Preston / Binner / Branicki City Evacuations: An Interdisciplinary Approach

2015
ISBN: 978-3-662-43877-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 134 Seiten

Evacuating a city is a complex problem that involves issues of governance, preparedness education, warning, information sharing, population dynamics, resilience and recovery. As natural and anthropogenic threats to cities grow, it is an increasingly pressing problem for policy makers and practitioners.The book is the result of a unique interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers in the physical and social sciences to consider how an interdisciplinary approach can help plan for large scale evacuations. It draws on perspectives from physics, mathematics, organisation theory, economics, sociology and education. Importantly it goes beyond disciplinary boundaries and considers how interdisciplinary methods are necessary to approach a complex problem involving human actors and increasingly complex communications and transportation infrastructures.Using real world case studies and modelling the book considers new approaches to evacuation dynamics. It addresses questions of complexity, not only in terms of theory, but examining the latest challenges for cities and emergency responders. Factors such as social media, information quality and visualisation techniques are examined to consider the 'new' dynamics of warning and informing, evacuation and recovery.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Preston, John

Binner, Jane M

Branicki, Layla

Galla, Tobias

Jones, Nick

King, James

Kolokitha, Magdalini

Kolokit, Magdalini

Smyrnakis, Michalis

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Acknowledgments;6
3;Contents;7
4;Contributors;8
5;1 City Evacuations: Their Pedagogy and the Need for an Inter-disciplinary Approach;9
5.1;1 Introduction: The Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach;9
5.2;2 The Pedagogical Evacuation/Invacuation;11
5.3;3 Evacuation and Invacuation: From the First World War to the End of the Cold War;14
5.4;4 Post-Cold War: Towards `Flexible' Evacuations?;17
5.5;5 Websites for City Evacuation: A Comparative Analysis;19
5.6;6 Metrocity Policy Context and Website Analysis;19
5.7;7 Midtown Policy Context and Website Analysis;21
5.8;8 Northhills Policy Context and Website Analysis;22
5.9;9 Pedagogical Differences;24
5.10;10 Governance and Governmentality;25
5.11;11 Conclusion: Preparedness Websites at the City Level;26
5.12;12 Structure of the Book;26
5.13;References;28
6;2 Unpacking the Impacts of Social Media Upon Crisis Communication and City Evacuation;29
6.1;1 Introduction: Why Social Media Matters to Crisis Communication and City Evacuation;29
6.2;2 Definitions, Characteristics and the `Social' in Social Media;32
6.3;3 How Emergency Managers Use Social Media;33
6.4;4 Threats and Opportunities of Social Media for Evacuation;34
6.5;5 Conceptualising the Role of Social Media in Reconfiguring Crisis Communication;39
6.6;6 Conclusion: Implications for Evacuation Policy and Practice;43
6.7;References;44
7;3 Simulation of Information Spreading Following a Crisis;46
7.1;1 Introduction;47
7.1.1;1.1 Mean-Field Model;48
7.1.2;1.2 Agent-Based Model;49
7.2;2 Spreading Parameters;49
7.2.1;2.1 Audience and Rate;49
7.2.2;2.2 Media and Data Sources;50
7.2.3;2.3 Time of Day;52
7.3;3 Mean-Field Model;53
7.3.1;3.1 Time-varying Parameters;55
7.3.2;3.2 Analysis;55
7.4;4 Agent-Based Model;57
7.4.1;4.1 Model Description;58
7.4.2;4.2 Simulation Results;59
7.5;5 Conclusions;63
7.5.1;5.1 Shortcomings;66
7.5.2;5.2 Future Proofing;68
7.6;References;68
8;4 Quantitative Decision-Making Rules for the Next Generation of Smarter Evacuations;70
8.1;1 Introduction;71
8.2;2 Mathematical Description of the Evacuation Problem;72
8.3;3 The Effect of Information Quality;75
8.3.1;3.1 Perfect Information: The Potential Benefits Provided by Social Media;76
8.3.2;3.2 Delineation of High Quality and Low Quality Information Paradigms;80
8.4;4 Microscopic Complex Systems Perspective;84
8.4.1;4.1 Microscopic Model;84
8.4.2;4.2 Simulation Results;86
8.5;5 Conclusions and Further Work;88
8.6;References;93
9;5 Decentralized Optimisation of Resource Allocation in Disaster Management;95
9.1;1 Introduction;95
9.2;2 Background;97
9.2.1;2.1 Game Theory;97
9.2.2;2.2 Fictitious Play;99
9.2.3;2.3 Resource Allocation as a Potential Game;105
9.2.4;2.4 Simulation Results;106
9.3;3 Conclusions;111
9.4;References;112
10;6 A Semi-automated Display for Geotagged Text;113
10.1;1 Introduction;113
10.2;2 Background;114
10.3;3 Dataset Preparation;115
10.4;4 Visualizing the Data;118
10.5;5 Conclusions and Future Work;120
10.6;References;121
11;7 Conclusion: Evacuations and Transmedia Vulnerability;123
11.1;1 Introduction: From Old Media to Transmedia Terrorism;123
11.2;2 Transmedia Terrorism: A Perfect Storm?;126
11.3;3 Scenario: The Manchester Incident;130
11.4;4 What Are the Implications of Transmedia Terrorism: From Storytelling to Pedagogy;132
11.5;References;134