Plant Developmental Biology - Biotechnological Perspectives

Volume 1
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-02301-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 497 Seiten

Many exciting discoveries in recent decades have contributed new knowledge to our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate various stages of plant growth and development. Such information, coupled with advances in cell and molecular biology, is fundamental to crop improvement using biotechnological approaches. Two volumes constitute the present work. The ?rst, comprising 22 chapters, commences with introductions relating to gene regulatory models for plant dev- opment and crop improvement, particularly the use of Arabidopsis as a model plant. These chapters are followed by speci?c topics that focus on different developmental aspects associated with vegetative and reproductive phases of the life cycle of a plant. Six chapters discuss vegetative growth and development. Their contents consider topics such as shoot branching, bud dormancy and growth, the devel- ment of roots, nodules and tubers, and senescence. The reproductive phase of plant development is in 14 chapters that present topics such as ?oral organ init- tion and the regulation of ?owering, the development of male and female gametes, pollen germination and tube growth, fertilization, fruit development and ripening, seed development, dormancy, germination, and apomixis. Male sterility and self-incompatibility are also discussed.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;16
4;Part I Models for Plant Development;22
4.1;Chapter 1 Gene Regulatory Models for Plant Development and Evolution;23
4.1.1;1.1 Introduction: the Need for Mathematical Models to Understand Plant Development;23
4.1.2;1.2 Dynamic GRN Models;24
4.1.3;1.3 Inference of GRN Topology from Microarray Experiments;27
4.1.4;1.4 GRN Models for Modules of Plant Development;29
4.1.5;1.5 The Constructive Role of Stochasticity in GRN and Other Complex Biological Systems;34
4.1.6;1.6 GRN Structure and Evolution;35
4.1.7;1.7 Conclusions;37
4.1.8;References;37
4.2;Chapter 2 Arabidopsis as Model for Developmental Regulation and Crop Improvement;41
4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;41
4.2.2;2.2 Knowledge Gained in Arabidopsis Is Available for Crop Scientists;42
4.2.3;2.3 Plant Architecture-Related Genes and Their Potential Uses in Crop Improvement;42
4.2.4;2.4 Understanding Abiotic Stresses to Improve Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses;47
4.2.5;2.5 Prospective Remarks;48
4.2.6;References;49
5;Part II Vegetative Growth and Development;54
5.1;Chapter 3 Axillary Shoot Branching in Plants;55
5.1.1;3.1 Introduction;55
5.1.2;3.2 Axillary Shoot Development;56
5.1.3;3.3 Hormones Involved in Axillary Bud Formation;61
5.1.4;3.4 Regulatory Pathways Involved in Shoot Branching;64
5.1.5;3.5 Future Perspectives;67
5.1.6;References;67
5.2;Chapter 4 Bud Dormancy and Growth;71
5.2.1;4.1 Introduction;71
5.2.2;4.2 Regulation of Paradormancy;72
5.2.3;4.3 Regulation of Endodormancy;75
5.2.4;4.4 Ecodormancy;82
5.2.5;4.5 Regulation of Cell Division and Development Is Important for All Forms of Dormancy;82
5.2.6;4.6 Future Perspectives;84
5.2.7;References;84
5.3;Chapter 5 Root Development;89
5.3.1;5.1 Introduction;89
5.3.2;5.2 Plant Root Systems, All But Uniform;89
5.3.3;5.3 Patterning During Root Embryogenesis;94
5.3.4;5.4 Lateral Root Development;98
5.3.5;5.5 Conclusions;101
5.3.6;References;102
5.4;Chapter 6 Legume Nodule Development;109
5.4.1;6.1 Introduction;109
5.4.2;6.2 Evolution Towards Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterial Endosymbiosis;110
5.4.3;6.3 Legume Nodule Initiation and Development;111
5.4.4;6.4 NF Perception, Signal Transduction and Genes Involved in the Establishment of Nodulation;114
5.4.5;6.5 Genes Involved in Infection, Formation and Development of Nodules;122
5.4.6;6.6 The Latest Stage of Nodulation: Nodule Senescence;127
5.4.7;6.7 Hormones in Nodulation;129
5.4.8;6.8 Autoregulation;136
5.4.9;6.9 Tools to Study Nodulation in Legumes;139
5.4.10;References;143
5.5;Chapter 7 Tuber Development;155
5.5.1;7.1 Introduction;155
5.5.2;7.2 Potato Tuber Development;157
5.5.3;7.3 Summary;165
5.5.4;References;165
5.6;Chapter 8 Senescence;169
5.6.1;8.1 Introduction;169
5.6.2;8.2 Senescence in Plants;170
5.6.3;8.3 Symptoms of Senescence;170
5.6.4;8.4 Regulation of Leaf Senescence;173
5.6.5;8.5 Molecular Genetic Regulation of Leaf Senescence;178
5.6.6;8.6 Genetic Manipulation and Application of Leaf Senescence;181
5.6.7;8.7 Conclusions and Outlooks;182
5.6.8;References;183
6;Part III Reproductive Growth and Development;188
6.1;Chapter 9 Floral Organ Initiation and Development;189
6.1.1;9.1 Introduction: the Angiosperm Flower;189
6.1.2;9.2 The MADS Box Family of Transcription Factors;190
6.1.3;9.3 Change from Vegetative Growth to Reproductive Growth;191
6.1.4;9.4 Floral Quartet Model;196
6.1.5;9.5 Autoregulatory Mechanisms;203
6.1.6;9.6 Other Genes Involved in Floral Organogenesis;203
6.1.7;9.7 Targets of the Floral Organ Identity Genes;204
6.1.8;9.8 Summary;205
6.1.9;References;205
6.2;Chapter 10 Control of Flower Development;211
6.2.1;10.1 Introduction;211
6.2.2;10.2 Regulation of Floral Organ Development;212
6.2.3;10.3 Genetic Network of Flowering Control;215
6.2.4;10.4 Perspectives;222
6.2.5;References;222
6.3;Chapter 11 Development and Function of the Female Gametophyte;225
6.3.1;11.1 Introduction;225
6.3.2;11.2 The Formation of Female Gametes;226
6.3.3;11.3 Genetic Dissection of Female Gametogenesis;229
6.3.4;11.4 Transcriptional Analysis of the Female Gametophyte;230
6.3.5;11.5 Double Fertilization;234
6.3.6;11.6 Future Trends;236
6.3.7;References;237
6.4;Chapter 12 Male Gametophyte Development;241
6.4.1;12.1 Introduction;241
6.4.2;12.2 Overview of Pollen Development;242
6.4.3;12.3 Gametophytic Mutants Affecting Pollen Development;243
6.4.4;12.4 Mutants Affecting Gametophytic Cell Divisions (Morphological Screens);248
6.4.5;12.5 Genes with Roles in Asymmetric Microspore Division;249
6.4.6;12.6 Genes Controlling Male Germline Development;250
6.4.7;12.7 Transcriptomics of Pollen Development;252
6.4.8;12.8 Two Global Male Gametophytic Gene Expression Programmes;253
6.4.9;12.9 Post-Transcriptional Regulation;255
6.4.10;12.10 Integrating Genetic and Transcriptomic Data;255
6.4.11;References;256
6.5;Chapter 13 Pollen Germination and Tube Growth;261
6.5.1;13.1 Introduction;261
6.5.2;13.2 Mature Pollen Grains;262
6.5.3;13.3 Pollen-Stigma Interaction;267
6.5.4;13.4 Pollen Germination and Tube Growth;271
6.5.5;13.5 Conclusions;288
6.5.6;References;288
6.6;Chapter 15 Fruit Development;317
6.6.1;15.1 Introduction;317
6.6.2;15.2 Floral Development and Fruit Set;318
6.6.3;15.3 Early Fruit Development;320
6.6.4;15.4 Fruit Enlargement;322
6.6.5;15.5 Fruit Maturation and Ripening;325
6.6.6;15.6 Perspectives;329
6.6.7;References;330
6.7;Chapter 16 Mechanism of Fruit Ripening;335
6.7.1;16.1 Introduction: Fruit Ripening as a Developmentally Regulated Process;335
6.7.2;16.2 Climacteric and Non-Climacteric Fruit Ripening;337
6.7.3;16.3 Hormone Cross-Talk and Fruit Ripening;343
6.7.4;16.4 Biochemical Changes and Sensory Traits Associated with Fruit Ripening;343
6.7.5;16.5 Molecular Markers and QTL Mapping of Fruit Ripening Traits;345
6.7.6;16.6 Natural Mutants Affected in the Ripening Phenotype;347
6.7.7;16.7 Conclusions and Future Directions;348
6.7.8;References;350
6.8;Chapter 17 Seed Development;356
6.8.1;17.1 Introduction;356
6.8.2;17.2 The Use of a Model Plant for the Study of Embryo Development and Maturation;357
6.8.3;17.3 The Genetic Control of the Embryo Maturation Phase;361
6.8.4;17.4 Seed Coat Development and Differentiation;363
6.8.5;17.5 Role of Phytohormones in the Control of Embryo Development and Seed Maturation;365
6.8.6;17.6 Conclusions;367
6.8.7;References;368
6.9;Chapter 18 Seed Dormancy: Approaches for Finding New Genes in Cereals;375
6.9.1;18.1 Introduction;375
6.9.2;18.2 Approaches for Discovering Dormancy-Related Genes;379
6.9.3;18.3 Strategies for Modifying Dormancy in Cereals;387
6.9.4;18.4 Conclusions and Perspectives;389
6.9.5;References;389
6.10;Chapter 19 Seed Germination;396
6.10.1;19.1 Introduction;396
6.10.2;19.2 Seed Structure and Germination;396
6.10.3;19.3 Hormonal Regulation of Germination;401
6.10.4;19.4 Germination Determinants Other than Hormones;407
6.10.5;References;410
6.11;Chapter 20 Apomixis in the Era of Biotechnology;418
6.11.1;20.1 Introduction;418
6.11.2;20.2 General Definitions and Apomixis Mechanisms;419
6.11.3;20.3 Embryological Pathways of Gametophytic Apomixis;421
6.11.4;20.4 Genetic and Epigenetic Control of Apomixis;424
6.11.5;20.5 Evolution of Apomixis and Population Genetics in Apomicts;428
6.11.6;20.6 Transferring Apomixis in Crops from Wild Relatives, Molecular Mapping of Apomixis Components and Map-Based Cloning of Candidate Genes;431
6.11.7;20.7 Advanced Biotechnological Approaches: Looking for Candidate Genes and Engineering Apomixis;436
6.11.8;References;441
6.12;Chapter 21 Male Sterility;450
6.12.1;21.1 Introduction;450
6.12.2;21.2 Applications of Pollen Sterility;450
6.12.3;21.3 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Systems;453
6.12.4;21.4 Nuclear-Encoded Male Sterility Systems;458
6.12.5;21.5 Summary and Future Prospects;463
6.12.6;References;463
6.13;Chapter 22 Self-Incompatibility Systems in Flowering Plants;471
6.13.1;22.1 Introduction;471
6.13.2;22.2 Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility in Brassicaceae;473
6.13.3;22.3 S-RNase Based Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility;480
6.13.4;22.4 The Use of SI in Breeding Programs;488
6.13.5;22.5 Conclusions;491
6.13.6;References;491
7;Subject Index;498