Paul Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry

Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8895-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 254 Seiten, Web PDF

Soil Microbiology and Biochemsitry enconmpasses the broad spectrum of soil organisms and the dynamic processes carried on by them, including ecological relationships in the biota, the dynamics of the carbon and nitrogen cycles, and microbe-driven reactions involving sulfu, phosphorous, and metals. This reference source will prove invaluable to anyone involved in the study of agricultural and nonagricultural soils.This book provideda process-oriented approach on nutrient cycling and fundamental soil processes for students who are studying soil microbiology and biochemistryan up-to-date assessment of the diverse systems affected by soil organisms for researchers in the fields of agronomy, environmental quality, and natural sciencesthe application of molecular biology to soil organisms, mathematic modeling of soil processes, a supplementary reading list, and a glossary.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Paul, Eldor

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;12
6;Chapter 1. Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry in Perspective;14
6.1;Definition and Scope;14
6.2;Pioneering Contributions;15
6.3;Soil Microbiology in the Early Twentieth Century;16
6.4;Progress and Diversification in Recent Years;17
6.5;Literature of Soil Biology;19
6.6;Looking toward the Twenty-first Century;20
6.7;References;22
6.8;Supplemental Reading;23
7;Chapter 2. Soil as a Habitat for Organisms and Their Reactions;24
7.1;Introduction;24
7.2;Structural Aspects of Soil;26
7.3;Soil Atmosphere;29
7.4;Soil Water;32
7.5;Redox Potential;35
7.6;Soil pH;38
7.7;Soil Temperature;39
7.8;Interactions of Environmental Factors;42
7.9;References;43
7.10;Supplemental Reading;44
8;Chapter 3. Methods for Studying Soil Organisms;45
8.1;Introduction;45
8.2;Collection of Soil Samples;45
8.3;Direct Microscopy of Soil;47
8.4;Biomass Measurement by Chemical Techniques;53
8.5;Enzymes and Their Measurement;57
8.6;Cultural Counts of Microorganisms;59
8.7;References;60
8.8;Supplemental Reading;61
9;Chapter 4. Components of the Soil Biota;62
9.1;Introduction;62
9.2;Viruses;63
9.3;Bacteria;63
9.4;Fungi;71
9.5;Algae;76
9.6;Lichens;78
9.7;Protozoa;81
9.8;Soil Metazoa;83
9.9;References;85
9.10;Supplemental Reading;85
10;Chapter 5 . Occurrence and Distribution of Soil Organisms;87
10.1;Introduction;87
10.2;Geographical Differences in Soil Biota;87
10.3;Distribution of Organisms within the Soil Profile;88
10.4;Distribution of Organisms within the Soil Fabric;89
10.5;Association of Organisms with Plant Roots;92
10.6;Association of Organisms with Plant Herbage;95
10.7;Association of Organisms with Plant Litter;97
10.8;Influences of Management Practices on Soil Organisms;100
10.9;References;102
10.10;Supplemental Reading;103
11;Chapter 6. Carbon Cycling and Soil Organic Matter;104
11.1;Introduction;104
11.2;Global Carbon Cycle;104
11.3;Constituents and Turnover of Organic Residues;106
11.4;Formation of Soil Organic Matter;118
11.5;Composition of Soil Organic Matter;121
11.6;References;126
11.7;Supplemental Reading;127
12;Chapter 7. Dynamics of Residue Decomposition and Soil Organic Matter Turnover;128
12.1;Reaction Kinetics Used to Describe Microbial Transformations;128
12.2;Dynamics of Decomposition;133
12.3;Modeling of Plant and Soil Data;135
12.4;Model Outputs;137
12.5;Sample Calculations Involving Reaction Kinetics and Soil Microbial Activity;141
12.6;References;142
12.7;Supplemental Reading;143
13;Chapter 8. Transformation of Nitrogen between the Organic and Inorganic Phase and to Nitrate;144
13.1;Introduction to the Nitrogen Cycle;144
13.2;Mineralization of Nitrogen;146
13.3;Immobilization Reactions;147
13.4;Nitrification;152
13.5;References;158
13.6;Supplemental Reading;159
14;Chapter 9. Reduction and Transport of Nitrate;160
14.1;Introduction;160
14.2;Denitrifícation;160
14.3;Uptake by Plant Roots;172
14.4;Nitrate Removal by Leaching;173
14.5;Erosional Losses of Nitrate;175
14.6;Localized Nitrate Accumulations;175
14.7;References;176
14.8;Supplemental Reading;176
15;Chapter 10. Return of Nitrogen to Soil: Biological Nitrogen Fixation;177
15.1;Global Distribution and Transfers of Nitrogen;177
15.2;Organisms and Associations Involved in Nitrogen Fixation;179
15.3;Actinorhizal Associations;189
15.4;Phototrophic Associations;192
15.5;Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes;195
15.6;Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation;198
15.7;Energetics of Nitrogen Fixation;204
15.8;Inoculation;205
15.9;Challenges in Biotechnology;206
15.10;References;209
15.11;Supplemental Reading;209
16;Chapter 11. Mycorrhizal Relationships;211
16.1;Introduction;211
16.2;Forms and Distribution of Mycorrhizas;212
16.3;Physiology and Function of Mycorrhizas;223
16.4;Carbon Flow in Mycorrhizal Plant Associations;228
16.5;Methods of Study;232
16.6;References;233
16.7;Supplemental Reading;234
17;Chapter 12. Phosphorus Transformations in Soil;235
17.1;Introduction;235
17.2;Global Aspects of the Phosphorus Cycle;235
17.3;Inorganic Forms;238
17.4;Solution Phosphorus;238
17.5;Solubilization of Inorganic Phosphorus;239
17.6;Organic Forms;240
17.7;The Fluxes of Phosphorus in the Plant Root–Soil System;242
17.8;References;244
17.9;Supplemental Reading;244
18;Chapter 13. Sulfur Transformations in Soil;246
18.1;Introduction;246
18.2;Forms of Sulfur in Nature;248
18.3;Organic Sulfur Concentrations in Humus;253
18.4;Transformations of Sulfur;255
18.5;Oxidation of Inorganic Sulfur Compounds in Nature;257
18.6;Reduction of Inorganic Forms of Sulfur;260
18.7;References;262
18.8;Supplemental Reading;262
19;Chapter 14. Microbial Transformation of Metals;264
19.1;Introduction;264
19.2;Transformation of Iron;265
19.3;Anaerobic Corrosion of Iron Pipes;268
19.4;Transformation of Manganese;270
19.5;Transformation of Mercury;270
19.6;References;271
19.7;Supplemental Reading;271
20;Glossary;272
21;Index;278