Plant Developmental Biology - Biotechnological Perspectives

Volume 2
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-04670-4
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 424 Seiten

This work, comprising two volumes, reviews recent advances in plant developmental biology and explores the possibility of their biotechnological applications. The work is a key reference for plant breeders, researchers and graduate students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Chapter 1: Developmental Biology of Somatic Embryogenesis;22
1.1;Introduction;22
1.2;Basic Requirements for In Vitro SE;23
1.3;Explant and Stem Cell Biology;24
1.3.1;Genotype;24
1.3.2;Explant Cells;25
1.4;Earliest Event in Embryogenesis-Asymmetric Cell Division;27
1.4.1;Cell Wall in Establishment of Polarity, Division Asymmetry and Cell Fate;27
1.4.2;Division Asymmetry in the Initiation of SE;29
1.4.3;Asymmetric Division and the Suspensor in SE;29
1.5;Stress Component in the Initiation of SE;30
1.5.1;Reactive Oxygen Species;30
1.5.2;Stress-Related Hormone Signalling;31
1.6;Hormones and the Initiation of SE;32
1.7;Induction of SE by Over-Expression of Leafy Cotyledon Transcription Factors and Their Relationship to SE Induction and Repress;33
1.8;ABA, Stress and GA;35
1.9;Soluble Signals and Cell-Cell Interactions that Promote SE in Suspension Cultures;35
1.9.1;Secreted Proteins that Influence SE;35
1.9.2;AGP Signalling in SE: Mechanisms and Interactions Between Signalling Pathways;36
1.9.3;Cell-Cell Interaction and Relevance to SE in Suspension Cultures;37
1.10;Development Program After SE Induction;38
1.11;Concluding Remarks and a Model Based on Studies in Medicago truncatula;38
1.12;SE and Biotechnology;39
1.13;References;40
2;Chapter 2: Microspore Embryogenesis;46
2.1;Introduction;46
2.2;Discovery of the Production of Haploids by Anther Cultureanther culture;48
2.3;Strategies for the Induction of Microspore Embryogenesis;48
2.4;Influence of Different Factors in Microspore Embryogenesis;49
2.4.1;Genotype;49
2.4.2;Donor Plant Physiology;50
2.4.3;Stage of Pollen Development;50
2.4.4;Pre-treatments;51
2.4.5;Culture Conditions;51
2.4.6;Composition of the Medium;52
2.5;Cellular and Molecular Events Associated with Microspore Embryogenesis;53
2.5.1;Embryogenic Induction;53
2.5.2;Early Embryogenic Divisions;56
2.5.3;Development of Embryo Pattern;57
2.5.4;Plant Formation and Diploidization;58
2.6;Conclusions;58
2.7;References;59
3;Chapter 3: Stress and Somaclonal Variation;64
3.1;Introduction;64
3.2;Stress Responses in Plants;65
3.2.1;Short-Term Responses;65
3.2.2;Long-Term Responses;66
3.2.3;Modifications Induced by Stress Could be Inheritable;68
3.3;Tissue Culture Imposes a Stress to Cultivated In Vitro Cells;69
3.4;Cultured Cellscultured cells and Regenerated Plantsregenerated plants Show Variations;71
3.4.1;Heritable Changes Versus Non-Heritable Changes;73
3.4.2;Genetic Versus Epigenetic Changes;74
3.4.3;Variation Promoted by Tissue Culture is Not Randomly Distributed in the Genome;76
3.4.4;Are New Alleles Originated by In Vitro Stress Already Present in Other Plants of In Vivo Populations?;77
3.5;Concluding Remarks;77
3.6;References;77
4;Chapter 4: Photosynthate Partitioning;85
4.1;Introduction;85
4.2;Source and Sink;87
4.3;Sugars as Signalling Molecules;87
4.4;Key Metabolic Regulators;88
4.4.1;SNF1-Related Protein Kinase 1 (SnRK1);88
4.4.2;Hexokinase;92
4.4.3;The Trehalose Pathway;92
4.5;Applications in Biotechnology;93
4.6;Concluding Remarks;97
4.7;References;98
5;Chapter 5: Molecular Physiology of Seed Maturation and Seed Storage ProteinSeed Storage Protein Biosynthesis;101
5.1;Introduction;101
5.2;Seed MaturationSeed maturation;102
5.3;SucroseSucrose as a Maturation Signal;103
5.4;Synthesis and Deposition of Storage Proteins in Crop Seedscrop seeds;104
5.5;Storage Proteins in Cereals;105
5.5.1;Storage Proteins in the Different Grain Parts;105
5.5.2;Transcriptional RegulationTranscriptional regulation of Arabidopsis Seed MaturationArabidopsis seed maturation;107
5.5.3;Transcriptional Regulation of Arabidopsis Seed Maturation-a Model Also for Cereal Seeds?;107
5.5.4;Unravelling Transcriptional Regulation by Co-Expression Analysisco-expression analysis;108
5.5.5;DNA MethylationDNA methylation and Storage Protein Gene Expression in the Barley Endosperm;110
5.6;Metabolic ControlMetabolic control of Seed Storage Protein Synthesis;111
5.6.1;Nitrogen Availability and Signalling;111
5.6.1.1;Nitrogen TransportNitrogen transport into Seeds;112
5.6.1.2;Overexpression of an Amino Acid Transporteramino acid transporter in Legume Seeds;112
5.6.2;Carbon Availability;114
5.6.2.1;Response to Increased Nitrogen to Carbon Statuscarbon status;114
5.6.2.2;Overexpression of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylasephosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Narbon Beans;114
5.6.2.3;Repression of ADP-Glucose PyrophosphorylaseADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in Narbon Beans;115
5.6.2.4;Repression of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase in Pea;116
5.7;Outlook;116
5.8;References;117
6;Chapter 6: Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Regulation in Plants;123
6.1;Introduction;123
6.2;Fatty Acid Biosynthesis;124
6.2.1;De Novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis;124
6.2.2;Regulation of ACCase;126
6.3;Fatty Acid Elongation;127
6.4;Fatty Acid Desaturation;128
6.5;Unusual Fatty Acids;128
6.6;Assembly of Fatty Acids;129
6.7;Conclusions;130
6.8;References;130
7;Chapter 7: Biosynthesis and Regulation of Carotenoids in Plants-Micronutrients, Vitamins and Health Benefits;134
7.1;Introduction: Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Higher Plants;134
7.2;Carotenoids and Plant Development;138
7.3;Health Benefits of Carotenoid-Derived Vitamins and Nutrients;140
7.3.1;Zeaxanthin, Lutein and Prevention of Macular Degeneration;142
7.3.2;beta-Carotene and the Biosynthesis of Vitamin A;143
7.3.3;Antioxidant Properties of Other Xanthophylls and Xanthophyll Derivatives;146
7.4;Conclusions and Future Prospects;147
7.5;References;147
8;Chapter 8: Biosynthesis and Regulation of Alkaloids;155
8.1;Introduction;155
8.2;Chemical Diversity and Biosynthesis;156
8.2.1;Biosynthesis of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids (MIA);156
8.2.2;Biosynthesis of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids (BIA);163
8.2.3;Biosynthesis of Tropane and Nicotine Alkaloids (TNA);163
8.2.4;Biosynthesis of Purine Alkaloids (PA);164
8.3;Spatial Organisation of Alkaloid Biosynthesis;164
8.3.1;Crystallisation and Three-Dimensional Structure of Alkaloid Biosynthetic Enzymes;168
8.3.2;Transcription Factor Regulatory Networks of Alkaloid Biosynthesis;169
8.3.3;Metabolic Engineering of Alkaloid Biosynthesis;170
8.4;Conclusions;171
8.5;References;172
9;Chapter 9: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Flower Pigments;177
9.1;Introduction;177
9.2;Pigment Biosynthetic Pathways and Their Genetic Modification;178
9.2.1;Flavonoids;178
9.2.1.1;Core Biosynthetic Steps of the Flavonoid Pathway;180
9.2.1.2;Anthocyanin B-Ring Hydroxylation;181
9.2.1.3;Aurones and Chalcones;183
9.2.2;Carotenoids;183
9.2.2.1;Increasing Activity of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Enzymes;187
9.2.2.2;Inhibiting Activity of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Enzymes;187
9.2.2.3;Introducing Novel Carotenoid Biosynthetic Activities;188
9.2.2.4;Carotenoid Degradation;188
9.2.2.5;Sinks for Carotenoid Sequestration;189
9.2.3;Betalains;189
9.3;Regulation of Floral Pigmentation;191
9.3.1;Transcriptional Control;192
9.3.2;Developmental Signalling;194
9.3.3;Biotechnology Applications of TFs;195
9.4;Concluding Comments;196
9.5;References;197
10;Chapter 10: Biosynthesis and Regulation of Flower Scent;204
10.1;Introduction;204
10.2;Functions of Floral Scents;205
10.2.1;Floral Scents for Pollination;205
10.2.2;Floral Scents with Diverse Functions;205
10.3;Patterns of Floral Emission;206
10.4;Biosynthetic Pathways and Key Enzymes;208
10.4.1;Terpenoids;209
10.4.2;Benzenoids and Phenylpropanoids;209
10.4.3;Aliphatic Compounds;210
10.5;Regulation of Floral Volatile Biosynthesis;211
10.5.1;Regulation at the Molecular Level;211
10.5.2;Mechanisms of Regulation;212
10.6;Biotechnological Aspects;213
10.7;Conclusions;216
10.8;References;216
11;Chapter 11: Amino Compound-Containing Lipids: a Novel Class of Signals Regulating Plant Development;222
11.1;Introduction;222
11.2;Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Acylamides in Plants;223
11.3;Distribution of Acylamides;225
11.4;Role of NAEs and Alkamides in Plant Development;226
11.4.1;Seed Germination;227
11.4.2;Shoot Development;228
11.4.3;Root Development;230
11.5;Signals Interacting with NAEs and Alkamides;231
11.5.1;Auxins;231
11.5.2;Cytokinins;232
11.5.3;Nitric Oxide;232
11.6;Cellular Alterations Underlying Plant Responses to NAEs and Alkamides: Cell Cycle Progression and Microtubule Stability;233
11.6.1;Cell Cycle Progression;233
11.6.2;Microtubule Stability;234
11.7;AHLs: Inter-Kingdom Signals for Plant-Bacterial Interactions;234
11.8;Concluding Remarks;236
11.9;References;236
12;Chapter 12: The Roles of YUCCA Genes in Local Auxin Biosynthesis and Plant Development;240
12.1;Introduction;240
12.2;Identification of YUCCA Flavin Monooxygenases as Key Enzymes in Auxin Biosynthesis;240
12.3;YUC Genes Have Dynamic Expression Patterns;243
12.4;YUC Genes Are Conserved in the Plant Kingdom;244
12.5;Dissection of Auxin Action Mechanisms on the Basis of Auxin Biosynthesis;244
12.6;Conclusions;246
12.7;References;247
13;Chapter 13: Role of Cytokinin in the Regulation of Plant Development;249
13.1;Introduction;249
13.2;Cytokinin Biosynthesis and Metabolism;250
13.2.1;Chemical Structure and Activity of Cytokinins;250
13.2.2;De Novo Synthesis;250
13.2.3;Activation;251
13.2.4;Degradation;252
13.3;Cytokinin Signaling;252
13.3.1;HKs Act as Cytokinin Sensors;253
13.3.2;HPs Mediate the Cytokinin Signal;254
13.3.3;Type-B RRs Are Transcription Factors that Positively Regulate Cytokinin Responses;254
13.3.4;Type-A RRs Act as Negative Regulators of Cytokinin Signaling;255
13.3.5;Downstream Targets of His-Asp Phosphorelay;255
13.4;Molecular Mechanisms of Cytokinin Action in Plant Development;256
13.4.1;Maintenance of Vegetative Shoot Apical Meristems;256
13.4.2;Inflorescence Meristem Activity;258
13.4.3;Root Meristem Maintenance and Root Vascular Development;259
13.4.4;Nodule Organogenesis;261
13.4.5;Other Developmental Events;262
13.5;Perspectives;262
13.6;References;262
14;Chapter 14: Light Signalling in Plant Developmental Regulation;267
14.1;Introduction;267
14.2;Plant Photomorphogenesis: Various Responses to a Complex Stimulus;268
14.3;Sensing Changes in Light Conditions: Multiple Photoreceptors Continuously Monitor the Light Environment;268
14.3.1;Phytochromes;268
14.3.2;Cryptochromes;270
14.3.3;Phototropins, Other LOV Domain-Containing Proteins and UV-B Receptors;272
14.4;Physiological Responses During Photomorphogenesis: Roles of Photoreceptors in Plant Development;272
14.4.1;Germination;272
14.4.2;De-Etiolation;273
14.4.3;Phototropism;273
14.4.4;Chloroplast Movement;273
14.4.5;Shade Avoidance Syndrome;274
14.4.6;Photoperiodic Responses;274
14.5;Photoreceptor Signal Transduction;275
14.5.1;Genetic Analyses: Identification of Key Players;275
14.5.2;Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation;277
14.5.3;Ubiquitination/Proteasome-Mediated Proteolysis;279
14.5.4;Light-Regulated Transcriptional Networks: Changes in Gene Expression;280
14.6;Light Interaction with Endogenous Networks;280
14.6.1;Hormone Connections;280
14.6.2;Light-Clock Signal Integration;283
14.7;Applied Aspects of Photomorphogenic Research;283
14.7.1;What Is Fit Under Natural Conditions Might Be Inadequate for Agriculture;283
14.7.2;Classical Breeding for the Development of Agronomical Varieties Has Selected Light-Regulated Traits;284
14.7.2.1;Plant Height;284
14.7.2.2;Branching;284
14.7.2.3;Flowering Time;285
14.8;Is There a General Strategy to Modulate Photomorphogenic Traits for Crop Improvement?;285
14.9;References;286
15;Chapter 15: RNA Silencing in Plants;288
15.1;Introduction;288
15.2;History of RNA Silencing in Plants;289
15.3;The Parallel Gene Silencing Pathways of Plants;292
15.3.1;The MicroRNA Pathway;293
15.3.2;The trans-Acting siRNA Pathway;295
15.3.3;The Natural-Antisense siRNA Pathway;296
15.3.4;The Repeat-Associated siRNA/RNA-Directed DNA Methylation Pathways;296
15.4;RNA Silencing as an Antiviral Defence Mechanism;298
15.5;Current Applications of RNA Silencing Strategies to Alter Plant Development;300
15.6;Concluding Remarks;301
15.7;References;302
16;Chapter 16: DNA Methylation: a Dynamic Regulator of Genome Organization and Gene Expression in Plants;306
16.1;Introduction;306
16.2;Mapping DNA Methylation;307
16.2.1;Technological Advances in Mapping Methylated Cytosine;307
16.2.2;High-Resolution Maps of DNA Methylation in the Arabidopsis Genome;309
16.3;Methylation Patterns Are the Balance Between Methyltransferase and Demethylase Activities;310
16.3.1;DNA Methyltransferases;310
16.3.2;Chromatin-Modifying Proteins Are Essential for DNA Methylation;313
16.3.3;DNA Demethylases;314
16.4;Targeting DNA Methylation;318
16.5;Interplay Between DNA Methylation and Chromatin Modifications;320
16.5.1;Heterochromatin Exists in a Self-Reinforcing Silencing Loop;320
16.5.2;A Putative Histone Demethylase Prevents the Spread of DNA Methylation;321
16.5.3;DNA Methyl-Binding Proteins Mediate the Interplay Between DNA Methylation and Chromatin Modification;321
16.5.4;Ubiquitination of Histone H2B Prevents DNA Methylation;322
16.6;Genome Stability Is Mediated by CpG Methylation;323
16.7;DNA Methylation Regulates Genes During Development and in Response to External Stimuli;324
16.7.1;Imprinting;324
16.7.2;Response to the Environment;325
16.8;Conclusions;326
16.9;References;327
17;Chapter 17: Molecular Mechanisms in Epigenetic Regulation of Plant Growth and Development;335
17.1;Introduction;335
17.2;Vernalization and Flowering Time;335
17.2.1;Histone Methylation in FLC Activation;336
17.2.2;Histone Methylation in FLC Repression;338
17.2.3;Regulation of Flowering by Histone Acetylation;339
17.2.4;ATP-Dependent Chromatin-Remodelling Complexes in Flowering Time Control;340
17.2.5;RNAi in Flowering Time Control;340
17.3;Parental Imprinting and Seed Development;341
17.3.1;The Maternally Expressed FWA, FIS2 and MEA Alleles;341
17.3.2;The Paternally Expressed PHE1 Allele;343
17.3.3;Genomic Imprinting in Maize;344
17.4;Chromatin in Stem Cell Maintenance;344
17.4.1;SAM;345
17.4.2;RAM;346
17.5;Chromatin in Plant Stress Responses;346
17.5.1;Histone Acetylation in Stress Responses;346
17.5.2;Chromatin-Remodelling Factors in Stress Responses;347
17.6;Perspectives;348
17.7;References;348
18;18: Activation Tagging for Gain-of-Function Mutants;355
18.1;Introduction;355
18.1.1;Importance of Mutants to Study Development;355
18.1.2;Phenotype Gap-the Lack of Mutant Phenotypes;356
18.1.3;Activation Tagging for Gain-of-Function Mutants;357
18.2;Genes that Modulate Development Discovered by Activation Tagging;360
18.2.1;Genes Involved in Hormonal Biosynthesis or Signaling that Affect Development;360
18.2.1.1;Identification of the First Component of Cytokinin Signaling;361
18.2.1.2;First Functional Demonstration of a Cytokinin Biosynthesis Gene in Plants;361
18.2.1.3;Discovery of a Rate-Limiting Enzyme in Auxin Biosynthesis;362
18.2.1.4;Unraveling the Brassinosteroid Perception Pathway;362
18.2.1.5;Cloning the First Regulatory Gene from Trees: the Gibberellin Catabolic Enzyme GA2ox;363
18.2.2;Integration of Environmental Cues Modulating Developmental Pathways;364
18.2.2.1;Cloning Key Integrators of Flowering Signals: the Floral Inducer FT;365
18.2.3;Meristem, Embryo, and Organ Development;366
18.2.3.1;Discovery of a miRNA that Targets a Family of Crucial Morphogenesis Regulators;366
18.2.3.2;Two Closely Linked Genes Involved in Leaf and Vasculature Development;367
18.2.3.3;Two Closely Related Genes with Functions in Meristem and Organ Development;367
18.2.3.4;Discovery of an Extra Embryonic Function of a Well-Known Meristem Gene;368
18.2.3.5;Other Examples of Genes Involved in Floral Organ Growth;368
18.3;Transcription Factors Regulating Secondary Metabolic Pathways;369
18.4;Activation Tagging Genes that Confer Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses;370
18.4.1;Genes Conferring Resistance to Pathogens;370
18.4.2;Genes Conferring Resistance to Drought;371
18.4.3;Activation Tagging of Genes Involved in Sensing Nutritional Status;372
18.5;Additional Considerations;372
18.5.1;Role of Enhancers;372
18.5.2;Instability and Nonviable Phenotypes;373
18.6;Conclusions;374
18.7;References;374
19;Chapter 19: Regulatory Mechanisms of Homologous Recombination in Higher Plants;381
19.1;Introduction;381
19.2;Molecular Mechanism of HR;383
19.2.1;Current Models of HR;384
19.2.1.1;The Double-Stranded DNA Break-Repair Model;385
19.2.1.2;The Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing Model;385
19.2.1.3;Single-Strand Annealing Model;386
19.2.1.4;HR Pathways in Plants;386
19.3;Meiotic Recombination in Plants;389
19.3.1;Meiotic Recombination Initiation;389
19.3.2;DSB Processing;389
19.3.3;Strand Invasion;390
19.3.4;Crossover Pathway (Resolution of Double Holliday Junction);392
19.4;Signal Transduction from DSB to HR Repair;393
19.5;Conclusions;395
19.6;References;396
20;Chapter 20: Synthetic Promoter Engineering;402
20.1;Introduction;402
20.2;Promoters: Biotechnology Tools Combining Molecular `Switch´ and `Sensor´ Capabilities;403
20.2.1;The Promoter;403
20.2.2;Spatial and Temporal Control of Transgene Activity in Plants;404
20.2.3;Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S: the `Workhorse´ Promoter in Plant Biotechnology;405
20.2.4;Hurdles that Necessitate Promoter Modification;406
20.3;Synthetic Promoters: Refinement of cis-Regulatory Architecture Leads to Targeted Inducibility and High-Level Expression of Sin;407
20.3.1;cis-Motif Context Modified: the Centre for Synthetic Promoter Engineering;408
20.3.1.1;CaMV 35S cis-Motif Context Re-evaluated;408
20.3.1.2;Gaining Insight from Synthetic cis-Regulatory Complexity;410
20.3.1.3;Bidirectionalisation Improves Transcriptional Activity and Overall Versatility;411
20.3.2;Two-Component Transactivated Gene Switches: Promising Systems for Flexible Transgene Expression;413
20.3.2.1;Tight Control by Targeted cis-trans Interaction;414
20.3.2.2;Inducible Fine-Tuning by a Chemical Trigger;415
20.4;The Way Forward: Systematic Engineering and Integration Leads to Accurate Design;416
20.5;References;418
21.1;: Index;424