Macau Special Administrative Region (BLM);654
12.3.6;References;667
12.4;Comments - Paulo Martins Chan;669
12.5;Fundamental Rights and the Basic Laws of the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions;671
12.5.1;1 Introduction;671
12.5.2;2 Overview of the Systems of Protection in Hong Kong and Macau;672
12.5.3;3 Rights Provided for Within the Basic Laws;673
12.5.4;4 Extrinsic Law and Principles of the Basic Laws;675
12.5.5;5 Conclusion;683
12.5.6;References;683
12.6;The Fundamental Rights in Macao;684
12.6.1;1 Introduction;684
12.6.2;2 The Sources of the Fundamental Rights;689
12.6.3;3 The General Meaning of the Fundamental Rights;695
12.6.4;4 The Fundamental Rights Regime;699
12.6.5;References;703
12.7;Constitutionalism and Western Legal Traditions in Human Rights in Asian Legal Systems: With a Special Focus on Chinese Legal Systems;704
12.7.1;1 Constitutionalism and Western Legal Traditions in Human Rights: A Global but Diversified Influence;706
12.7.2;2 The Pendulum Between Universalism and Particularism;710
12.7.3;3 Convergences in Asia;712
12.7.4;4 Conclusion: Are Democracy and Human Rights the End of History?;718
12.7.5;References;719
12.8;Comments Macau’s Autonomy: Looking for a Fresh Awakening?;721
12.8.1;1 Macau as a Chinese Subject;722
12.8.2;2 The Need for a Democratic Awakening;725
12.8.3;3 The Road Ahead;727
12.8.4;References;728
12.9;Comments Fundamental Rights and the Basic Laws of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions;729
12.10;The Autonomy of the Macau Special Administrative Region;733
12.10.1;1 Context and Basic Idea;733
12.10.2;2 Centripetalism;734
12.10.3;4 Governance in the Context of the Special Administrative Region;736
12.10.4;References;738
12.11;The Theory, Constitution and Practice of Autonomy: The Case of Hong Kong;739
12.11.1;1 Autonomy: General Considerations;739
12.11.2;2 The Theory, Constitution and Practice of “One Country, Two Systems”;743
12.11.3;3 Governance and Democracy in Hong Kong as a Test for Hong Kong’s Autonomy;751
12.11.4;4 Conclusion;753
12.11.5;References;754
12.12;Interaction and Integration Between the Legal Systems of Hong Kong, Macao and Mainland China 50 Years After Their Return to China;756
12.12.1;1 Introduction;756
12.12.2;2 Meaning of the “Remaining Unchanged for 50 Years” Rule;757
12.12.3;3 Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR Will Remain Separate Law Districts;758
12.12.4;4 Establishment of an Interregional Mechanism of Legal Consultation, Coordination and Cooperation;759
12.12.5;5 Conclusion;761
12.12.6;References;762
12.13;The Special Administrative Regions of the PRC in Comparison with Autonomous Regions Models;763
12.13.1;1 Introduction;763
12.13.2;2 The Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao and the Models of Territorial Distribution of Powers;764
12.13.3;3 Some Remarks on the More Interesting Aspects of the Autonomy of the Chinese SARs;766
12.13.4;4. The Asymmetrical Position of the SARs as a Key to Explain Their Form of Autonomy;780
12.14;Comments - Markku Suksi;785
12.15;Comments - Paulo Cardinal;789
12.16;Conference Final Comments;793
13;Closing Ceremony;795
13.1;Closing Speech by the President of Court of Final Appeal;796
13.2;International Conference;799