Penczek Polymerization of Heterocycles (Ring Opening)

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-4831-4777-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 131 Seiten, Web PDF

Polymerization of Heterocycles (Ring Opening) is a collection of papers presented at the International Symposium on Polymerization of Heterocycles (Ring-Opening) held in Warsaw, Poland on June 23-25, 1975. The first paper describes the developments and physical meaning of ion pairs and higher ionic aggregates. Another paper explains the process of obtaining linear polymers, containing rings in the main chain. The book interprets the various behaviors of polymers that can result in high optical yields of stereoelectivity ratios equal to 8. The text then discusses future trends in aldehyde and carbonyl polymerization, including some problem areas pertaining to failures to homopolymerize or copolymerize tetrachloroethylene oxide. Another paper reviews the elemental reactions of selected combinations of copolymerization; the next paper discuses aspects of the mechanism of nucleophilic opening of epoxide rings through studies of certain kinetics. The book then analyzes the ability of lactams to undergo ring-opening polymerization, which mainly depends on the ring size and on the substitution and presence of heteroatoms in the lactam ring itself. The text also discusses the preparation, properties, and applications of the heterochain polymers in medicine or biologically active materials. The book can provide useful information for biochemists, researchers dealing with inorganic and organic compounds, and scientists working in the fields of chemistry such as synthetic chemistry, as well as polymer engineering.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Penczek, S.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Polymerization of Heterocycles (Ring Opening);4
3;Copyright Page ;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;CHAPTER 1. IONS AND ION PAIRS. THEIR MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE IN ORGANIC REACTIONS;8
5.1;REFERENCES;11
6;CHAPTER 2. ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION OF METHYLPHENYLSPIROBICYCLOSILOXANES;12
6.1;CONCLUSIONS;17
7;CHAPTER 3. STEREOELECTION AND STEREOSELECTION IN THE RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION OF EPOXIDES AND EPISULFIDES;18
7.1;MECHANISM OF STEREOSPECIFIC POLYMERIZATIONS OF OXIRANES AND THIIRANES;20
7.2;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR STEREOELECTIVE (OR ASYMMETRIC SELECTIVE) POLYMERIZATIONS OF OXIRANES AND THIIRANES;22
7.3;MECHANISM OF STEREOELECTIVE POLYMERIZATIONS OF OXIRANES AND THIIRANES;26
7.4;CONCLUSION;27
7.5;REFERENCES;27
8;CHAPTER 4. MECHANISTIC FEATURES OF POLYMERIZATION OF N-CARBOXY-a-AMINOACID ANHYDRIDES —COMPARISON WITH THOSE OF 1,2-EPOXIDES;28
8.1;REFERENCES;35
9;CHAPTER 5. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CATIONIC AND ANIONIC ALDEHYDE POLYMERIZATION;36
9.1;I. PRESENT STATE OF ALDEHYDE POLYMERIZATION;36
9.2;II. POLYMERS OF HIGHER ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES;37
9.3;III. HALOALDEHYDE POLYMERS;39
9.4;IV. FUTURE PROBLEMS IN ALDEHYDE POLYMERIZATION;45
9.5;REFERENCES;45
10;CHAPTER 6. SOME ASPECTS OF THE POLYMERISATION OF 1,3-DIOXACYCLOALKANES;48
10.1;INTRODUCTION;48
10.2;INITIATION BY PROTONIC ACIDS;48
10.3;GROWTH MECHANISMS;51
10.4;DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DCA AND CYCLIC ETHERS;53
10.5;CONCLUSION;53
10.6;REFERENCES;53
11;CHAPTER 7. A NEW CLASS OF POLYETHERS— POLY(1,4-DICHLORO-2,3-EPOXYBUTANE)S— SYNTHESIS, MECHANISM AND PROPERTY ASPECTS;56
11.1;INTRODUCTION;56
11.2;REFERENCES;67
12;CHAPTER 8. NO CATALYST COPOLYMERIZATION BY SPONTANEOUS INITIATION MECHANISM;68
12.1;1. GENERAL SCHEME OF THE NEW CONCEPT;68
12.2;2. VARIETY OF NUCLEOPHILIC AND ELECTROPHILIC MONOMERS;68
12.3;3. COPOLYMERIZATION OF CYCLIC ..... ETHERS WITH ME

MONOMERS (Boxes Nos. 1-12);70
12.4;4. COPOLYMERIZATIONS OF 2-IMINOTETRAHYDROFURAN WITH BPL AND WITH ACRYLIC ACID (Boxes Nos. 13 and 16)10;73
12.5;5. COPOLYMERIZATIONS OF AZETIDINE WITH BPL AND WITH ACRYLIC ACID (Boxes Nos. 19 and 22)11;73
12.6;6. COPOLYMERS OF ETHYLENE PHENYLPHOSPHONITE WITH BPL, WITH ACRYLIC ACID AND WITH ACRYLAMIDE (Boxes Nos. 25, 28 and 29)";73
12.7;7. COPOLYMERIZATIONS OF SCHIFF BASE WITH ME MONOMERS (BoxesNos.31,32and34)14;75
12.8;REFERENCES;76
13;CHAPTER 9. NEW ASPECTS OF THE NUCLEOPHILIC OPENING OF EPOXIDE RINGS;78
13.1;REACTIONS OF EPOXIDES WITH PHENOLS;88
13.2;KINETICS OF EPOXIDE- CRESOL REACTION IN PRESENCE OF AN ALKALI;88
13.3;REFERENCES;89
14;CHAPTER 10. POLYMERIZABILITY OF LACTAMS;90
14.1;INTRODUCTION;90
14.2;FREE ENERGY OF POLYMERIZATION;90
14.3;RING STRAIN AND HEAT OF POLYMERIZATION;91
14.4;ENTROPY OF POLYMERIZATION;92
14.5;CONFORMATION OF THE AMIDE GROUP;92
14.6;EFFECT OF HETEROATOMS;93
14.7;EFFECT OF SUBSTITUENTS;93
14.8;REFERENCES;94
15;CHAPTER 11. CYCLIC OLIGOMERS IN THE CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION OF HETEROCYCLES;96
15.1;INTRODUCTION;96
15.2;SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE;96
15.3;DISCUSSION;99
15.4;CONCLUSION;101
15.5;REFERENCES;101
16;CHAPTER 12. SOLUTE BINDING TO POLYMERS CONTAINING MACROHETEROCYCLIC RINGS;104
16.1;INTRODUCTION;104
16.2;INTERACTION OF IONS AND ION PAIRS WITH MACROCYCLIC POLYETHERS;105
16.3;CROWN MONOMERS AND POLYMERS;107
16.4;EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIA;108
16.5;ION TRANSPORT;109
16.6;CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS;110
16.7;VISCOSITY OF POLY(CROWN ETHER)-SALT SOLUTIONS;111
16.8;SOLUTE BINDING AND POLYMER CATALYSIS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF P18C6;111
16.9;INTERACTIONS OF P18C6 WITH POLYNUCLEOTIDES AND ITS INHIBITORY EFFECT ON REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE ACTIVITY;113
16.10;REFERENCES;113
17;CHAPTER 13. POLYMERIZATION OF HETEROCYCLES RELATED TO BIOMEDICAL POLYMERS;116
17.1;POLYETHYLENEIMINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES;116
17.2;OTHER KINDS OF POLYAMINES;117
17.3;POLYMERS WITH PEPTIDE-, ESTER· AND OTHER TYPES OF BONDS;118
17.4;SYNTHETIC ANALOGS OF NATURAL SUBSTANCES;119
17.5;THE POLYNUCLEOTIDE MODELS;121
17.6;CONCLUSIONS;122
17.7;REFERENCES;122
18;CHAPTER 14. POLYMERIZATION OF CYCLIC ESTERS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID;124
18.1;INTRODUCTION. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE POLYESTERS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID;124
18.2;THERMODYNAMICS OF POLYMERIZATION;125
18.3;STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS;126
18.4;KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATION;127
18.5;ANIONIC CHAIN TRANSFER;128
18.6;ACTIVATION PARAMETERS OF PROPAGATION;128
18.7;CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION7;128
18.8;CATIONIC CHAIN GROWTH;129
18.9;CHAIN TRANSFER AND CHAIN TERMINATION;129
18.10;KINETIC SCHEME OF CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION AND RATE CONSTANTS OF ELEMENTARY REACTIONS;130
18.11;POLYMERIZATION OF 2-HYDRO-2-OXO-1,3,2- DIOXAPHOSPHORINANE 14 AND PREPARATION OF POLY(P-HYDROXY ALKYLENE PHOSPHATES);131
18.12;REFERENCES;131