Palin / Hiller Chemistry for Technologists

The Commonwealth and International Library: Electrical Engineering Division
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-8151-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 356 Seiten, Web PDF

Chemistry for Technologists provides a basic text on chemical principles written specifically for the technologists. The topics covered are those of basic chemistry. Definitions of such terms as chemical reactions, stoichiometry, and atomic structures are made simple so as not to require prior technical background of the subject. The book introduces the student to topics such as structural chemistry, physical chemistry, organic chemistry, and inorganic chemistry. A chapter on analytical chemistry is also provided. The chapter focuses on method of analysis such as routine methods, electrometric methods, and chromatographic methods. Chromatography is a type of separation method, which is discussed in detail. Different types of chromatography are also enumerated. The waves mechanics and hydrogen atom are fully covered. The electronic nature of bonding and bonding between two hydrogen atoms are discussed in detail. The ionic crystals, molecular crystals, and covalent crystals are presented completely. The text will be a useful tool for technology students and practising technologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Palin, G. R.

Hiller, N.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Chemistry for Technologists;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents ;6
5;Preface;8
6;SECTION I: INTRODUCTION;10
6.1;Chapter 1. Nomenclature and Stoichiometry;12
6.1.1;Atoms and Molecules;12
6.1.2;Atomic and Molecular Weight;15
6.1.3;Gases;16
6.1.4;Chemical Reactions;16
6.1.5;Solutions;19
7;SECTION II: STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY;22
7.1;Chapter 2. Atomic Structure;24
7.1.1;Fundamental Particles;24
7.1.2;Isotopes;24
7.1.3;The Bohr Atom;26
7.1.4;Wave Mechanics;27
7.1.5;The Hydrogen Atom;28
7.1.6;Multi-Electron Atoms;32
7.1.7;Periodicity;34
7.2;Chapter 3. Chemical Bonding;36
7.2.1;Electronic Nature of Bonding;36
7.2.2;Bonding Between Two Hydrogen Atoms;37
7.2.3;Bonding Between Other Pairs of Identical Atoms;38
7.2.4;Bonding Between Different Atoms;40
7.2.5;Ionic Bonds;42
7.2.6;Hybridization;44
7.2.7;Delocalized Orbitals;46
7.2.8;More Complicated Bonding;47
7.3;Chapter 4. Forces in Solids;49
7.3.1;Ionic Crystals;49
7.3.2;Molecular Crystals;54
7.3.3;Covalent Crystals;58
7.3.4;Metals;60
8;SECTION III: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY;66
8.1;Chapter 5. Thermochemistry;68
8.1.1;Chemical Energy;68
8.1.2;Internal Energy (U);69
8.1.3;Heat Content or Enthalpy (H);70
8.1.4;Heat of Reaction;71
8.1.5;Relationship Between .U and .H
;73
8.1.6;Hess's Law;74
8.1.7;Heats of Formation;76
8.1.8;Heats of Combustion;78
8.1.9;Heat Capacity;80
8.1.10;Variation of Heat of Reaction with Temperature;82
8.1.11;Bond Energies;84
8.1.12;Calculation of Adiabatic Flame Temperatures;85
8.2;Chapter 6. Entropy and Free Energy;90
8.2.1;Reversible and Irreversible Processes;90
8.2.2;Entropy (S);91
8.2.3;The Significance of Entropy;92
8.2.4;Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions;93
8.2.5;Free Energy (G);94
8.2.6;Free Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions;96
8.2.7;Free Energy Change and Work;97
8.2.8;Free Energy and Activity;98
8.3;Chapter 7. Chemical Kinetics and Equilibria;99
8.3.1;The Law of Mass Action;100
8.3.2;Activation Energy;103
8.3.3;Chain Reactions;106
8.3.4;Catalysis;107
8.3.5;Reversible Reactions;109
8.3.6;Chemical Equilibrium;110
8.3.7;Le Chatelier's Principle;112
8.3.8;Heterogeneous Equilibria;114
8.3.9;Dissociation of Gases;115
8.3.10;Effect of Equilibria on Flame Temperature Calculation;117
8.4;Chapter 8. Electrochemistry;120
8.4.1;Ionization in Solution;120
8.4.2;Dissociation of Water;121
8.4.3;pH;123
8.4.4;Electrolytic Conduction;124
8.4.5;Electrode Potential;128
8.4.6;Measurement of Electrode Potential;129
8.4.7;Standard Electrode Potentials;130
8.4.8;Polarization;133
8.4.9;Electrode Terminology;134
8.4.10;Voltaic Cells;135
8.4.11;Electrolysis;139
8.4.12;pH Determination;141
8.5;Chapter 9. Phase Diagrams;145
8.5.1;One-component Systems;146
8.5.2;Lowering of Vapour Pressure;148
8.5.3;Two-component Liquid–Vapour Systems;149
8.5.4;Two-component Solid–Liquid Systems;152
9;SECTION IV: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY;162
9.1;Chapter 10. Classification, Occurrence and Extraction of the Elements;164
9.1.1;Metals and Non-metals;164
9.1.2;The Periodic Table;164
9.1.3;The Electrochemical Series;166
9.1.4;Occurrence of the Elements;166
9.1.5;Concentration of Metal Ores;168
9.1.6;Extraction of the Elements;170
9.1.7;Refining of Metals;172
9.2;Chapter 11. Non-metals;174
9.2.1;Hydrogen;174
9.2.2;Oxygen;176
9.2.3;Water;178
9.2.4;Nitrogen;183
9.2.5;Ammonia;185
9.2.6;Nitric Acid;187
9.2.7;Sulphur;189
9.2.8;Sulphuric Acid;190
9.2.9;Chlorine;193
9.3;Chapter 12. Metals;195
9.3.1;The Alkali Metals;195
9.3.2;The Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride;197
9.3.3;The Alkaline Earth Metals;200
9.3.4;Aluminium;205
9.3.5;Copper;207
9.3.6;Iron;209
9.3.7;Lead;214
9.3.8;Tin;216
9.3.9;Zinc;217
9.3.10;Silver, Gold and Platinum;219
9.3.11;Antimony and Bismuth;220
9.3.12;Cadmium and Mercury;221
9.3.13;Nickel, Cobalt and Manganese;222
9.3.14;Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten;223
9.3.15;Titanium, Zirconium and Vanadium;225
9.3.16;Germanium;226
10;SECTION V: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY;228
10.1;Chapter 13. Isomerism and Formulae;230
10.1.1;Multiplicity of Organic Compounds;230
10.1.2;Structural Isomerism;230
10.1.3;Stereoisomerism;232
10.1.4;Formulae;233
10.1.5;Nomenclature;235
10.2;Chapter 14. Hydrocarbons;236
10.2.1;The Alkanes;236
10.2.2;The Cycloalkanes;240
10.2.3;Unsaturated Hydrocarbons;241
10.2.4;The Alkenes;241
10.2.5;The Dienes;243
10.2.6;The Alkynes;244
10.2.7;Benzene;244
10.2.8;Toluene;245
10.2.9;Di- and Trimethylbenzene;246
10.2.10;Styrene;247
10.2.11;Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons;248
10.2.12;Composition of Oil and Natural Gas;249
10.2.13;Refining of Crude Oil;250
10.2.14;Modification of Hydrocarbons;252
10.2.15;Octane Rating;253
10.2.16;Carbonization of Coal;254
10.2.17;Petrol from Coal;255
10.3;Chapter 15. Compounds Containing Several Elements;257
10.3.1;Functional Groups;257
10.3.2;Systematic Nomenclature;258
10.3.3;Practical Nomenclature;260
10.3.4;Halogen-containing Compounds;260
10.3.5;Alcohols;263
10.3.6;Phenols;266
10.3.7;Ethers and Epoxides;268
10.3.8;Amines;269
10.3.9;Carboxylic Acids;271
10.3.10;Fats, Oils, and Waxes;274
10.3.11;Soap;275
10.3.12;Aldehydes and Ketones;278
10.3.13;Nitro Compounds;278
10.3.14;Nitric Esters;280
10.3.15;Heterocyclic Compounds;281
10.4;Chapter 16. Polymers;284
10.4.1;Linear Polymers;284
10.4.2;Network Polymers;288
10.4.3;Copolymers;289
10.4.4;Condensation Polymerization;289
10.4.5;Addition Polymerization;292
10.4.6;Methods of Polymerization;294
10.4.7;Polythene;297
10.4.8;Other Olefin Polymers;298
10.4.9;Polyhaloethylenes;299
10.4.10;Polystyrene;300
10.4.11;Acrylic Polymers;301
10.4.12;Formaldehyde Network Polymers;301
10.4.13;Polyesters;303
10.4.14;Polyamides and Related Polymers;305
10.4.15;Polyethers and Related Polymers;306
10.4.16;Cellulose;308
10.4.17;Rubber;309
10.4.18;Silicones;310
11;SECTION VI: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY7;312
11.1;Chapter 17. Analytical Methods;314
11.1.1;Routine Methods;314
11.1.2;Electrometric Methods;316
11.1.3;Spectroscopic Methods;322
11.1.4;Chromatographic Methods;333
12;APPENDICES;338
12.1;APPENDIX A: Electronic Configurations of the Elements;340
12.2;APPENDIX B: Periodic Table;344
12.3;APPENDIX C: Enthalpy Differences and Equilibrium Constants;345
13;Bibliography;349
14;Index;352