Pietrzak Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration

Biological Materials and Methods
2008
ISBN: 978-1-59745-239-7
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 649 Seiten

Reihe: Orthopedic Biology and Medicine

The repair of musculoskeletal tissue is a vital concern of all surgical specialties, orthopedics and related disciplines. Written by recognized experts, this book aims to provide both basic and advanced knowledge of the newer methodologies being developed and introduced to the clinical arena. A valuable resource for researchers, developers, and clinicians, the book presents a foundation to propel the technology and integration of the current state of knowledge into the 21st century.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Pietrzak, William S.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;About the Editor;6
2;Foreword;10
3;Preface;12
4;Contents;14
5;Contributors;18
6;Color Plates;22
7;Section I;24
7.1;Musculoskeletal and Wound Treatment Through the Ages: A Brief Historical Tour;25
7.1.1;1.1. Introduction;25
7.1.2;1.2. History of Wound Repair and Musculoskeletal Treatment;26
7.1.3;1.3. Discussion;37
7.1.4;1.4. Conclusions;38
7.1.5;References;38
7.2;Musculoskeletal Fundamentals: Form, Function, and a Survey of Healing Strategies;41
7.2.1;2.1. Introduction;41
7.2.2;2.2. Musculoskeletal Tissues Basics and Their Natural Healing Processes;42
7.2.3;2.3. The Application of Stem Cells in Regeneration of Musculoskeletal Tissues;46
7.2.4;2.4. The Application of Gene Therapy in the Regeneration of Musculoskeletal Tissues;49
7.2.5;2.5. The Application of Tissue Engineering in the Regeneration of Musculoskeletal Tissues;51
7.2.6;2.6. Conclusion;55
7.2.7;References;55
7.3;Overview of Fracture Repair;61
7.3.1;3.1. Fracture Wound Healing;61
7.3.2;3.2. Angiogenesis;64
7.3.3;References;78
8;Section II;85
8.1;Autograft Bone;87
8.1.1;4.1. Introduction;87
8.1.2;4.2. Cortical Autograft;89
8.1.3;4.3. Cancellous Autograft;92
8.1.4;4.4. Cells and other Autogenous Products;96
8.1.5;4.5. Future Trends and Needs;97
8.1.6;4.6. Conclusion;97
8.1.7;References;98
8.2;Biology of Bone Allograft and Clinical Application;103
8.2.1;5.1. Introduction;104
8.2.2;5.2. Basic Science;104
8.2.3;5.3. Clinical Applications;106
8.2.4;5.4. Future Trends and Needs;109
8.2.5;5.5. Conclusion;111
8.2.6;References;111
8.3;Demineralized Bone Matrix: Maximizing New Bone Formation for Successful Bone Implantation;115
8.3.1;6.1. Introduction;116
8.3.2;6.2. Remodeling in Demineralized Bone;116
8.3.3;6.3. Methods for Measuring Osteoinductivity in Demineralized Bone;117
8.3.4;6.4. Extent of Demineralization and Particle Size Affect Osteoinductivity Assessments;121
8.3.5;6.5. Methods for Demineralizing Bone;122
8.3.6;6.6. Demineralized Bone Matrix Carrier Products;132
8.3.7;6.7. Optimizing Osteoinductivity and Safety of DBM;133
8.3.8;6.8. Future Trends and Needs;136
8.3.9;6.9. Conclusion;137
8.3.10;References;137
8.4;Deproteinized Bovine Bone Xenograft;141
8.4.1;7.1. Introduction;141
8.4.2;7.2. Basic Science;143
8.4.3;7.3. Pre-clinical Studies and Clinical Studies;145
8.4.4;7.4. Future Trends – DBB as a Carrier for Growth Factors;160
8.4.5;7.5. Conclusions;161
8.4.6;References;161
8.5;Bioactive Bioceramics;175
8.5.1;8.1. Introduction;175
8.5.2;8.2. Basic Science;178
8.5.3;8.3. Review of Pre-clinical Studies;191
8.5.4;8.4. Clinical Review: Applications of Bioactive Bioceramics;192
8.5.5;8.5. Future Trends;194
8.5.6;8.6. Conclusion;195
8.5.7;References;197
8.6;Distraction Osteogenesis of the Orthopedic Skeleton: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications;205
8.6.1;9.2. Biologic Basis of New Bone Formation;208
8.6.2;9.3. Basic Principles of Osteodistraction;213
8.6.3;9.4. Conclusions;217
8.6.4;9.5. Future Trends and Needs;217
8.6.5;References;217
8.7;Distraction Osteogenesis of the Facial Skeleton;221
8.7.1;10.1. Introduction;222
8.7.2;10.2. Fundamentals of Bone Healing;222
8.7.3;10.3. Fundamentals of Distraction Osteogenesis;224
8.7.4;10.4. Distraction Osteogenesis in the Facial Skeleton;228
8.7.5;10.5. Distraction Osteogenesis in the Lower Facial Skeleton - Mandible;228
8.7.6;10.6. Distraction Osteogenesis in the Middle Facial Skeleton – Maxilla and Zygoma;237
8.7.7;10.7. Distraction Osteogenesis in the Upper Facial Skeleton – Frontal Bones and Upper Orbit;242
8.7.8;10.8. Conclusions;243
8.7.9;References;243
8.8;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Other Bone Growth Factors;247
8.8.1;11.1. Introduction;248
8.8.2;11.2. Basic Science;249
8.8.3;11.3. Review of Preclinical Studies;251
8.8.4;11.4. Clinical Review;254
8.8.5;11.5. Future Trends and Needs;257
8.8.6;11.6. Conclusions;261
8.8.7;References;262
8.9;Biological Approaches to Spinal Fusion;269
8.9.1;12.1. Introduction;269
8.9.2;12.2. The Biology of Spinal Fusion;270
8.9.3;12.3. Allograft and Synthetic Osteoconductive Materials;272
8.9.4;12.4. Demineralized Bone Matrices;273
8.9.5;12.5. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Osteoinductive Growth Factors;274
8.9.6;12.6. Autologous Bone Marrow and Stem Cells;276
8.9.7;12.7. Future Trends and Needs;276
8.9.8;12.8. Conclusion;277
8.9.9;References;277
8.10;Electrical Bone Stimulation;281
8.10.1;13.1. Introduction;281
8.10.2;13.2. Basic Science – Mechanism of Action;282
8.10.3;13.3. Clinical Science;293
8.10.4;13.4. Future Trends and Needs;297
8.10.5;13.5. Conclusion;297
8.10.6;References;297
9;Section III;311
9.1;Meniscus Repair Techniques;313
9.1.1;14.1. Introduction;313
9.1.2;14.2. Basic Science;314
9.1.3;14.3. Operative Evaluation;318
9.1.4;14.4. Methods of Meniscal Repair;319
9.1.5;14.5. Clinical Review;325
9.1.6;14.6. Clinical Results of Specific Repair Techniques;326
9.1.7;14.7. Repair Aftercare - Rehabilitation;327
9.1.8;14.8. Current Advances and Future Possibilities;327
9.1.9;14.9. Conclusions;328
9.1.10;References;329
9.2;Lessons Learned From Our First 100 Meniscus Allograft Transplants in Arthritic Knees;335
9.2.1;15.1. Introduction;335
9.2.2;15.2. The Meniscus: A Clinical Review;336
9.2.3;15.3. The Meniscus Allograft;336
9.2.4;15.4. What is the Work-up?;339
9.2.5;15.5. Surgical Technique;340
9.2.6;15.6. Postoperative Rehabilitation;342
9.2.7;15.7. Summary of Published Results;344
9.2.8;15.8. Future Trends and Needs;344
9.2.9;15.9. Conclusions;346
9.2.10;References;346
9.3;Tissue Engineering of the Meniscus;349
9.3.1;16.1. Introduction;350
9.3.2;16.6. Future Trends and Needs;361
9.3.3;16.7. Conclusion;362
9.3.4;References;363
9.4;Osteochondral Grafts;369
9.4.1;17.1. Introduction;369
9.4.2;17.2. Concepts and Basic Science;373
9.4.3;17.3. Review of Preclinical Studies;377
9.4.4;17.4. Clinical Review;378
9.4.5;17.5. Future Trends and Needs;386
9.4.6;17.6. Conclusions;387
9.4.7;References;387
9.5;Autologous Chondrocyte Cartilage Repair;391
9.5.1;18.1. Introduction;392
9.5.2;18.2. Basic Science of Cartilage;392
9.5.3;18.4. Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation;397
9.5.4;18.5. Future Trends and Needs;407
9.5.5;18.6. Conclusion;410
9.5.6;References;411
9.6;Autograft and Allograft ACL Reconstruction: Construct Rationale;417
9.6.1;19.1. Introduction;417
9.6.2;19.2. Basic Science;418
9.6.3;19.3. Future Trends;433
9.6.4;19.4. Conclusions;435
9.6.5;References;436
9.7;Tissue Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft;441
9.7.1;20.1. Introduction;442
9.7.2;20.2. Anterior Cruciate Ligament - Form, Function and Properties;443
9.7.3;20.3. Ligament Tissue Engineerng Principles;448
9.7.4;20.4. Bioactive Factors – Growth Factors, Gene Therapy;454
9.7.5;20.5. Assessment of ACL Graft Performance in the Animal Model;455
9.7.6;20.6. Future Directions;455
9.7.7;20.7. Conclusions;457
9.7.8;References;457
9.8;Biologic Scaffold Materials for Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Reconstruction;465
9.8.1;21.1. Introduction;465
9.8.2;21.2. Basic Science;466
9.8.3;21.3. Preclinical and Clinical Studies;472
9.8.4;21.4. Future Trends and Needs;474
9.8.5;21.5. Conclusions;474
9.8.6;References;475
9.9;Muscle Repair after Injury and Disease;481
9.9.1;22.1. Introduction;481
9.9.2;22.2. Cellular Processes for Muscle Repair;482
9.9.3;22.3. Factors Affecting Muscle Healing;490
9.9.4;22.4. Conclusions;492
9.9.5;References;493
10;Section IV;503
10.1;Principles of Musculoskeletal Tissue Banking;505
10.1.1;23.1. Introduction;505
10.1.2;23.2. Selection and Assessment of Donors;507
10.1.3;23.3. Excision of Allografts;510
10.1.4;23.4. Processing of Musculoskeletal Allografts;513
10.1.5;23.5. Cryopreserved Osteochondral Allografts;517
10.1.6;23.6. Fresh Articular Cartilage Allografts;518
10.1.7;23.7. Freeze-Drying;519
10.1.8;23.8. Bone Allografts for Clinical Transplantation;520
10.1.9;23.9. Secondary Sterilization;520
10.1.10;23.10. Biology of Bone Allografts;521
10.1.11;23.11. Discussion and Conclusions;526
10.1.12;References;527
10.2;Bioabsorbable Polymer Applications in Musculoskeletal Fixation and Healing;531
10.2.1;24.1. Introduction;531
10.2.2;24.2. Basic Science;532
10.2.3;24.3. Review of Preclinical Studies;541
10.2.4;24.4. Clinical Review;542
10.2.5;24.5. Future Trends and Needs;545
10.2.6;24.6. Conclusions;546
10.2.7;References;546
10.3;Tissue Adhesives: Science, Products and Clinical Use;553
10.3.1;25.1. Introduction;554
10.3.2;25.2. Methods of Action and Products;555
10.3.3;25.3. Clinical Use;561
10.3.4;25.4. Trends and Future Needs;566
10.3.5;25.5. Conclusion;567
10.3.6;References;567
10.4;Platelet-Rich Plasma in Orthopedics;569
10.4.1;26.1. Introduction;570
10.4.2;26.2. Basic Science;570
10.4.3;26.3. Review of Preclinical Studies;577
10.4.4;26.4. Clinical Review;581
10.4.5;26.5. Future Trends and Needs;585
10.4.6;26.6. Conclusions;586
10.4.7;Reference;586
10.5;Gene Therapy Approaches for Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration;591
10.5.1;27.1. Introduction;591
10.5.2;27.2. Limitations of Current Methods for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration;592
10.5.3;27.3. Basic Science;594
10.5.4;27.4. Review of Preclinical Studies;599
10.5.5;27.5. Clinical Review;605
10.5.6;27.6. Future Trends and Needs;605
10.5.7;27.7. Conclusions;606
10.5.8;References;607
10.6;Paradigms of Tissue Engineering with Applications to Cartilage Regeneration;615
10.6.1;28.1. Introduction;615
10.6.2;28.2. Background;616
10.6.3;28.3. Tissue Engineering Paradigms;620
10.6.4;28.4. Future Trends and Needs;631
10.6.5;28.5. Conclusions;631
10.6.6;References;632
11;Section V;639
11.1;The Future of Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration: A Clinical Perspective;641
11.1.1;29.1. Introduction – Hurdles from the Bench to Bedside;641
11.1.2;29.2. The Keys to Musculoskeletal Regeneration: Cells, Signals and Matrices;642
11.1.3;29.3. Characterizing the Future Musculoskeletal Patient;649
11.1.4;References;652
12;Index;657