Pye Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits

1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8901-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 334 Seiten, Web PDF

Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits explores the entrainment, dispersion, and deposition of aeolian dust and dust deposits, with emphasis on transport and deposition of dust derived by deflation of surface sediments and soils. Topics covered range from the mechanisms of fine-particle formation to dust sources, sinks, and rates of deposition. Dust-transporting wind systems are also discussed, along with the grain size, mineralogy, and chemical composition of aeolian dust. Comprised of nine chapters, this book begins with an overview of the general nature and significance of windborne dust as well as the importance of aeolian dust and loess. The next chapter deals with the mechanisms underlying the formation of fine particles, including glacial grinding, frost and salt weathering, and fluvial comminution. The reader is then introduced to dust entrainment, transport, and deposition, together with dust sources, sinks, and rates of deposition. Subsequent chapters focus on the implications of dust deflation, transport, and deposition; dust deposition in the oceans; and loess distribution and the thickness and morphology of loess deposits. This monograph is written primarily for research workers and advanced students in sedimentology, geomorphology, and Quaternary studies, but is also likely to be of value to soil scientists, meteorologists, planetary geologists, engineers, and others concerned with environmental management.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Pye, Kenneth

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PREFACE;6
6;Dedication;7
7;Chapter One. THE GENERAL NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF WINDBORNE DUST;12
7.1;1.1 THE NATURE OF AEOLIAN DUST;12
7.2;1.2 SOURCES OF DUST;13
7.3;1.3 PREVIOUS STUDIES OF AEOLIAN DUST AND DUST DEPOSITS;16
8;Chapter Two. MECHANISMS OF FINE-PARTICLE FORMATION;21
8.1;2.1 RELEASE OF PARTICLES FROM FINE-GRAINED PARENT ROCKS;22
8.2;2.2 GLACIAL GRINDING;22
8.3;2.3 FROST WEATHERING;25
8.4;2.4 FLUVIAL COMMINUTION;27
8.5;2.5 AEOLIAN ABRASION;27
8.6;2.6 SALT WEATHERING;29
8.7;2.7 COMBINED SALT AND FROST ACTION;32
8.8;2.8 CHEMICAL WEATHERING;32
8.9;2.9 INSOLATION WEATHERING;37
8.10;2.10 FINE PARTICLES OF BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN;37
8.11;2.11 FORMATION OF CLAY PELLETS;38
8.12;2.12 THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT PARTICLE FORMATION MECHANISMS;39
9;Chapter Three. DUST ENTRAINMENT, TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION;40
9.1;3.1 PARTICLE FORCES;40
9.2;3.2 PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT;41
9.3;3.3 DISPERSION OF DUST DEFLATED FROM THE EARTH'S SURFACE;54
9.4;3.4 DISPERSION OF DUST FROM VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS;68
9.5;3.5 DUST DEPOSITION;69
10;Chapter Four. DUST SOURCES, SINKS AND RATES OF DEPOSITION;74
10.1;4.1 GLOBAL DUST SOURCES;74
10.2;4.2 TYPES OF TERRAIN FAVOURABLE FOR DUST DEFLATION;76
10.3;4.3 GLOBAL DUST SINKS;84
10.4;4.4 DUST CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AIR;85
10.5;4.5 ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF MODERN DUST STORMS;91
10.6;4.6 RATES OF DUST DEPOSITION ESTIMATED FROM OCEAN CORES;101
10.7;4.7 RATES OF CONTINENTAL DUST DEPOSITION;102
11;Chapter Five. DUST-TRANSPORTING WIND SYSTEMS;103
11.1;5.1 DUST DEVILS;103
11.2;5.2 DOWNDRAUGHT HABOOBS;106
11.3;5.3 DUST STORMS ASSOCIATED WITH STEEP PRESSURE GRADIENTS AND LOW-LEVEL TROUGHS;108
11.4;5.4 DUST-TRANSPORTING WIND SYSTEMS IN WEST AFRICA;112
11.5;5.5 DUST STORMS ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSIONS AND COLD FRONTS;117
11.6;5.6 LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF DUST BY JET STREAMS;122
11.7;5.7 TRANSPORT OF DUST OVER THE BRITISH ISLES AND CONTINENTAL EUROPE;125
11.8;5.8 FOHN AND VALLEY WINDS;127
12;Chapter Six. GRAIN SIZE, MINERALOGY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AEOLIAN DUST;129
12.1;6.1 GRAIN SIZE OF SUSPENDED DUST ABOVE A WIND-ERODED SURFACE;129
12.2;6.2 GRAIN SIZE OF AEOLIAN DUST TRANSPORTED
OVER RELATIVELY SHORT DISTANCES;132
12.3;6.3 GRAIN SIZE OF FAR-TRAVELLED DUST;136
12.4;6.4 MIXTURES OF LOCAL AND FAR-TRAVELLED DUST;139
12.5;6.5 MINERAL COMPOSITION OF DUST;140
12.6;6.6 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DUST;147
12.7;6.7 OXYGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS OF QUARTZ IN DUST;148
12.8;6.8 MAGNETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF ATMOSPHERIC DUSTS;152
13;Chapter Seven. IMPLICATIONS OF DUST DEFLATION, TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION;153
13.1;7.1 DEFLATION PROBLEMS;153
13.2;7.2 PREDICTION OF SOIL EROSION BY WIND;155
13.3;7.3 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSPORT OF SAND AND DUST;163
13.4;7.4 IMPLICATIONS OF DUST DEPOSITION;171
14;Chapter Eight. DUST DEPOSITION IN THE OCEANS;182
14.1;8.1 THE EFFECT OF DUST DEPOSITION ON THE COMPOSITION OF MODERN OCEAN SEDIMENTS;183
14.2;8.2 OCEANIC DUST DEPOSITION DURING THE LATE CENOZOIC;189
14.3;8.3 RECORD OF QUATERNARY DUST DEPOSITION
PRESERVED IN ICE CORES;206
15;Chapter Nine. LOESS;209
15.1;9.1 DEFINITION OF LOESS;209
15.2;9.2 LOESS DISTRIBUTION;211
15.3;9.3 THICKNESS AND MORPHOLOGY OF LOESS DEPOSITS;215
15.4;9.4 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LOESS;218
15.5;9.5 LOESS LANDFORMS;247
15.6;9.6 THEORIES OF LOESS ORIGIN;248
15.7;9.7 STAGES IN THE FORMATION OF LOESS;250
15.8;9.8 QUATERNARY HISTORY OF LOESS DEPOSITION;253
16;REFERENCES;277
17;INDEX;341