Philosophy and Engineering: An Emerging Agenda

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-2804-4
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 361 Seiten

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Contributors;9
3;Author Biographies;12
4;1 Philosophy and Engineering: Setting the Stage;17
4.1;1.1 Introduction;17
4.1.1;1.1.1 The 2007 Workshop on Philosophy and Engineering;18
4.2;1.2 Towards a Philosophy of Engineering;19
4.2.1;1.2.1 What is Engineering?;19
4.2.2;1.2.2 The Relation Between Science, Technology and Engineering;21
4.2.3;1.2.3 Other Philosophical Issues in Engineering;22
4.2.4;1.2.4 Interaction and Cooperation Between Philosophers and Engineers;23
4.3;1.3 The Contributions;23
4.3.1;1.3.1 Philosophy;24
4.3.2;1.3.2 Ethics;25
4.3.3;1.3.3 Reflection;26
4.4;References;26
5;Part I Philosophy;28
5.1;2 Distinguishing Architects from Engineers: A Pilot Study in Differences Between Engineers and Other Technologists;29
5.1.1;2.1 Introduction;29
5.1.2;2.2 The Name and the Thing;30
5.1.3;2.3 Some Differences Between Architecture and Engineering;33
5.1.4;2.4 Historical Contributions to These Differences;37
5.1.5;2.5 Conclusions;42
5.1.6;References;44
5.2;3 The Rise of Philosophy of Engineering in the East and the West;45
5.2.1;3.1 Introduction;45
5.2.2;3.2 Substantial Progress of Philosophy of Engineering at the Beginning of the 21st Century;46
5.2.3;3.3 Trichotomy of Science, Technology and Engineering;48
5.2.4;3.4 Scientific Community and Engineering Community;50
5.2.5;3.5 Why Philosophy of Engineering is Important;52
5.2.6;References;53
5.3;4 Multiple Facets of Philosophy and Engineering;55
5.3.1;4.1 Introduction;55
5.3.2;4.2 Inside the Diamond: The Structure of Engineering as Engineers See It;56
5.3.3;4.3 Values and Engineering;57
5.3.4;4.4 A Philosophy Positive About Engineering: American Pragmatism;58
5.3.5;4.5 Even Radicals Deserve a Hearing;59
5.3.6;4.6 Engineering as a Guild and Engineering Education;59
5.3.7;Bibliography;60
5.4;5 Comparing Approaches to the Philosophy of Engineering: Including the Linguistic Philosophical Approach;62
5.4.1;5.1 Introduction;62
5.4.2;5.2 Six Basic Types;63
5.4.3;5.3 Toward a Linguistic Philosophy of Engineering;66
5.4.4;5.4 Conclusion;70
5.4.5;References;72
5.5;6 Focussing Philosophy of Engineering: Analyses of Technical Functions and Beyond;73
5.5.1;6.1 Introduction;73
5.5.2;6.2 The Eccentric Development of the ICE Theory;75
5.5.3;6.3 The Limited Use of the ICE Theory in Engineering;78
5.5.4;6.4 Focussing the ICE Theory on Philosophy of Technology;81
5.5.5;References;83
5.6;7 Philosophy, Engineering, and the Sciences;86
5.6.1;7.1 Introduction; Problems with the Old Story;86
5.6.2;7.2 Examples of Applied Science;87
5.6.3;7.3 A Transcendental Argument for Engineering Priority;89
5.6.4;7.4 Conclusion;92
5.6.5;References;93
5.7;8 Engineering Science as a Discipline of the Particular? Types of Generalization in Engineering Sciences;94
5.7.1;8.1 Sciences of the Particular: A Contradiction in Terms?;94
5.7.2;8.2 Generalization, Abstraction and Idealization;95
5.7.3;8.3 Taking an Empirical Turn;97
5.7.4;8.4 Four Case Studies;98
5.7.4.1;8.4.0 Case 1: Microwave Oven Characteristics;98
5.7.4.2;8.4.0 Case 2: Transmitter Pentodes;99
5.7.4.3;8.4.0 Case 3: High-Speed Sparking Machinery Equipment;100
5.7.4.4;8.4.0 Case 4: An Evacuated Tubular Solar Collector with Heat Pipe;101
5.7.5;8.5 Analysis of the Types of Generalization in the Case Studies;102
5.7.6;8.6 Conclusions;103
5.7.7;References;103
5.8;9 How the Models of Engineering Tell the Truth;105
5.8.1;9.1 Introduction;105
5.8.2;9.2 Theoretical Background on Explanation, Laws and Models;107
5.8.3;9.3 Paradigm Cases of Engineering;108
5.8.3.1;9.3.1 Flush Riveting;108
5.8.3.2;9.3.2 Control Volume Analysis;111
5.8.3.3;9.3.3 Numerical and Physical Models Used in the Failure Analysis of the New Orleans Levees;112
5.8.3.3.1;9.3.3.1 Finite Element Analysis Models (IPET 2007, V-45-V-52);113
5.8.3.3.2;9.3.3.2 Limit Equilibrium Assessment Model (IPET 2007, V-41-V-43);114
5.8.3.3.3;9.3.3.3 Centrifuge Models (IPET 2007, V-43-V-45);114
5.8.4;9.4 Conclusion: How the Models of Engineering Tell the Truth;116
5.8.5;References;117
5.9;10 Limits to Systems Engineering;119
5.9.1;10.1 Electricity and Electric Power Systems;121
5.9.1.1;10.1.1 Physical and Technical Characteristics;121
5.9.1.2;10.1.2 History and Governance;122
5.9.2;10.2 The Concept of Boundary in Systems Engineering;123
5.9.2.1;10.2.1 Boundary in Systems Engineering Literature; Three Distinctions;124
5.9.2.1.1;10.2.1.1 Two Kinds of Boundaries;124
5.9.2.1.2;10.2.1.2 Two Uses of Boundary in Systems Engineering;125
5.9.2.1.3;10.2.1.3 Two Understandings of System in Systems Engineering;126
5.9.3;10.3 Function, Control and Design, and the Limits of Systems Engineering;127
5.9.3.1;10.3.1 Function;128
5.9.3.2;10.3.2 Control;129
5.9.3.3;10.3.3 Design;130
5.9.4;References;131
6;Part II Ethics;133
6.1;11 Integrity and the Ethical Responsibilities of Engineers;134
6.1.1;11.1 Introduction;134
6.1.2;11.2 Engineers and How They are Perceived;135
6.1.3;11.3 Engineering: The Unique Profession;137
6.1.4;11.4 What is Integrity?;138
6.1.5;References;142
6.2;12 Prioritising People: Outline of an Aspirational Engineering Ethic;144
6.2.1;12.1 Introduction;144
6.2.2;12.2 Ethical Viewpoints;145
6.2.3;12.3 The Priority of People;146
6.2.4;12.4 The Practice of Engineering;149
6.2.5;12.5 The Life of the Individual Engineer;152
6.2.6;12.6 Practical Outcomes;153
6.2.7;References;154
6.3;13 Ethical Principles for Engineers in a Global Environment;156
6.3.1;13.1 Introduction;156
6.3.2;13.2 A Global Approach to Engineering Ethics;157
6.3.3;13.3 Foundations for Analysis of Ethical Issues;158
6.3.3.1;13.3.1 Problems of Ethical Theory;158
6.3.3.2;13.3.2 Problems of Casuistry in a Global Context;159
6.3.3.3;13.3.3 The Important Role of Reason;159
6.3.3.4;13.3.4 Role Responsibilities and Engineers;160
6.3.4;13.4 Foundation for Principles of Engineering Ethics;160
6.3.4.1;13.4.1 The Nature of Ethics;161
6.3.4.2;13.4.2 The Nature of Engineering;162
6.3.4.3;13.4.3 Deriving the Principles;162
6.3.5;13.5 Foundational Principles of Engineering Ethics;163
6.3.5.1;13.5.1 The Principle of Public Safety;163
6.3.5.2;13.5.2 The Principle of Human Rights;164
6.3.5.3;13.5.3 The Principle of Environmental and Animal Preservation;165
6.3.5.4;13.5.4 The Principle of Engineering Competence;165
6.3.5.5;13.5.5 The Principle of Scientifically Founded Judgment;165
6.3.5.6;13.5.6 The Principle of Openness and Honesty;166
6.3.6;13.6 Limitations of the Discussion;166
6.3.7;References;168
6.4;14 Professional Ethics Without a Profession: A French View on Engineering Ethics;169
6.4.1;14.1 Introduction;169
6.4.2;14.2 Engineering Ethics: Professional Ethics, Applied Ethics, or Something Else?;170
6.4.2.1;14.2.1 Is Professional Ethics Inherent to Professions?;170
6.4.2.2;14.2.2 Is Engineering a Profession?;171
6.4.2.3;14.2.3 Engineering Ethics as Contextualized Ethics;172
6.4.3;14.3 What is Engineering?;172
6.4.3.1;14.3.1 Engineering as Humanism;173
6.4.3.2;14.3.2 Questioning the Amorality of Engineering;173
6.4.3.3;14.3.3 Engineering in the Literature;174
6.4.3.4;14.3.4 Towards a Definition of Engineering as a Technical Act;175
6.4.4;14.4 How are the Engineers Concerned by Engineering Ethics?;175
6.4.4.1;14.4.1 The Legitimacy of the Engineers;176
6.4.4.2;14.4.2 The Knowledge of the Engineers;177
6.4.4.3;14.4.3 The Power of Engineers;178
6.4.5;14.5 Conclusions;179
6.4.6;References;180
6.5;15 Imagining Worlds: Responsible Engineering Under Conditions of Epistemic Opacity;182
6.5.1;15.1 Introduction;182
6.5.2;15.2 Two Approaches to Moral Responsibility;183
6.5.2.1;15.2.1 Transparency;184
6.5.2.2;15.2.2 Opacity;185
6.5.3;15.3 Imagining Worlds;186
6.5.3.1;15.3.1 Moral Imagination and Technology: Jonas and Anders;187
6.5.3.2;15.3.2 Senses of ''World'';189
6.5.3.3;15.3.3 Reconstructing a World of Offshore Engineering: The ''case'' of Snorre A;190
6.5.4;15.4 Conclusions;193
6.5.5;References;194
6.6;16 Transferring Responsibility Through Use Plans;195
6.6.1;16.1 Introduction;195
6.6.2;16.2 Responsibility and Control;198
6.6.3;16.3 Use Plans;200
6.6.4;16.4 Combining Approaches;202
6.6.5;16.5 The Abcoude Dosing Lock: A Test Case;206
6.6.6;16.6 Conclusion;207
6.6.7;References;208
6.7;17 Design Problems and Ethics;210
6.7.1;17.1 Introduction;210
6.7.2;17.2 Ethics in Engineering;211
6.7.3;17.3 An Evil Genius of an Engineer;212
6.7.4;17.4 Benign by Design;214
6.7.5;17.5 Quantitative Versus Qualitative Problems;217
6.7.6;References;219
6.8;18 Ethics in Innovation: Cooperation and Tension;220
6.8.1;18.1 Introduction;220
6.8.2;18.2 The Innovation;220
6.8.3;18.3 Ethical Issues;222
6.8.4;18.4 Risks and Responsibilities;223
6.8.5;18.5 New Engineering Directions;225
6.8.6;18.6 The Role of the Ethicists;226
6.8.7;18.7 Conclusions and Further Research;229
6.8.8;References;230
6.9;19 Teaching Ethics to Engineering Students: From Clean Concepts to Dirty Tricks;232
6.9.1;19.1 Introduction;232
6.9.2;19.2 Description and Analysis of the Original Challenger Role Game;233
6.9.3;19.3 Description of the Conceptual Background of the New Role Game ToFlyOrNotToFly;234
6.9.3.1;19.3.1 Ethical Balancing is Not a Well Defined Event in Time but the Outcome of a Process;235
6.9.3.2;19.3.2 Hard Engineering Procedures and Models Can Also Lead to Conflicting Results;236
6.9.3.3;19.3.3 The Effect of External Opinions and Public Pressure;236
6.9.3.4;19.3.4 Financial Aspects Play a Major Role, Both in Realityand in the Game;236
6.9.3.5;19.3.5 Often Participants in Ethical DeliberationsAre No Strangers to Each Other but Have a Past and a Mutual Relation;237
6.9.4;19.4 Analysis of the Ethical Aspects of the Deliberations, Actions and Other Events in the Game;237
6.9.5;19.5 Experiences With the New Role Game;239
6.9.6;19.6 Conclusion: Communication Process and Moral Dualism;240
6.9.7;References;242
6.10;20 A Collaborative Platform for Experiments in Ethicsand Technology;243
6.10.1;20.1 Introduction;243
6.10.2;20.2 NERD Goals and Problems;245
6.10.2.1;20.2.1 Morally Serious Data;245
6.10.2.2;20.2.2 Empirically Sound Experiments;247
6.10.3;20.3 NERD Design and Results;248
6.10.3.1;20.3.1 Surveys;248
6.10.3.2;20.3.2 Experiments;250
6.10.3.3;20.3.3 Exploratory Data;252
6.10.4;20.4 Conclusion: Stress Testing Ethical Decision Making and Assumptions;254
6.10.5;References;255
7;Part III Reflection;257
7.1;21 Why Philosophy? Why Now? Engineering Responds to the Crisis of a Creative Era;258
7.1.1;21.1 Introduction;258
7.1.2;21.2 Strange Bedfellows;259
7.1.3;21.3 Then and Now;259
7.1.3.1;21.3.1 World War II and Engineering Today;260
7.1.3.2;21.3.2 Missed Revolutions;260
7.1.3.3;21.3.3 The Technoeconomics of Now;260
7.1.3.4;21.3.4 Friedman, Florida, Pink and All That;261
7.1.4;21.4 Kuhn and the Response to Crisis;261
7.1.5;21.5 Engineering, the Centripetal Os, and the Missing O;262
7.1.6;21.6 Three Lessons of Philosophy for Postmodern Engineers;262
7.1.6.1;21.6.1 Socrates 101: Creative Times and Asking and Answering Good Questions;263
7.1.6.2;21.6.2 Aristotle 102: Naming and Data Mining in Creative Engineering;263
7.1.6.3;21.6.3 Searle 103: Brute Facts, Social Facts and Postmodern Engineering;264
7.1.7;21.7 Conclusions;265
7.1.8;References;266
7.2;22 A World of Things Not Facts;267
7.2.1;22.1 Wittgenstein the Engineer;267
7.2.2;22.2 Science, Engineering and the Two Wittgensteins;268
7.2.3;22.3 Engineering Knowledge;269
7.2.4;22.4 The Lessons of a Philosophy of Engineering;271
7.2.4.1;22.4.1 Engineering and Cartesian Doubt;272
7.2.4.2;22.4.2 Engineering and the Pessimistic Induction;274
7.2.5;22.5 Conclusion;274
7.2.6;References;275
7.3;23 Architecting Engineering Systems;276
7.3.1;23.1 Introduction;276
7.3.2;23.2 Tree Structures;277
7.3.3;23.3 Platform-Based Architectures;278
7.3.4;23.4 Network-Based Architectures;281
7.3.5;23.5 Attitudes Toward Engineering in Various Cultures;282
7.3.6;23.6 The System Design and Management Program;283
7.3.7;23.7 Summary;284
7.3.8;References;284
7.4;24 Bits Dont Have Error Bars: Upward Conceptualization and Downward Approximation;286
7.4.1;24.1 Turning Dreams into Reality;286
7.4.2;24.2 Subjective Experience and Levels of Abstraction;287
7.4.2.1;24.2.1 The Hard Problem of Consciousness;287
7.4.2.2;24.2.2 Levels of Abstraction;288
7.4.2.3;24.2.3 Functional Decomposition vs. Stigmergic Design;289
7.4.2.4;24.2.4 Subjective Experience as a Level of Abstraction;289
7.4.3;24.3 Thought Externalization: Engineering is to Sculpture as Computer Science is to Music;290
7.4.3.1;24.3.1 The Bit: Where Thought and Matter Meet;291
7.4.4;24.4 Static and Functional Structures;293
7.4.4.1;24.4.1 Stigmergic Design and Upward Conceptualization;293
7.4.4.2;24.4.2 Functional Decomposition and Downward Approximation;294
7.4.5;24.5 Summary;295
7.4.6;References;295
7.5;25 Metaphysics of Engineering;296
7.5.1;25.1 Introduction;296
7.5.2;25.2 Background;297
7.5.3;25.3 Wittgenstein;298
7.5.4;25.4 Peirce and Brunner;298
7.5.5;25.5 Grammar of Certitude in Infinitesimals;300
7.5.6;25.6 Grammar of Certitude in Engineering Mesofinitesimals;301
7.5.7;25.7 Grammar of Certitude in Engineering Numbers;303
7.5.8;25.8 Summary and Conclusions;304
7.5.9;References;305
7.6;26 Engineering Determinacy: The Exclusiveness of Technology and the Presence of the Indeterminate;306
7.6.1;26.1 Introduction;306
7.6.2;26.2 Indeterminacy as a Key to the 20th Century;306
7.6.3;26.3 The Role of Technology;307
7.6.4;26.4 Technology and Determinacy;308
7.6.5;26.5 How Technology is Made Possible;309
7.6.6;26.6 The Question of Exclusivity and Heideggers Answer;310
7.6.7;26.7 Logical vs. Transcendental Reflection: Janich and Hubig;311
7.6.8;26.8 The Absoluteness of the Negation;311
7.6.9;26.9 Conclusion;312
7.6.10;References;313
7.7;27 Quo Vadis, Humans? Engineering the Survival of the Human Species;314
7.7.1;27.1 Introduction;314
7.7.2;27.2 Definition of Engineering Method;315
7.7.2.1;27.2.1 The Heuristic;315
7.7.2.2;27.2.2 The Best;318
7.7.2.2.1;27.2.2.1 The Engineer's Good;318
7.7.2.2.2;27.2.2.2 Plato's Good;320
7.7.2.2.3;27.2.2.3 Comparison of the Engineer's and Plato's Notions of Good;321
7.7.2.3;27.2.3 The State-of-the-Art;322
7.7.2.3.1;27.2.3.1 Sota0 individual, time ;322
7.7.2.3.2;27.2.3.2 Sota0 best engineering practice, time ;323
7.7.3;27.3 Universal Method;324
7.7.3.1;27.3.1 Expanding the Scope of the Heuristic: All is Heuristic;324
7.7.3.1.1;27.3.1.1 Science as Sota0 Science, time ;325
7.7.3.1.2;27.3.1.2 Philosophy as Sota0 philosophy, time ;326
7.7.3.1.3;27.3.1.3 Engineering as Sota0 engineering, time ;326
7.7.4;27.4 Framework for Engineering Human Survival;327
7.7.4.1;27.4.1 Survival of the Human Species;328
7.7.4.1.1;27.4.1.1 Sota0 human, time ;328
7.7.4.1.2;27.4.1.2 Sota0 survival, time ;328
7.7.4.2;27.4.2 Promised Framework for Human Survival;329
7.7.5;27.5 The Framework: Characteristics and Sample Heuristics;330
7.7.5.1;27.5.1 Some Important Characteristics of Sota0 overall, time ;331
7.7.5.1.1;27.5.1.1 Sample Vulnerabilities and Specific Heuristics of Sota0 overall, time ;332
7.7.5.2;27.5.2 Sample Heuristics in Sota0 heuristics for human survival, time ;336
7.7.5.2.1;27.5.2.1 Definition of a Metaheuristic;337
7.7.5.2.2;27.5.2.2 Example Metaheuristics;337
7.7.6;27.6 Conclusions;338
7.7.7;References;339
7.7.7.1;27.7 Appendix: Multi-Attribute Decision Theory;341
7.7.7.1.1;27.0.0 A Very Brief Introduction to Multi-Attribute Decision Theory;341
7.8;28 The Focal Engineering Experience;343
7.8.1;28.1 Introduction;343
7.8.2;28.2 Engineering: Past and Present;344
7.8.3;28.3 Engineering the Future;345
7.8.4;28.4 Engineering Ethics;346
7.8.5;28.5 Experience;347
7.8.6;28.6 Assessment;348
7.8.7;28.7 The Ethics Engine;348
7.8.8;28.8 So What?;352
7.8.9;References;353
8;Index;354