Parker / Hopkins An Introduction to Chemical Metallurgy

International Series on Materials Science and Technology
2. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-4831-3921-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 376 Seiten, Web PDF

An Introduction to Chemical Metallurgy, Second Edition introduces the reader to chemical metallurgy, including its fundamental principles and some of their applications. References in the text to a date and the author of some law or principle of physical chemistry are given for the sake of historical significance. This book is comprised of eight chapters and opens with an overview of thermodynamics, with particular emphasis on the first law of thermodynamics; the expansion of a gas; thermodynamically reversible changes; applications of thermochemistry in metallurgy; and experimental techniques in calorimetry. The following chapters focus on entropy, free energy, and chemical equilibrium; solutions and reaction kinetics; extraction and refining of metals, including refining by preferential oxidation; and corrosion and electrodeposition. Electrochemistry and interfacial phenomena are also explored, along with surface energy and surface tension, electrolytes and electrolysis, and reduction and oxidation potentials. This monograph is written primarily for chemists and metallurgists as well as students embarking on courses in chemical metallurgy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Parker, R. H.

Hopkins, D. W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;An Introduction to Chemical Metallurgy;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;Symbols and Abbreviations;12
7;CHAPTER 1. Introduction to Thermodynamics;16
7.1;1.1. Introduction;16
7.2;1.2. Energy;17
7.3;1.3. The First Law of Thermodynamics;17
7.4;1.4. The Expansion of a Gas: Thermodynamic Variables;20
7.5;1.5. Thermodynamically Reversible Changes;24
7.6;1.6. "Heat Content" or "Enthalpy";27
7.7;1.7. Gas Expansion: Maximum Work;28
7.8;1.8. Heat Capacity: The Temperature-dependence of Enthalpy Changes;29
7.9;1.9. Thermochemistry and its Applications in Metallurgy;33
7.10;1.10. Experimental Techniques in Calorimetry;47
7.11;References;52
8;CHAPTER 2. Entropy, Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium;53
8.1;2.1. Introduction;53
8.2;2.2. The Statistical Nature of the Second Law of Thermodynamics;55
8.3;2.3. A Different Approach to the Entropy Function:Cyclic Processes;59
8.4;2.4. Some Thermodynamic Relationships Involving Entropy;65
8.5;2.5. The Experimental Determination of Entropies;71
8.6;2.6. The Driving Force behind a Chemical Reaction;72
8.7;2.7. Free Energy;76
8.8;2.8. Some Thermodynamic Relationships Involving Gibbs Free Energy;78
8.9;2.9. Chemical Equilibrium: The Equilibrium Constant;81
8.10;2.10. Controlled Atmospheres;85
8.11;2.11. The Equilibrium Constant and the Stability of Compounds;86
8.12;2.12. The Free Energy Change of a Reaction in Terms of the Concentrations of the Reactants and Products of the Reaction: The van't Hoff Isotherm;90
8.13;2.13. The Relationship between the Equilibrium Constant and the Temperature of a Reaction: The van't Hoff Isochore and the Clausius–Clapeyron Equation;95
8.14;2.14. Experimental Determination of Free Energy Changes;99
8.15;References;100
9;CHAPTER 3. Solutions;101
9.1;3.1. Introduction;101
9.2;3.2. Ideal Solutions: Raoult's Law;102
9.3;3.3. Deviations from Raoult's Law;105
9.4;3.4. Activities;107
9.5;3.5. Henry's Law and Dilute Solutions: Changing the Standard State;110
9.6;3.6. Experimental Determination of Activities;114
9.7;3.7. The Effect of Additional Solutes on the Activity of the Original Solute of a Binary Solution:Interaction Coefficients;116
9.8;3.8. Free Energy of Mixing;119
9.9;3.9. Regular Solutions;120
9.10;3.10. Partial Molar Quantities;121
9.11;3.11. The Gibbs-Duhem Equation;124
9.12;3.12. Excess Integral and Partial Molar Quantities;127
9.13;3.13. Application of Free Energy-Composition Curves to the Study of Alloy Systems;130
9.14;References;135
10;CHAPTER 4. Reaction Kinetics;136
10.1;4.1. Introduction;136
10.2;4.2. Effect of Concentration of Reacting Substances;138
10.3;4.3. Quantitative Relationships between Rate of Reaction and Concentration of Reactants;141
10.4;4.4. Determination of the Order and Velocity Constant of a Reaction;144
10.5;4.5. Reversible Reactions;146
10.6;4.6. The Effect of Temperature on Rates of Reaction;148
10.7;4.7. Theories of Reaction Kinetics: The Collision Theory;152
10.8;4.8. The Activated Complex;155
10.9;4.9. The Theory of Absolute Reaction Rates;159
10.10;4.10. Unimolecular Reactions;161
10.11;4.11. Catalysis;162
10.12;4.12. Diffusion;166
10.13;4.13. Diffusion in the Solid State(21);169
10.14;4.14. Reaction Kinetics in Metallurgical Systems;171
10.15;References;172
11;CHAPTER 5. Electrochemistry;174
11.1;5.1. Introduction;174
11.2;5.2. Electrolytes;175
11.3;5.3. Electrolysis;185
11.4;5.4. Conduction in Electrolytes;188
11.5;5.5. The Thermodynamics of the Reaction at an Electrode;194
11.6;5.6. The Electrode Potential: The Galvanic Cell;196
11.7;5.7. The Junction Potential between Two Electrolytes:Symbolic Representation of Cells;201
11.8;5.8. The Measurement of Cell e.m.f.'s and Electrode Potentials;203
11.9;5.9. Reduction and Oxidation Potentials: The Standard Electrode Potential Series;208
11.10;5.10. Concentration Cells;213
11.11;5.11. The Use of e.m.f. Measurements with Suitable Cells for the Determination of Thermodynamic Variables;215
11.12;5.12. The Kinetics of Electrode Processes:Polarization;217
11.13;5.13. The Effects of Polarization: Decomposition Voltage: Discharge Potential;224
11.14;References;226
12;CHAPTER 6. Interfacial Phenomena;227
12.1;6.1. Introduction;227
12.2;6.2. Surface Energy and Surface Tension;228
12.3;6.3. Interfacial Energy of other than Gas/Liquid Interfaces: The Three-phase Interface;234
12.4;6.4. Adsorption;242
12.5;6.5. Nucleation;252
12.6;6.6. Mass Transport in Heterogeneous Reactions;263
12.7;6.7. Evaporation;273
12.8;References;276
13;CHAPTER 7. Extraction and Refining of Metals;278
13.1;7.1. Introduction;278
13.2;7.2. Slags;280
13.3;7.3. The Reduction of Oxides;286
13.4;7.4. Thermal Pretreatment;301
13.5;7.5. Smelting of Sulphides;307
13.6;7.6. The Advantages of Halides;310
13.7;7.7. Refining by Preferential Oxidation;312
13.8;7.8. Hydrometallurgical Processes;318
13.9;7.9. Electrolysis;325
13.10;References;332
14;CHAPTER 8. Corrosion and Electrodeposition;334
14.1;8.1. Introduction;334
14.2;8.2. Oxide Films;334
14.3;8.3. The Tendency to Corrode in Aqueous Media;343
14.4;8.4. The Rate of Corrosion in Aqueous Media;352
14.5;8.5. The Prevention of Corrosion;358
14.6;8.6. Electrodeposition;361
14.7;References;367
15;Index;370