Prusky / Gullino Post-harvest Pathology

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4020-8930-5
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 2, 212 Seiten

Reihe: Plant Pathology in the 21st Century

As a collection of papers that includes material presented at the 2008 International Congress for Plant Pathology, this text features research right at the leading edge of the field. The latest findings are particularly crucial in their implications for fruit production; an important market sector where in some areas up to 50 per cent of the crop can be lost after harvest. While post-harvest fruit treatments with fungicides are the most effective means to reduce decay, rising concerns about toxicity have led to the development of alternative approaches to disease control, including biological methods, the subject of three chapters of this book. With several new techniques requiring modification of current post-harvest practices, it is more important than ever to stay abreast of the latest information. Other chapters deal with the mechanisms of host fruit and vegetable resistance, fungal pathogenicity factors and their relationship with the host response, and a number of subjects related to disease assessments before harvest as well as their relationship to the postharvest treatment of fruits and vegetables. The book also includes several useful case studies of crops such as kiwifruit and peaches, where different approaches at the pre- and post-harvest levels are combined to good effect. With food production issues gaining an ever higher profile internationally, this text makes an important contribution to the debate.

Dov Prusky is a professor of Plant Pathology at the Agricultural Research Organization in Bet Dagan, Israel. One of his main interests is understanding the basic processes underlying the interactions between fruits and pathogenic fungi. Maria Lodovica Gullino is a professor of plant pathology at the University of Torino and President of the International Society for Plant Pathology. She has long term experience in plant disease management.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Prusky, Dov

Gullino, Maria Lodovica

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Recent Developments in Postharvest Pathology;8
3;Chapter 1;11
3.1;The Role of Pre-formed Antifungal Substances in the Resistance of Fruits to Postharvest Pathogens;11
3.1.1;1.1 Pre-formed Antifungal Substances;12
3.1.2;1.2 Preformed Antifungal Compounds in Mango (Mangifera indica) fruit;12
3.1.2.1;1.2.1 Resorcinols;13
3.1.2.2;1.2.2 Gallotannins;15
3.1.2.3;1.2.3 Chitinase Activity;16
3.1.2.4;1.2.4 Pre- and Postharvest Treatments Enhance Fruit Resistance and Antifungal Activity;18
3.1.3;1.3 Avocado (Persea americana) Fruit;19
3.2;References;20
4;Chapter 2;22
4.1;Mechanisms of Induced Resistance Against B. cinerea;22
4.1.1;2.1 Introduction;22
4.1.2;2.2 Plant Resistance to B. cinerea;23
4.1.3;2.3 The First Line of Defense Against B. cinerea;26
4.1.4;2.4 Active Defense Against Botrytis cinerea Contrasts with Resistance to Biotrophic Pathogens;27
4.1.5;2.5 The Plant Hormones Jasmonate and Ethylene Play a Central Role in Defense Against B. cinerea;28
4.1.6;2.6 The Emerging Role of Absciscic Acid as a Regulator Plant Response to B. cinerea;29
4.1.7;2.7 Resistance to B. cinerea and Cross-Talk with Other Pathways;30
4.1.8;2.8 Mechanisms of B. cinerea Resistance Are Conserved Between Tomato and Arabidopsis;31
4.1.9;2.9 Phyotalexins in B. cinerea Resistance;33
4.1.10;2.10 Changes in Genome Wide Gene Expression During B. cinerea Infection;33
4.1.11;2.11 Conclusion and Perspective;34
4.2;References;34
5;Chapter 3;40
5.1;Induced Resistance in Melons by Elicitors for the Control of Postharvest Diseases;40
5.1.1;3.1 Introduction;40
5.1.2;3.2 Chemically Induced Resistance;41
5.1.2.1;3.2.1 Acibenzolar;41
5.1.2.2;3.2.2 Silicon;42
5.1.2.3;3.2.3 Other Chemicals;43
5.1.3;3.3 Physically Induced Resistance;44
5.1.4;3.4 Biologically Induced Resistance;44
5.1.5;3.5 Conclusions;45
5.2;References;46
6;Chapter 4;51
6.1;Mechanisms Modulating Postharvest Pathogen Colonization of Decaying Fruits;51
6.1.1;4.1 Introduction;51
6.1.2;4.2 The Quiescent Stage;52
6.1.3;4.3 pH Modulation of the Environment by Postharvest Fungal Pathogens Is a Virulence Potentiation;53
6.1.3.1;4.3.1 Alkalizing Fungi;53
6.1.3.2;4.3.2 Acidifying Fungi;55
6.1.4;4.4 Effectors That Activate the Transition from Quiescent to Necrotrophic Infection;59
6.1.5;4.5 Summary;60
6.2;References;61
7;Chapter 5;64
7.1;Global Regulation of Genes in Citrus Fruit in Response to the Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium digitatum;64
7.2;References;73
8;Chapter 6;75
8.1;Epidemiological Assessments and Postharvest Disease Incidence;75
8.1.1;6.1 Definitions;76
8.1.2;6.2 Introduction;77
8.1.2.1;6.2.1 Brown Rot-Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa;79
8.1.2.1.1;6.2.1.1 Conventional Methods Used to Detect Latent and Quiescent Infections of Monilinia spp.;80
8.1.2.2;6.2.2 Botrytis Monitoring (BOTMON) - Botrytis cinerea (Table 6.2);83
8.1.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Molecular Techniques;86
8.1.3;6.3 Use of Species-Specific PCR to Detect M. Fructicola in Fruit and Flowers (Comparison of Conventional with PCR Technique;89
8.1.4;6.4 Techniques to Monitor Resistance of Fungal Pathogens to Fungicides;90
8.1.5;6.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects;92
8.2;References;93
9;Chapter 7;95
9.1;Preharvest Strategies to Control Postharvest Diseases in Fruits;95
9.1.1;7.1 Introduction;96
9.1.2;7.2 Biocontrol Agents Combination;97
9.1.3;7.3 Biocontrol Combined with Low Risk Substances;98
9.1.4;7.4 Enhancing Biocontrol Agents to Environmental Stress Conditions;100
9.1.4.1;7.4.1 C. sake CPA-1 Enhancement;101
9.1.4.2;7.4.2 P. agglomerans CPA-2 Enhancement;102
9.2;References;109
10;Chapter 8;113
10.1;New Developments in Postharvest Fungicide Registrations for Edible Horticultural Crops and Use Strategies in the United States;113
10.1.1;8.1 Risk Assessment, Maximum Residue Limits, and Postharvest Fungicide Registration;114
10.1.2;8.2 Registration of New Postharvest Fungicides in the United States;116
10.1.3;8.3 Risk of Fungicide Resistance Development in the Postharvest Environment;118
10.1.4;8.4 Fungicide Usage Strategies for Preventing Fungicide Resistance in the Postharvest Environment;118
10.1.5;8.5 Sanitation and Fungicide Resistance Management;121
10.1.6;8.6 Epilogue;122
11;Chapter 9;124
11.1;New Approaches for Postharvest Disease Control in Europe;124
11.1.1;9.1 Introduction;125
11.1.2;9.2 Biological Control with Microbial Antagonists;125
11.1.3;9.3 Natural Bioactive Compounds;126
11.1.4;9.4 Physico-Chemical Methods;127
11.1.4.1;9.5.1 Blue Mould;128
11.1.4.2;9.5.2 Lenticel Rot;129
11.1.4.3;9.5.3 Brown Rot;130
11.1.4.4;9.5.4 Green and Blue Moulds;131
11.1.4.5;9.5.5 Grey Mould;133
12;Chapter 10;141
12.1;Quo Vadis of Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases;141
12.1.1;10.1 Historical Perspective;142
12.1.2;10.2 Biocontrol Products;143
12.1.3;10.3 Postharvest System;143
12.1.4;10.4 Challenges of Latent Infection;144
12.1.5;10.5 Biological Control Mechanism;145
12.1.6;10.6 Emerging New Areas in Postharvest Biocontrol;146
12.1.7;10.7 Conclusions;148
12.2;References;150
13;Chapter 11;153
13.1;Improving Formulation of Biocontrol Agents Manipulating Production Process;153
13.1.1;11.1 Introduction;154
13.1.2;11.2 Liquid Formulation;156
13.1.2.1;11.2.1 C. sake CPA-1 Formulation Using Isotonic Solutions;156
13.1.2.2;11.2.2 Viability of C. sake CPA-1 After Storage at 25°C and 4°C;157
13.1.2.3;11.2.3 Efficacy of Trehalose Isotonic Formulations Stored at 4°C for 7 months;159
13.1.3;11.3 Spray Drying;160
13.1.3.1;11.3.1 Improving Spray Drying Formulation of Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2 by Osmotic Treatments;160
13.1.3.2;11.3.2 Impact of Mild Heat Treatments on Induction of Thermotolerance in the Biocontrol Yeast Candida sake CPA-1 and Viabil;163
13.1.4;11.4 Fluidized Bed Drying;166
13.1.4.1;11.4.1 Screening of Thermal-Stress Treatments;166
13.1.4.2;11.4.2 Improving Fluidized Bed Drying Formulation of P. agglomerans CPA-2 by Osmotic-Stress Treatments;166
13.1.4.3;11.4.3 Improving Fluidized Bed Drying Formulation of P. agglomerans CPA-2 by Combination of Thermal and Osmotic-Stress Tr;167
13.1.5;11.5 Conclusions;170
13.2;References;170
14;Chapter 12;174
14.1;Host Responses to Biological Control Agents;174
14.1.1;12.1 Introduction;175
14.1.2;12.2 Modes of Action of Postharvest Biocontrol Agents;176
14.1.2.1;12.2.1 Induced Resistance Signalling Pathways;177
14.1.2.1.1;12.2.1.1 Localized and Systemic Resistance Induced in Fruits by BCAs;178
14.1.3;12.3 Concluding Remarks;181
14.2;References;183
15;Chapter 13;185
15.1;Non-fungicidal Control of Botrytis Storage Rot in New Zealand Kiwifruit Through Pre- and Postharvest Crop Management;185
15.1.1;13.1 Botrytis Storage Rot – Historical Perspective;186
15.1.1.1;13.1.1 Economic Impact;186
15.1.1.2;13.1.2 Etiology;186
15.1.1.3;13.1.3 Attempts at Control;187
15.1.2;13.2 Epidemiology of Botrytis cinerea in Kiwifruit Orchards;187
15.1.2.1;13.2.1 Introduction;187
15.1.2.2;13.2.2 Methods;188
15.1.2.2.1;13.2.2.1 Manipulating Vine Canopy Density in Orchard Plots;188
15.1.2.2.2;13.2.2.2 Measuring B. cinerea on Leaves in the Orchard;189
15.1.2.2.3;13.2.2.3 Effect of Fruit Handling Method at Harvest on Infection by B. cinerea;189
15.1.2.3;13.2.3 Results;189
15.1.2.3.1;13.2.3.1 Necrotic Leaf Tissue in Relation to Vine Canopy Density;189
15.1.2.3.2;13.2.3.2 B. cinerea Populations on Necrotic Leaves;190
15.1.2.3.3;13.2.3.3 Effect of Fruit Handling Method at Harvest on Infection by B. cinerea;193
15.1.2.4;13.2.4 Discussion;194
15.1.3;13.3 Prediction and Management of Botrytis Storage Rot;194
15.1.3.1;13.3.1 Prediction Systems;194
15.1.3.2;13.3.2 Vine Canopy Management to Lessen Disease Risk;195
15.1.3.3;13.3.3 Management of Fruit Susceptibility to Disease;195
15.1.3.3.1;13.3.3.1 Effect of Harvest Date on Fruit Susceptibility;195
15.1.3.3.2;13.3.3.2 Curing of the Picking Wound;196
15.1.4;13.4 Conclusions;197
15.2;References;197
16;Chapter 14;199
16.1;The Peach Story;199
16.1.1;14.1 Introduction;199
16.1.2;14.2 Management of Brown Rot;200
16.1.3;14.3 Biological Control;201
16.1.4;14.4 Epidemiology of Brown Rot in Spanish Conditions;203
16.2;References;208
17;Index;210