pro:21 GmbH, Bonn Case Studies and Guidelines for Energy Efficient Communities

A Guidebook on Successful Urban Energy Planning
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-8167-9123-2
Verlag: Fraunhofer IRB Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 302 Seiten

What are the barriers that prevent us from achieving our long-term energy goals in cities or, more generally, in our built environment? What can be learned from successful Case Studies in neighborhoods, districts or cities? Is there any economically viable way to apply these advancements to whole cities?
This Annex 51 wants to provide such answers, based on the evaluation of over 20 Case Studies carried out within the 11 participating countries and elaborated in the form of this guidebook on successful local energy planning. In eight chapters and several detailed attachments a manual to derive municipal energy master plans for towns or cities on one hand, and local neighborhood energy plans on the other is presented, which serves as a guideline for municipal decision makers, real estate developers and urban planners as well.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
1.1;Interior titel;2
1.2;Imprint;3
2;Preface;4
3;Acknowledgements;7
4;List of Abbreviations;9
5;Energy Related Abbreviations;10
6;Table of Contents;11
7;1 Introduction;16
7.1;1.1 Climate science and policy background;16
7.2;1.2 Implications for communities;16
7.3;1.3 Systems approach;17
7.4;1.4 International co-operation and Annex 51 approach;19
7.5;1.5 Guidebook approach;20
7.6;1.6 A few words on terminology;22
8;2 Local Energy & Climate Change Policy;25
8.1;2.1 Local energy planning as a key factor in climate protection policy;25
8.2;2.2 Legal and policy frameworks;26
8.3;2.3 Financial frameworks;35
8.3.1;2.3.1 Funds;35
8.3.2;2.3.2 Grants;38
8.3.3;2.3.3 Feed-in tariffs;39
8.3.4;2.3.4 Subsidies;43
8.3.5;2.3.5 Tax schemes;44
8.3.6;2.3.6 Additional options;47
8.4;2.4 Voluntary agreements and networks;47
8.5;2.5 General conclusions on legal and financial frameworks;49
9;3 LocalE nergy Planning Methods: From Demandto Future-proof Solutions;52
9.1;3.1 The transition process;52
9.1.1;3.1.1 Leadership models;53
9.2;3.2 The local energy planning transition process;56
9.3;3.3 Step 1 Create an energy and emissions inventory or balance;57
9.3.1;3.3.1 A few words on data;57
9.3.2;3.3.1 A few words on data;57
9.3.3;3.3.2 A few words on inventories;58
9.3.4;3.3.3 Data sources to profile energy demand;60
9.3.5;3.3.4 Other types of data sets to contextualize energy demand and supply;63
9.3.6;3.3.5 Data sources to profile conventional energy supply;64
9.3.7;3.3.6 Data sources to profile renewable energy supply;64
9.4;3.4 Step 2 Engage stakeholders, create a vision and set targets;67
9.4.1;3.4.1 Stakeholder analysis;67
9.4.2;3.4.2 The transition arena;69
9.4.3;3.4.3 The energy working group;69
9.4.4;3.4.4 Create a vision;70
9.4.5;3.4.5 Set targets;71
9.5;3.5 Step 3 Assess opportunities and develop scenarios;72
9.5.1;3.5.1 Assess opportunities;72
9.5.2;3.5.2 Supporting indicators;73
9.5.3;3.5.3 Scenarios;74
9.5.4;3.5.4 Backcasting and forecasting;75
9.5.5;3.5.5 Roadmaps;77
9.5.6;3.5.6 Charrette;79
9.6;3.6 Step 4 Create municipal energy master plans and neighbourhood energy plans;80
9.6.1;3.6.1 Municipal energy master plan;80
9.6.2;3.6.2 Neighbourhood energy plans;82
9.7;3.7 Step 5 Implementation, monitoring, evaluation and feedback;86
9.7.1;3.7.1 Process design instruments;87
9.7.2;3.7.2 Integrated management strategies;88
9.7.3;3.7.3 Process management co-ordinator;89
9.7.4;3.7.4 Responsibilities of municipal departments;89
9.7.5;3.7.5 Co-ordinating the energy working group;90
9.7.6;3.7.6 Monitoring;91
9.7.7;3.7.7 Evaluation and feedback;92
9.8;3.8 Technical improvement options, economic feasibility;94
9.8.1;3.8.1 Technology and policy approaches available to governments;94
9.8.2;3.8.2 Technologies available to the developer / contractor;98
9.8.3;3.8.3 Technologies available to the occupant;105
10;4 Community Energyand Emissions Inventoryand Modelling Tools to Support Local Energy Planning (LEP);107
10.1;4.1 Introduction;107
10.2;4.2 The scope of LEP and the need for inventories and models;107
10.3;4.3 Energy and GHG emissions inventories;109
10.3.1;4.3.1 Selected examples of inventories and balancing tools in practical application;109
10.4;4.4 Energy modelling approaches;112
10.5;4.5 Examples of models in development and practical application;116
10.6;4.6 User needs;124
10.7;4.7 Selecting a modelling approach;125
10.8;4.8 Communicating the modelling concept;127
10.9;4.9 Perspectives on future directions;128
10.9.1;Web-Sources for Information on Municipal Energy Inventory Tools;130
11;5 The District Energy Concept Adviser (D-ECA): Software from IEA EBC Annex 51 to Support District Energy System Planning;131
11.1;5.1 The tool in brief;131
11.2;5.2 Background and aim;131
11.3;5.3 Tool sections;133
11.4;5.4 How to use the main sections;134
11.4.1;5.4.1 Performance rating;134
11.4.2;5.4.2 Case studies of energy efficient districts;136
11.4.3;5.4.3 Energy efficient strategies and technologies;138
11.4.4;5.4.4 Energy assessment of districts;139
11.5;5.5 User guide;147
11.6;5.6 Test calculations to assess the accuracy of the calculation tool;147
11.6.1;5.6.1 Evaluation results of the exemplary district Stuttgart-Burgholzhof;150
11.7;5.7 Download source;152
12;6 Energy Efficient Neighbourhood Case Studies;154
12.1;6.1 Neighbourhood case studies;154
12.2;6.2 Successful neighbourhood developments;154
12.2.1;6.2.1 Energy efficiency is profitable;154
12.2.2;6.2.2 The decision making process;156
12.2.3;6.2.3 Planning urban development projects;160
12.2.4;6.2.4 Implementation;162
12.2.5;6.2.5 Barriers;164
12.3;6.3 Lowering energy demand efficiently;166
12.3.1;6.3.1 Single buildings or whole neighbourhoods?;166
12.3.2;6.3.2 Increased comfort paid for through energy efficiency;167
12.3.3;6.3.3 Monitoring and evaluation;171
12.4;6.4 Lessons learned from neighbourhood case studies;173
12.4.1;6.4.1 Why districts or neighbourhoods?;173
12.4.2;6.4.2 An integrated planning approach;173
12.4.3;6.4.3 Organization;174
12.4.4;6.4.4 Quality agreement and control;174
12.4.5;6.4.5 Policy instruments;174
12.4.6;6.4.6 Planning for lowest cost;175
12.4.7;6.4.7 Planning tools;175
12.4.8;6.4.8 Information and education;175
12.4.9;6.4.9 Involving residents;176
12.4.10;6.4.10 Energy efficiency;176
12.4.11;6.4.11 Technological achievements and solutions;176
12.4.12;6.4.12 Monitoring;177
12.5;APPENDIX to Chapter 6;178
13;7 Energy Efficient City Case Studies;190
13.1;7.1 Introduction;190
13.2;7.2 Case studies;190
13.3;7.3 Vision and targets;194
13.3.1;7.3.1 Realistic vision and targets;194
13.3.2;7.3.2 Linking short-term actions with long-term targets;197
13.4;7.4 Process and organization;198
13.4.1;7.4.1 Continuous process;198
13.4.2;7.4.2 Integrated approach;202
13.5;7.5 Support and involvement;204
13.5.1;7.5.1 Creating support;204
13.5.2;7.5.2 Involving the right people at the right time;207
13.5.3;7.5.3 Involving the public;209
13.5.4;7.5.4 Involving the real estate industry;211
13.6;7.6 Knowledge and risk management;212
13.6.1;7.6.1 Sharing knowledge;212
13.7;7.7 Co-benefits;215
13.7.1;7.7.1 Economic benefits;216
13.7.2;7.7.2 Social benefits;217
13.7.3;7.7.3 Environmental benefits;217
13.7.4;APPENDIX to Chapter 7;218
14;8 Summary and Conclusions;225
14.1;8.1 Key results and implications;226
14.1.1;8.1.1 Neighborhood energy planning;226
14.1.2;8.1.2 Municipal energy planning;227
14.1.3;8.1.3 Computer-based planning tools;228
14.1.4;8.1.4 Legislative frameworks;228
14.2;8.2 Municipal energy transition process;229
14.3;8.3 Eight guidelines for local energy planning success;233
14.4;8.4 Concluding remarks;238
14.5;8.5 Where should we go from here?;238
15;List of References;239
16;Attachments;244
16.1;Attachment A. Primary Energy and GHG Performance of Energy Systems;245
16.2;Attachment B. Green Building Rating Systems;251
16.3;Attachment C. Low-Energy, Passive House and Net-Zero Energy Buildings;253
16.4;Attachment D. Energy Generation from Renewable Sources;256
16.5;Attachment E. Economics of Energy Retrofitting and Energy Performance Contracting;259
16.6;Attachment F. Energy Benchmarking of Neighbourhoods;264
16.7;Attachment G. Energy Performance of Typical Cogeneration Systems;272
16.8;Attachment H. Municipal Energy and Emissions Inventories;279
16.9;Attachment I. Municipal Energy Improvement Opportunities;281
16.10;Attachment J. Planning Methods in Neighborhood or District Energy Planning;289
16.10.1;J.1 Thermal Energy Demand Data for Neighbourhood Planning;289
16.10.2;J.2 Thermal Energy Distribution;298
16.10.3;J.3 Neighborhood Archetypes Approach;302
17;Backcover;304