Peng / Horrocks / Alpen Physical Aspects

Recent Applications and Development
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-1933-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 434 Seiten, Web PDF

Liquid Scintillation Counting: Recent Applications and Development, Volume 1: Physical Aspects covers the proceedings of the International Conference on Liquid Scintillation Counting, Recent Applications and Development, held on August 21-24, 1979 at the University of California, San Francisco. The book contains papers dealing with the physical aspects of liquid scintillation science and technology. The text discusses the history of liquid scintillation development; scintillation physics and scintillators; and modern techniques for measuring the quenching correction in a liquid scintillation counter. The book also describes radioactivity standards; the advances in instrumentation; alpha counting; and Erenkov counting. People involved in pharmaceutical chemistry and scientific instruments laboratories will find the book invaluable.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Peng, Chin-Tzu

Horrocks, Donald L.

Alpen, Edward L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Physical Aspects;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;CONTRIBUTORS FOR VOLUMES I AND II;13
6;PREFACE;19
7;SECTION I: GENERAL HISTORY;21
7.1;CHAPTER 1. SOME HISTORY OF LIQUID SCINTILATION DEVELOPMENT AT LOS ALAMOS;21
7.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;21
7.1.2;II. SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY;23
7.1.3;III. EVALUATION AND TESTING;24
7.1.4;IV. COUNTER DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS;24
7.1.5;V. CONCLUSION;26
7.1.6;REFERENCES;27
7.2;CHAPTER 2.
A TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR JOHN B. BIRKS;31
7.2.1;REFERENCES;36
8;SECTION 2: SCINTILLATION PHYSICS AND SCINTILLATORS;6
8.1;CHAPTER 3. FORMATION OF EXCITED STATES BY THE PULSE RADIOLYSIS OF LIQUID SYSTEMS;37
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;37
8.1.2;TECHNIQUE;38
8.1.3;OVERALL VIEW;38
8.1.4;MEASUREMENT OF YIELDS;40
8.1.5;EXCITED STATES IN ALKANES;44
8.1.6;REFERENCES;47
8.2;CHAPTER 4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FAST LIQUID SCINTILLATORS FOR FIBER OPTIC APPLICATIONS;49
8.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;49
8.2.2;II. OPTIMUM SCINTILLATOR SPECIFICATIONS;50
8.2.3;III. EXPERIMENT TECHNIQUE;53
8.2.4;IV. RESULTS;55
8.2.5;IV. CONCLUSION;60
8.2.6;REFERENCES;61
8.3;CHAPTER 5. SEVERAL HIGH YIELD FLUORESCENT COMPOUNDS THAT ARE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE;63
8.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION;63
8.3.2;II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;64
8.3.3;III. RESULTS;65
8.3.4;IV. CONCLUSIONS;68
8.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;69
8.3.6;REFERENCES;69
8.3.7;APPENDIX CODE TO COMPOUNDS;69
8.4;CHAPTER 6. NOVEL PRIMARY SOLUTES FOR LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING;71
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;71
8.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL;72
8.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;72
8.4.4;REFERENCES;77
8.5;CHAPTER 7. NEW SCINTILLATION COCKTAILS IN RESPONSE TO PRESENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING;79
8.5.1;CURRENT TRENDS IN LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING;79
8.5.2;COMPARISON OF COCKTAILS;83
8.6;CHAPTER 8. A LIQUID ORGANIC SCINTILLATOR SYSTEM FOR MEASURING NEUTRON AND GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA;93
8.6.1;I. MEASUREMENTS IN A MIXED RADIATION FIELD;93
8.6.2;II. DETECTOR SYSTEM;94
8.6.3;III. SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS;94
8.6.4;REFERENCES;100
8.7;CHAPTER 9. AN INVESTIGATION OF18FLUORINE POSITRON SPECTRA IN LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING;101
8.7.1;INTRODUCTION;101
8.7.2;EXPERIMENTAL;102
8.7.3;RESULTS;103
8.7.4;DISCUSSION;103
8.7.5;CONCLUSIONS;107
8.7.6;REFERENCES;107
8.8;CHAPTER 10. LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING FROM GROSS COUNTS TO SPECTRAL ANALYSIS;109
8.8.1;INTRODUCTION;109
8.8.2;COUNTING EFFICIENCY;110
8.8.3;SPECTRAL ANALYSIS;112
8.8.4;APPLICATIONS OF SPECTRAL ANALYSIS;117
8.8.5;EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS;124
8.8.6;REFERENCES;124
8.9;CHAPTER 11. PULSE SHAPE LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING FOR BETA, GAMMA OR BETA-GAMMA COUNTING;125
8.9.1;I. INTRODUCTION;125
8.9.2;II. DUAL BETA-GAMMA DETECTOR;127
8.9.3;III. COUNTER ELECTRONICS;130
8.9.4;IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;131
8.9.5;V. DISCUSSION;135
8.9.6;REFERENCES;137
8.10;CHAPTER 12. THE APPLICATION OF SPECTRAL ANALYSIS IN LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING;139
8.10.1;REFERENCES;148
8.11;CHAPTER 13. APPLICATION OF AN INEXPENSIVE, EFFICIENT LIQUID SCINTILLATOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE VOLUME RECTANGULAR DETECTORS SUITABLE FOR USE IN CLINICAL WHOLE-BODY COUNTERS;149
8.11.1;I. INTRODUCTION;150
8.11.2;II. THE LIQUID SCINTILLATOR;150
8.11.3;III. DEVELOPMENT OF RECTANGULAR SCINTILLATION COUNTERS;151
8.11.4;IV. A WHOLE-BODY COUNTER COMPRISING LIQUID SCINTILLATOR MODULES;156
8.11.5;V. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS;159
8.11.6;VI. SUMMARY;160
8.11.7;REFERENCES;160
8.12;CHAPTER 14. THE USE OF LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING TECHNIQUES FOR DECAY PARAMETER STUDIES OF RADIO NUCLIDES DECAYING VIA LOW ENERGY ISOMERIC TRANSITIONS;163
8.12.1;I. INTRODUCTION;163
8.12.2;II. DECAY PARAMETERS OF lb-93m AND Rh-I03m;163
8.12.3;III. DETERMINATION OF THE DISINTEGRATION RATE BY LIQUIDSCINTILLATION COUNTING;165
8.12.4;IV. DETERMINATION OF OTHER DECAY PARAMETERS;169
8.12.5;V. RESULTS;170
8.12.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;171
8.12.7;REFERENCES;171
9;SECTION 3: QUENCHING;173
9.1;CHAPTER 15. MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING THE QUENCHING CORRECTION IN A LSQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER: A CRITICAL REVIEW;173
9.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;173
9.1.2;2. TYPES OF QUENCHING;174
9.1.3;3. METHODS FOR MEASURING THE COUNTING EFFICIENCY;180
9.1.4;4. QUENCHING IN PRACTICE;187
9.1.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;189
9.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;190
9.1.7;REFERENCES;190
9.2;CHAPTER 16. EFFECT OF IMPURITY AND COLOR QUENCHING UPON THE LIQUID SCINTILLATION PULSE HEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS;193
9.2.1;CONCLUSIONS;205
9.2.2;REFERENCES;205
9.3;CHAPTER 17. THE USE OF OPTIMUM WINDOW SETTINGS IN LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING;207
9.3.1;ADVANTAGES OF OPTIMUM WINDOW SETTINGS WITH LOW ACTIVITY SAMPLES;208
9.3.2;ADVANTAGES OF OPTIMUM WINDOW SETTING WITH DUAL LABEL SAMPLES;211
9.3.3;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;217
9.3.4;REFERENCES;217
9.4;CHAPTER 18. EFFECTS OF QUENCH ON THE PULSE HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION FOR 3H - CONTAINING SAMPLES - HIGH QUENCH LEVELS;219
9.4.1;REFERENCES;230
9.5;CHAPTER 19. VOLUME, BACKGROUND AND DETECTION EFFICIENCY VARIATIONS IN THE LIQUID SCINTILLATION ASSAY OF SOME RADIONUCLIDES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS;231
9.5.1;I. INTRODUCTION;231
9.5.2;II. METHODS;232
9.5.3;III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;234
9.5.4;IV. FIGURES OF MERIT;238
9.5.5;V. DISCUSSION;241
9.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;244
9.5.7;REFERENCES;244
9.6;CHAPTER 20. LIMITS OF BETA COUNTING DUE TO SAMPLE SORPTION AND PROCEDURES FOR EXCLUSION OF COUNTING RATE INSTABILITY;245
9.6.1;I. INTRODUCTION;245
9.6.2;II. SAMPLE TRAPPING AND ITS EFFECT;246
9.6.3;III. SUPPRESSION OF THE EFFECT OF TRAPPING ON THE COUNTING RATE INSTABILITY;248
9.6.4;IV. CONCLUSION;252
9.6.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;252
9.6.6;REFERENCES;252
10;SECTION 4: RADIOACTIVITY STANDARDS;255
10.1;CHAPTER 21. RADIOACTIVITY STANDARDIZATION FOR AND BY LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING;255
10.1.1;REFERENCES;259
10.2;CHAPTER 22.
ANSI STANDARDS FOR L. S. COUNTERS;261
10.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;261
10.2.2;II. ORIGIN OF N42.2;262
10.2.3;III. ANSI PROJECT N42.15;262
10.2.4;IV. PROCEDURAL STANDARD FOR PREPARING SEALED RADIOACTIVE CHECK SOURCES;266
10.2.5;V. PROPOSED FUTURE STANDARDS;267
10.3;CHAPTER 23.
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE LIQUID SCINTILLATION STANDARDS;269
10.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION;269
10.3.2;II. MATERIALS AND METHODS;270
10.3.3;III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;270
10.3.4;IV. CONCLUSION;274
10.3.5;REFERENCES;275
11;SECTION 5: ADVANCES IN INSTRUMENTATION;277
11.1;CHAPTER 24. AN APPRAISAL OF LIQUID SCINTILLATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 1964-1979;277
11.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;277
11.1.2;II. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW;277
11.1.3;III. GENERAL COMMENT;278
11.1.4;IV. LIQUID SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETERS;279
11.1.5;V. OXIDATION PROCEDURES;286
11.1.6;VI. SOLUTES, SOLVENTS AND SOLUBILIZERS;287
11.1.7;VII. COUNTING VIALS;289
11.1.8;REFERENCES;289
11.2;CHAPTER 25. A NEW APPROACH TO AUTOMATIC PHOTOMULTIPLIER STABILIZATION FOR PHOTON AND SCINTILLATION COUNTERS;293
11.2.1;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;300
11.2.2;REFERENCES;300
11.3;CHAPTER 26.
A MULTICHANNEL ANALYSER INTERFACE FOR ABECKMAN 9000 LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER;301
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;301
11.3.2;DESIGN REQUIREMENTS;302
11.3.3;CIRCUIT DESIGN;303
11.3.4;RESULTS;305
11.3.5;DISCUSSION;308
11.3.6;REFERENCES;309
11.4;CHAPTER 27.
OBSERVATIONS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF ESPAND H# IN LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING;311
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;311
11.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL;312
11.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;314
11.4.4;CONCLUSION;318
11.4.5;REFERENCES;319
11.5;CHAPTER 28. EXPERIENCE WITH A MODERN, MICROPORCESSOR CONTROLLED LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER;321
11.5.1;INTRODUCTION;322
11.5.2;CONCLUSION;332
11.5.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;333
11.5.4;REFERENCES;333
12;SECTION 6: ALPHA COUNTING;335
12.1;CHAPTER 29. ALPHA LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE;335
12.1.1;I. BACKGROUND;336
12.1.2;II. RECENT ADVANCES;338
12.1.3;III. APPLICATIONS;345
12.1.4;IV. FUTURE POSSIBILITIES AND PROBLEMS;348
12.1.5;V. CONCLUSIONS;350
12.1.6;REFERENCES;351
12.2;CHAPTER 30. APPLICATION OF THE COMBINED SOLVENT EXTRACTION — HIGH–RESOLUTION LIQUID SCINTILLATION METHOD TO THE DETERMINATION OF 230Th AND 234-238U IN PHOSPHATIC MATERIALS;353
12.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;354
12.2.2;II. EXPERIMENTAL;354
12.2.3;III. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE;357
12.2.4;IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;359
12.2.5;V. CONCLUSIONS;364
12.2.6;REFERENCES;365
12.3;CHAPTER 31. LIQUID SCINTILLATION ANALYSES FOR RADIUM-226 AND RADON-222 IN POTABLE WATERS;367
12.3.1;I. ENVIRONMENTAL RADON-222;367
12.3.2;II. LIQUID SCINTILLATION METHODS;368
12.3.3;III. RAPID LS TECHNIQUES;369
12.3.4;IV. LIQUID SCINTILLATION AND ION EXCHANGE;370
12.3.5;V. CONCLUSIONS;375
12.3.6;REFERENCES;375
13;SECTION 7: ERENKOV COUNTING;377
13.1;CHAPTER 32. THE ORIGIN OF CERENKOV RADIATION;377
13.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;377
13.1.2;II. MATERIALS ASPECTS OF CERENKOV RADIATION;378
13.1.3;III. APPLICATIONS IN RELATIVISTIC PARTICLE DETECTION;381
13.1.4;IV. NEW DIRECTIONS;386
13.1.5;REFERENCES;393
13.2;CHAPTER 33. RECENT APPLICATIONS OF CERENKOV RADIATION;395
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;395
13.2.2;METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS;396
13.2.3;GAMMA COUNTING;398
13.2.4;ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES;399
13.2.5;CERENKOV RADIATION AS A MEASUREMENT TOOL;401
13.2.6;PHYSICS;402
13.2.7;REFERENCES;404
13.3;CHAPTER 34. IMPROVED CERNKOV RADIATION COUNTING EFFICIENCY OF 32PHOSPHORUS;407
13.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION;407
13.3.2;II. MATERIALS AND METHODS;408
13.3.3;RESULTS;409
13.3.4;IV. DISCUSSION;413
13.3.5;REFERENCES;414
13.4;CHAPTER 35. INVESTIGATION OF CERENKOV COUNTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRONTIUM-90;417
13.4.1;I. INTRODUCTION;418
13.4.2;II. BACKGROUNDS AND EFFICIENCIES FOR YTTRIUM-90;418
13.4.3;III. EFFICIENCIES FOR OTHER RADIONUCLIDES;421
13.4.4;IV. QUENCHING;422
13.4.5;V. SURVEILLANCE FOR HARD-BETA EMITTERS;423
13.4.6;VI. CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION AND SEPARATION;425
13.4.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;425
13.4.8;REFERENCES;425
14;SECTION 8: SPECIAL DISCUSSION;427
14.1;CHAPTER 36. DISPOSAL OF LIQUID SCINTILLATION WASTES;427
15;INDEX;431