Peace Psychology in Asia

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4419-0143-9
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 347 Seiten

In recent years, peace psychology has grown from a utopian idea to a means of transforming societies worldwide. Yet at the same time peacebuilding enjoys global appeal, the diversity of nations and regions demands interventions reflecting local cultures and realities. Peace Psychology in Asia shows this process in action, emphasizing concepts and methods diverging from those common to the US and Europe. Using examples from China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and elsewhere in the region, chapter authors illuminate the complex social, political, and religious conditions that have fostered war, colonialism, dictatorships, and ethnic strife, and the equally intricate personal and collective psychologies that need to be developed to encourage reconciliation, forgiveness, justice, and community. Peace Psychology in Asia: Integrates psychology, history, political science, and local culture into concepts of peace and reconciliation. Highlights the indigenous aspects of peace psychology. Explains the critical relevance of local culture and history in peace work. Blends innovative theoretical material with empirical evidence supporting peace interventions. Balances its coverage among local, national, regional, and global contexts. Analyzes the potential of Asia as a model for world peace. As practice-driven as it is intellectually stimulating, Peace Psychology in Asia is vital reading for social and community psychologists, policy analysts, and researchers in psychology and sociology and international studies, including those looking to the region for ideas on peace work in non-Western countries.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1; Foreword;6
2; Preface;9
3; Contributors;14
4;Part I Introduction to Peace Psychology in Asia;19
4.1;Overview of Peace Psychology in Asia: Research, Practice,and Teaching;20
4.1.1; Peace Psychology in Asia: Research, Practice, and Teaching;20
4.1.2; The Nature of Peace Psychology in Asia;20
4.1.2.1; Embeddedness of Peace and Violence in Macro-layers;20
4.1.2.2; Interconnectedness of Direct and Structural Peace;25
4.1.2.3; Studying Subjectivities in Macro-human Phenomena;28
4.1.3; Concluding Remarks: Institutionalizing Peace Psychology in Asian Academic Settings;34
4.1.4;References;35
4.2;Culture, Social Representations, and Peacemaking: A Symbolic Theory of History and Identity;37
4.2.1; Symbolic Representations of Culture;37
4.2.2; History as an Essential Ingredient in the Imagined Community of Nationhood;38
4.2.3; Four Steps to Operationalizing Social Representations of History in National Cultures of Conflict and Peacemaking;39
4.2.3.1; Step One: Ascertain the Symbolic Landscape of History;39
4.2.3.2; Step Two: Describe Discursive Repertoires in Dialogue with Historical Symbols;41
4.2.3.3; Step Three: Operationalizing Historical Representations as Legitimizing Myths or Group-Based Ideologies;44
4.2.3.4; Step Four: Beyond Representations to Action: Ethics of Research as Good Social Practice;47
4.2.4; Conclusion;48
4.2.5;References;52
5;Part II South Asia;56
5.1;Where Are We Going? Perspective on Hindu0Muslim Relations in India;57
5.1.1; HinduMuslim Relations in Modern India: The Cultural, Historical, Political and Social Contexts;57
5.1.2; Trends in Psychological Research;62
5.1.2.1; Early Trends and Mainstream Developments;62
5.1.2.2; Contributions Central to Intergroup Research;64
5.1.2.3; A Peace Psychological Perspective of Hindu--Muslim Research;65
5.1.3; Suggestions for Future Research;69
5.1.3.1; Interethnic Engagement;69
5.1.3.2; Urban Versus Rural India;71
5.1.3.3; Development and Operationalisation of Context-Sensitive Measures;71
5.1.4; Towards Syncretic Cultures;72
5.1.5;References;74
5.2;Political Violence and Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir;79
5.2.1; Kashmir Conflict;79
5.2.1.1; The Partition and Accession;80
5.2.1.2; Anatomy of Political Violence;82
5.2.1.3; Onset of the Present Crisis;83
5.2.2; Explaining Violent Separatism;84
5.2.2.1; The Ethnic Factor;85
5.2.2.2; Violence and Human Suffering;87
5.2.3; Conflict Transformation and Indo-Pak Peace Process;88
5.2.3.1; Peace Strategy: Peacemaking and Peacebuilding;90
5.2.4;References;93
6;Part III Southeast Asia;96
6.1;Peace Psychology of Grassroots Reconciliation: Lessons Learned from the 0Baku Bae0 Peace Movement;97
6.1.1; Overview of the Maluku Conflict;97
6.1.1.1; Causes of Conflict;99
6.1.1.2; Conflict Resolution Efforts;101
6.1.2; The Baku Bae Movement;103
6.1.2.1; Stages and Processes in the Baku Bae Movement: A Summary;110
6.1.3; Toward a Peace Psychology of Grassroots Reconciliation;112
6.1.3.1; The Future of Baku Bae;114
6.1.4;References;114
6.2;Memory for Sale: How Groups 0Distort0 Their Collective Memory for Reconciliation Purposes and Building Peace;116
6.2.1; Reconciliation Context: The Tanjung Priok Case;116
6.2.1.1; A Brief History of Tanjung Priok''s Political ''Tragedy'';117
6.2.2; Literature on Reconciliation;119
6.2.2.1; The Role of Memory in Reconciliation;123
6.2.2.2; Distortion of Collective Memory;126
6.2.3; In Search of Peace: Trading Off the Memories;127
6.2.4; Conclusions and Implications;131
6.2.5;References;132
6.3;Contested Discourses on Violence, Social Justice,and Peacebuilding Among Indonesian Muslims;134
6.3.1; Indonesia: State, Society, and Religion in Tension;134
6.3.2; Psychology of Religious Radicalism;137
6.3.2.1; A Note on the Method of Study;140
6.3.2.2; Social Constructionist Psychology and Peace Psychology;142
6.3.3; Preliminary Results;144
6.3.3.1; Construction of the Enemy;146
6.3.3.2; Discourse on Violence;148
6.3.3.3; Social Justice;149
6.3.4; Critical Discussion and Conclusions;150
6.3.5;References;153
6.4;Interreligious Harmony and Peacebuilding in Indonesian Islamic Education;157
6.4.1; Institutions of Muslim Education in Indonesia;158
6.4.2; Islamic Educations Contributions to Interreligious Harmony;160
6.4.2.1; The State System of Islamic Colleges and Universities;161
6.4.2.2; The Muhammadiyah's Educational Network;162
6.4.2.3; The Nahdlatul Ulama: Indonesia's Pesantren Tradition;163
6.4.3; What Explains the Success of Muslim Schools and Colleges? Contextualizing Islamic Education in Indonesia;166
6.4.4; What Role Does Religious Education Play in Shaping Students Responses to Diversity?;168
6.4.5;References;169
6.5;The Future of Malay0Chinese Relations in Malaysia;171
6.5.1; History and Nature of the MalayChinese Relations;171
6.5.1.1; The Riots of 1969;173
6.5.1.2; Actions Following the Riots;174
6.5.1.3; Present Scenario of the Malay--Chinese Relation;174
6.5.1.4; The Politics of Ethnic Identity;175
6.5.2; A Psychocultural Approach to Peacebuilding;176
6.5.2.1; Shared Cultural Values;177
6.5.2.2; Common Religious Values;177
6.5.2.3; Reducing Conflict, Increasing Contacts, and the Role of Civil Society Groups;178
6.5.3; Conclusion;180
6.5.4;References;181
6.6;A Positioning Analysis of Moro Women0s Participation During and After the MNLF0GRP War;183
6.6.1; Positioning Theory;183
6.6.2; The Mindanao Conflict Situation and the MNLF: A Backgrounder;184
6.6.3; Women During and After the War;186
6.6.4; Research Objectives;187
6.6.5; Method;188
6.6.5.1; Narrative Method;188
6.6.5.2; Participants;188
6.6.5.3; Questions;190
6.6.5.4; Data Collection and Analysis Procedures;190
6.6.6; Results;191
6.6.6.1; How the Participant Women Wanted to be Regarded;191
6.6.6.2; Summary of Themes of Shared Narratives;195
6.6.6.3; Women's Reasons for Joining the MNLF;195
6.6.6.4; Women--s Participation in the MNLF--GRP War;196
6.6.6.5; Women's Participation After the War;198
6.6.6.6; Women's Participation in the Formation of Peace and Development Communities;199
6.6.6.7; Stories of Women's Struggles, Frustrations, and Challenges During and After the War;200
6.6.7; Discussion;200
6.6.8;References;202
6.7;Human-Technology Interface in Philippine People Power;205
6.7.1; Role of Old and New Technologies in Active Nonviolence;205
6.7.1.1; An Agentic Approach to Human Functioning;206
6.7.1.2; Conceptual Frame;207
6.7.2; Method;207
6.7.2.1; Sample Representation;208
6.7.2.2; Procedures;208
6.7.2.2.1; Data-Gathering Procedure;208
6.7.2.2.2; Coding Procedure;209
6.7.2.2.3; Data Analysis Procedure;209
6.7.2.2.4; Selective Coding and Interfacing;210
6.7.3; Results;211
6.7.3.1; Episode 1: Use of Active Nonviolence and Technology to Oust a Dictator;212
6.7.3.1.1; Political, Human, and Technological Context during People Power I;212
6.7.3.1.2; Human Agency and Use of Technology during People Power I;213
6.7.3.1.3; Human--Technology Interface in People Power I;214
6.7.3.2; Episode 2: Use of Active Nonviolence and Technology to Remove a Corrupt Ruler;216
6.7.3.2.1; Political, Human, and Technological Context during People Power II;216
6.7.3.2.2; Human Agency and Use of Technology in People Power II;217
6.7.3.2.3; Human--Technology Interface in People Power II;217
6.7.3.2.4; Comparison of Agency and Technology Across Episodes;220
6.7.3.2.5; Comparison of Interfaces Across Episodes;221
6.7.4; Discussion;221
6.7.4.1; Role of Civic and Collective Engagement in Transforming the Role of Technology;221
6.7.4.2; Role of Technology in Expanding and Extending Human Functioning: An Agentic Approach;224
6.7.5; Contributions to Peace Psychology in Asia;225
6.7.5.1; Technology and the Dynamics of Social Movements and Civic Engagement;225
6.7.6; Appendix A;227
6.7.7; Appendix B;227
6.7.8;References;227
7;Part IV East Asia;229
7.1;Forgiveness for Conflict Resolution in Asia: Its Compatibility with Justice and Social Control;230
7.1.1; Asia as a Conflict Area;230
7.1.1.1; Korea--Japan Debate;231
7.1.2; Benefits and Risks/Costs of Forgiveness;231
7.1.3; Forgiveness and Justice;232
7.1.3.1; Positive Relationships of Justice and Forgiveness;233
7.1.3.2; Third-Party Effects: Conciliation and Retributive Justice;235
7.1.4; Forgiveness and Social Control;236
7.1.5; Group Conflicts and Forgiveness;237
7.1.5.1; Forgiveness in Interpersonal Conflicts and Group Conflicts;238
7.1.5.2; Social Psychological Variables of Intergroup Forgiveness;239
7.1.6; Conclusions;242
7.1.7;References;243
7.2;Toward Reconciliation of Historical Conflict Between Japanand China: Design Science for Peace in Asia;246
7.2.1; Toward Narrative-Design Science;246
7.2.2; Historical Conflict Between Japan and China Since the 20th Century;247
7.2.3; History in Japan Revisited;248
7.2.4; Discontinuity Between Japan and Asia;250
7.2.5; Discontinuity Between the Past and Present;251
7.2.6; Apolitical Representations;252
7.2.7; Nave Universalism;252
7.2.7.1; Results of the Session of ''To Help High School Students'';253
7.2.7.2; Results of the Session of ''Talking to Chinese Friend'';254
7.2.7.3; Result of the Session of ''Talking to the Chinese Delegation'';254
7.2.8; Narrative-Design Science Toward Peace in Asia;255
7.2.9;References;256
7.3;Is the Third Way Possible for Peace? The Dilemma of National Identity in Taiwan and Beyond;257
7.3.1; Geohistorical Context: The Basis of Conflict Among Taiwans Ethnic Groups;257
7.3.2; Historical Representations and Evaluations by Ethnic Groups;259
7.3.3; The Emergence and Developing of National Identity in Taiwan;260
7.3.4; Chinese Consciousness Versus Taiwanese Consciousness;261
7.3.5; Study 1: The Ideologies of National Identity and Relevant Factors;264
7.3.5.1; Methods;265
7.3.5.1.1; Participants;265
7.3.5.1.2; Measures;265
7.3.5.2; Results;267
7.3.5.2.1; Differences Among National Identity;267
7.3.5.2.2; Bell Shape and M Shape;269
7.3.6; Perception of Ethnic Inequality;271
7.3.7; International Relations with the United States;273
7.3.8; Relations with China (PRC);273
7.3.9; Study 2: The Imagined Future Nationhood;274
7.3.9.1; Methods;275
7.3.9.1.1; Participants;275
7.3.9.1.2; Measures;275
7.3.9.2; Results;275
7.3.9.2.1; Look Ahead or Look Backward;275
7.3.9.2.2; Is the Third Way Possible?;277
7.3.10; Conclusion;277
7.3.11; Appendix: Three Stories for Imagined Future Nationhood;278
7.3.11.1;14.0.0 Story A: Unification is the choice;278
7.3.11.2;14.0.0 Story B: Independence is the choice;279
7.3.11.3;14.0.0 Story C: Confederation is the choice;279
7.3.12;References;280
7.4;Income Gap, Materialism, and Attitude toward the Richin Developing Countries;283
7.4.1; Economic Development and Rise of Materialism in Developing Countries;284
7.4.1.1; Income Gap, Corruption, and Negative Feeling Toward the Rich;286
7.4.2; Dissociation of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward the Rich;287
7.4.2.1; Income Gaps, Interclass Conflicts, and Social Unrest;290
7.4.3;References;293
8;Part V Future of Peace Psychology in Asia;295
8.1;How Asia Can Contribute to World Peace Psychology: Creating a Dignified and Peaceful World by Employing Unity in Diversity;296
8.1.1; Use of a Large-Scale Geohistorical Lens;297
8.1.2; A Historical Shift Toward Global Interdependence Is Presently Unfolding;299
8.1.3; The Need for a New Philosophical Foundation: Nondualism and Unity Instead of Dualism and Division;301
8.1.4; The Need for More Unity: Generating Systemic Change with a Global Scope;303
8.1.5; Harvesting from the Asian Concept of Harmony;304
8.1.5.1; Shame and Saving Face;304
8.1.5.2; Harmony;306
8.1.6; We Need More Diversity: Protecting Cultural Difference;307
8.1.7; Harvesting from Diverse Cultural Know-How;307
8.1.8; We Need Unity in Diversity;308
8.1.8.1; Harvesting an Ontological Frame;308
8.2;References;310
8.3;The Future of Peace Psychology in Asia;313
8.3.1; Peace Psychology or Peace Psychologies in Asia?;313
8.3.1.1; Structural Violence and the Vestiges of Colonialism in Asia;315
8.3.1.2; Collectivist Values, Social Violence, and Peace in Asia;316
8.3.1.3; The Religious Factor in Asian Public Life;317
8.3.2; Future Directions;318
8.3.2.1; Balancing Tradition and Modernity;318
8.3.2.2; Peacebuilding Across Social Layers: Individual, Group, and Society;320
8.3.2.3; Structural Peacebuilding: Making Governance Structures Sensitive to Communal and Local Issues;322
8.3.3; Conclusion;325
8.4;References;326
9;Index;328