Pond / Pickard Introductory Dynamical Oceanography

2. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-0-08-057054-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 349 Seiten, Web PDF

'Introductory Dynamical Oceanography' 2nd ed provides an introduction to Dynamical Physical Oceanography at a level suitable for senior year undergraduate students in the sciences and for graduate students entering oceanography. It aims to present the basic objectives, procedures and successes and to state some of the present limitations of dynamical oceanography and its relations to descriptive physical oceanography. The first edition has been thoroughly revised and updated and the new work includes reference to the Practical Salinity Scale 1978, the International Equation of State 1980 and the beta-spiral technique for calculating absolute currents from the density distribution. In addition the description of mixed-layer models has been updated and the chapters on Waves and on Tides have been substantially revised and enlarged, with emphasis on internal waves in the Waves chapter. While the text is self-contained readers are recommended to acquaint themselves with the general aspects of descriptive (synoptic) oceanography in order to be aware of the character of the ocean which the dynamical oceanographer is attempting to explain by referring to Pickard and Emery's 'Descriptive Physical Oceanography' 4th edition.

George Pickard (1913-2007) was a Professor of Oceanography at the University of British Columbia (UBC) and was Director of the UBC Institute of Oceanography from 1958 to 1978. He received his B.A. and his Ph.D. in physics from Oxford. He was appointed to the UBC physics department after service in WWII. George was a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Royal Society of Canada, and the National Geographic Society.

Zielgruppe

Academic/professional/technical: Undergraduate. Academic/professional/technical: Postgraduate. Academic/professional/technical: Research and professional

Autoren/Hrsg.

Pond, Stephen

Pickard, George L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Introductory Dynamical Oceanography;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Preface;6
6;List of Main Symbols used in Text;16
7;Acknowledgements;21
8;Chapter 1. Introduction;22
9;Chapter 2. Properties of Sea Water relevant to Physical Oceanography;26
9.1;2.1 Introduction;26
9.2;2.2 Density;27
10;Chapter 3. The Basic Physical Laws used in Oceanography and Classifications of Forces and Motions in the Sea;33
10.1;3.1 Basic laws;33
10.2;3.2 Classification of forces and motions;34
11;Chapter 4. The Equation of Continuity of Volume;37
11.1;4.1 The concept of continuity of volume;37
11.2;4.2 The derivation of the equation of continuity of volume;39
11.3;4.3 An application of the equation of continuity;41
12;Chapter 5. Stability and Double Diffusion;45
12.1;5.1 Static stability;45
12.2;5.2 Double diffusion;51
12.3;5.3 Dynamic stability;52
13;Chapter 6. The Equation of Motion in Oceanography;54
13.1;6.1 The form of the equation of motion;54
13.2;6.2 Obtaining solutions to the equations, including boundary conditions;55
13.3;6.3 The derivation of the terms in the equation of motion;57
13.4;6.4 Coordinate systems;63
14;Chapter 7. The Role of the Non-linear Terms and the Magnitudes of Terms in the Equations of Motion;65
14.1;7.1 The non-linear terms in the equation of motion;65
14.2;7.2 Equations for the mean or average flow;69
14.3;7.3 Scaling the equations of motion; Rossby number, Ekman number;75
14.4;7.4 Dynamic stability;79
14.5;7.5 Effects of rotation;82
15;Chapter 8. Currents without Friction: Geostrophic Flow;84
15.1;8.1 Hydrostatic equilibrium;84
15.2;8.2 Inertial motion;85
15.3;8.3 Geopotential;87
15.4;8.4 The geostrophic equation;89
15.5;8.5 Deriving absolute velocities;104
15.6;8.6 Relations between isobaric and level surfaces;106
15.7;8.7 Relations between isobaric and isopycnal surfaces and currents;108
15.8;8.8 Comments on the geostrophic equation;114
15.9;8.9 The beta-spiral;116
15.10;8.10 Justification for using the geostrophic approach to obtain the speeds of strong currents;119
16;Chapter 9. Currents with Friction; Wind-driven Circulation;121
16.1;9.1 Wind-driven circulation—–introduction;121
16.2;9.2 Nansen's qualitative argument;122
16.3;9.3 The equation of motion with friction included;123
16.4;9.4 Ekman's solution to the equation of motion with friction present;127
16.5;9.5 Sverdrup's solution for the wind-driven circulation;139
16.6;9.6 The general form of the Sverdrup equation—convergence and divergence;148
16.7;9.7 The mass transport stream function;153
16.8;9.8 Westward intensification—–Stommel's contribution;154
16.9;9.9 The planetary wind field and the drag coefficient CD;156
16.10;9.10 Munk's solution;159
16.11;9.11 Vorticity;165
16.12;9.12 Westward intensification of ocean currents explained using conservation of vorticity;170
16.13;9.13 The equatorial current system;172
16.14;9.14 The boundary-layer approach;175
17;Chapter 10. Thermohaline Effects;184
17.1;10.1 The deep circulation;184
17.2;10.2 Equations for salt and temperature (heat) conservation;187
17.3;10.3 Equations for the average salinity and temperature;189
17.4;10.4 Thermoclines and the thermohaline circulation;191
17.5;10.5 The mixed layer of the ocean;192
18;Chapter 11. Numerical Models;196
18.1;11.1 Introduction;196
18.2;11.2 Numerical methods;198
18.3;11.3 General approach to numerical modelling of ocean circulations;201
18.4;11.4 Descriptions of some models of individual oceans;203
18.5;11.5 Two models of the circulation of the world ocean;215
18.6;11.6 Models with mesoscale eddies;219
18.7;11.7 Comments on the numerical model solutions;225
19;Chapter 12. Waves;228
19.1;12.1 Introduction;228
19.2;12.2 Some general characteristics of waves;230
19.3;12.3 Small amplitude waves;232
19.4;12.4 Finite amplitude effects;240
19.5;12.5 Refraction and breaking in shallow water; diffraction;242
19.6;12.6 Measurement of waves;245
19.7;12.7 The generation of wind waves; practical wave analysis and forecasting;248
19.8;12.8 Tsunamis or seismic sea waves;256
19.9;12.9 Internal waves;257
19.10;12.10 Effects of rotation;267
20;Chapter 13. Tides;274
20.1;13.1 Introduction;274
20.2;13.2 The tide-producing forces;275
20.3;13.3 Ocean responses to the tide-producing forces—tidal theories;280
20.4;13.4 The practical approach to tidal analysis and prediction;282
20.5;13.5 The measurement of tides;285
20.6;13.6 Tides in typical ocean regions;286
20.7;13.7 Tidal currents;297
20.8;13.8 Internal tides;298
20.9;13.9 Tidal friction and the moon's motion;301
20.10;13.10 Storm surges;301
20.11;13.11 Epilogue;302
21;Chapter 14. Some Presently Active and Future Work;303
22;Appendix 1: Mathematical Review with Some Elementary Fluid Mechanics;308
22.1;A.1.1 Introduction;308
22.2;A.l.2 Scalars and vectors;308
22.3;A.1.3 Derivatives;309
22.4;A.1.4 Integrals;313
22.5;A.1.5 Fields;313
22.6;A.1.6 Descriptions of fluid flow;314
22.7;A.1.7 Convergences and divergences;315
22.8;A.1.8 Hydrostatic or sea pressure;317
22.9;A.1.9 Slope effects;318
22.10;A.1.10 Compressibility;320
22.11;A.1.11 Equation of state;320
22.12;A.1.12 Centripetal and centrifugal forces;322
23;Appendix 2: Units Used in Physical Oceanography;323
23.1;A.2.1 Introduction;323
23.2;A.2.2 Base units;323
23.3;A.2.3 Derived and temporary units;323
23.4;A.2.4 Units used in dynamical oceanography and some numerical values;325
24;Appendix 3: Sources of Information for the Estimation of Specific Volume and Density from Values of Salinity, Temperature and Pressure;329
24.1;A.3.1 The table method;329
24.2;A.3.2 International Equation of State of Sea Water, 1980;331
25;Bibliography;333
25.1;B.l Introduction;333
25.2;B.2 Suggestions for further reading;333
25.3;B.3 Sources of Data;336
25.4;B.4 Journal references;337
26;Index;342