Qiu / Chen / Li Bearing Tribology

Principles and Applications
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-662-53097-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 342 Seiten

By focusing on the theory and techniques of tribological design and testing for bearings, this book systematically reviews the latest advances in applications for this field. It describes advanced tribological design, theory and methods, and provides practical technical references for investments in bearing design and manufacturing. The theories, methods and cases in this book are largely derived from the practical engineering experience gained and research conducted by the author and her team since the 2000s. The book includes academic papers, technical reports and patent literature, and offers a valuable guide for engineers involved in bearing design.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Qiu, Ming

Chen, Long

Li, Yingchun

Yan, Jiafei

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;1 Friction, Wear, and Lubrication in the Bearing Application;13
3.1;1.1 Basic Concepts of the Tribology;13
3.1.1;1.1.1 Basic Definition of the Bearing Tribology;13
3.1.2;1.1.2 Objects and Tasks of the Bearing Tribology;14
3.1.2.1;1.1.2.1 Bearing Friction and Wear Mechanisms;15
3.1.2.2;1.1.2.2 Bearing Lubrication Theory;15
3.1.2.3;1.1.2.3 Bearing Tribology Research Method and Test Technology;15
3.1.2.4;1.1.2.4 Bearing Material and Surface Treatment;15
3.1.2.5;1.1.2.5 Bearing Lubricant;16
3.1.2.6;1.1.2.6 Performance Monitoring for Bearing in the Mechanical Equipments;16
3.1.3;1.1.3 Subject Characteristics of the Bearing Tribology;16
3.2;1.2 Bearing Friction and Wear;17
3.2.1;1.2.1 Sliding Friction and Rolling Friction;17
3.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 Sliding Friction;17
3.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 Rolling Friction;17
3.2.2;1.2.2 Types of Bearings;18
3.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Plain Bearings;18
3.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Rolling Bearings;18
3.2.3;1.2.3 Friction and Wear in the Bearing Application;19
3.2.3.1;1.2.3.1 Friction and Wear in the Plain Bearings;19
3.2.3.2;1.2.3.2 Friction and Wear in the Rolling Bearings;19
3.3;1.3 Bearing Lubrication;19
3.3.1;1.3.1 Plain Bearing Lubrication;20
3.3.2;1.3.2 Rolling Bearing Lubrication;20
3.4;References;20
4;2 Bearing Surface Contact;21
4.1;2.1 Surface Structure and Property;21
4.1.1;2.1.1 Surface Structure;21
4.1.2;2.1.2 Surface Property;23
4.1.2.1;2.1.2.1 Surface Energy;23
4.1.2.2;2.1.2.2 Surface Film;24
4.1.2.3;2.1.2.3 Surface Oxidation;25
4.2;2.2 Surface Morphology Parameters;26
4.2.1;2.2.1 Surface Geometry;26
4.2.2;2.2.2 Surface Morphology Parameters;27
4.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 One-Dimensional Topography Parameter;27
4.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 Two-Dimensional Topography Parameter;28
4.2.2.3;2.2.2.3 Three-Dimensional Topography Parameter;28
4.2.2.4;2.2.2.4 Support Surface Curve;29
4.2.3;2.2.3 Surface Morphology Statistical Parameters;29
4.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 Height Distribution Function;30
4.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Distribution Curve Deviation;30
4.3;2.3 Hertz Elastic Contact;30
4.3.1;2.3.1 Contact Between Two Cylinders;31
4.3.2;2.3.2 Contact Between Two Balls;33
4.3.3;2.3.3 Rough Surface Contact;34
4.3.3.1;2.3.3.1 Unimodal Contact;34
4.3.3.2;2.3.3.2 Contact Between Ideal Rough Surfaces;35
4.3.3.3;2.3.3.3 Contact Between Real Contact Surfaces;37
4.3.4;2.3.4 Plasticity Index;39
4.4;2.4 Heating Effect of the Surface Contact;40
4.4.1;2.4.1 Static Heat Source;40
4.4.2;2.4.2 Dynamic Heat Source;41
4.4.3;2.4.3 Sliding Heat;42
4.4.4;2.4.4 Rolling Heat;44
4.5;2.5 Contact Problems in the Bearings;44
4.5.1;2.5.1 Rolling Bearing Contact;44
4.5.1.1;2.5.1.1 Point Contact;44
4.5.1.2;2.5.1.2 Line Contact;45
4.5.1.3;2.5.1.3 Contact Model in Roller Bearing;46
4.5.2;2.5.2 Plain Bearing Contact;48
4.5.2.1;2.5.2.1 Line Contact;48
4.5.2.2;2.5.2.2 Surface Contact;48
4.5.3;2.5.3 Contact Stress Between Rolling Element and Raceway;49
4.5.4;2.5.4 Contact Stress Between Rolling Element and Rib;49
4.6;References;50
5;3 Mechanism of Bearing Friction and Wear;51
5.1;3.1 Sliding Friction Mechanism;51
5.1.1;3.1.1 Sliding Friction Characteristics;51
5.1.2;3.1.2 Basic Friction Theory;53
5.1.2.1;3.1.2.1 The Mechanical Interlocking Theory (Concave–Convex Theory);53
5.1.2.2;3.1.2.2 Molecular Interaction Theory (Molecular Adhesion Theory);54
5.1.2.3;3.1.2.3 Mechanical-Molecular Friction Theory;55
5.1.3;3.1.3 Adhesion Friction Theory;55
5.1.4;3.1.4 Friction Binomial Law;62
5.2;3.2 Rolling Friction Mechanism;63
5.2.1;3.2.1 Micro-Slip Effect;63
5.2.2;3.2.2 Elastic Hysteresis;64
5.2.3;3.2.3 Plastic Deformation;64
5.2.4;3.2.4 Adhesion Effect;65
5.2.5;3.2.5 Rolling Friction Calculation;65
5.2.6;3.2.6 Rolling Friction Law;66
5.3;3.3 Wear Mechanism;67
5.3.1;3.3.1 Wear Classification;67
5.3.2;3.3.2 Wear Mechanism;68
5.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 Adhesive Wear Mechanism;68
5.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 Abrasive Wear Mechanism;71
5.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 Fatigue Wear Mechanism;73
5.3.2.4;3.3.2.4 Corrosive Wear Mechanism;76
5.3.2.5;3.3.2.5 Fretting wear Mechanism;78
5.4;3.4 Wear Calculation;79
5.4.1;3.4.1 Wear Representation;79
5.4.2;3.4.2 Abrasive Wear Calculation;79
5.4.3;3.4.3 Adhesive Wear Calculation;80
5.4.4;3.4.4 IBM Wear Calculation;81
5.5;3.5 Wear Law in the Practical Design;83
5.5.1;3.5.1 Friction Pair Material Selection Rules;83
5.5.2;3.5.2 Protective Layer Principle and Wear-Resisting Layer Design Criteria;85
5.6;References;88
6;4 Materials for Bearing Frictional Pairs;89
6.1;4.1 Sliding Bearing Material;89
6.1.1;4.1.1 Babbitt Alloy;90
6.1.2;4.1.2 Copper Alloy;93
6.1.3;4.1.3 Aluminum Alloy;94
6.1.4;4.1.4 Gray Cast Iron, Wear Resistant Cast Iron and Nodular Graphite Iron;96
6.1.5;4.1.5 Porous Metallic Materials;96
6.1.6;4.1.6 Nonmetallic Materials;97
6.1.6.1;4.1.6.1 Engineering Plastic;97
6.1.6.2;4.1.6.2 Carbon-Graphite;97
6.1.6.3;4.1.6.3 Rubber;99
6.1.7;4.1.7 Graphite–Metal Alloy;99
6.2;4.2 Rolling Bearing Material;99
6.2.1;4.2.1 Steels for Rings and Rolling Elements;100
6.2.2;4.2.2 Other Materials of the Rolling Bearings;107
6.2.3;4.2.3 Bearing Steel Selection Principle;109
6.3;References;110
7;5 Sliding Bearing Lubrication Theory;112
7.1;5.1 Lubrication Condition;112
7.2;5.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication;114
7.2.1;5.2.1 Fluid Lubrication Basic Equation;114
7.2.2;5.2.2 Reynolds Equation;116
7.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Reynolds Equation General Formula;116
7.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 Simplification of the Reynolds equation;118
7.2.3;5.2.3 Flow Equation and Shearing Stress Equation;121
7.2.3.1;5.2.3.1 Flow Equation;121
7.2.3.2;5.2.3.2 Shear Stress Equation;122
7.2.3.3;5.2.3.3 Application of Reynolds Equation;123
7.3;5.3 Design and Calculation of Hydrodynamic Sliding Bearing;123
7.3.1;5.3.1 Tapered-Land Thrust Bearing;124
7.3.1.1;5.3.1.1 Single Bevel Bush;124
7.3.1.2;5.3.1.2 Multiple Bushes;126
7.3.2;5.3.2 Ladder Bearing;126
7.3.2.1;5.3.2.1 Pressure Distribution;127
7.3.2.2;5.3.2.2 Load Capacity;128
7.3.3;5.3.3 Journal Bearing;128
7.3.3.1;5.3.3.1 Integral Boundary Conditions;128
7.3.3.2;5.3.3.2 Infinite Radial Bearing with Complete Cycle (360°);129
7.3.3.3;5.3.3.3 Finite Radial Bearings;134
7.3.3.4;5.3.3.4 Parameters Selection of the Radial Sliding Bearing Design;136
7.4;5.4 Fluid Dynamic Instability;137
7.4.1;5.4.1 Oil Film Instability;137
7.4.2;5.4.2 Half-frequency Whirl;138
7.4.3;5.4.3 Oil Oscillation;139
7.4.4;5.4.4 Oil Film Instability Restraint;140
7.5;5.5 Hydrostatic Lubrication;141
7.5.1;5.5.1 Working Principle;141
7.5.1.1;5.5.1.1 Hydrostatic Bearing with Constant Oil Flow;141
7.5.1.2;5.5.1.2 Hydrostatic Bearing with Constant Oil Pressure;142
7.5.1.3;5.5.1.3 Throttling Valve;143
7.5.2;5.5.2 Design Principle of Capillary Throttling Journal Hydrostatic Bearing;145
7.5.2.1;5.5.2.1 Pressure W1 of Single Oil Cavity to the Shaft Neck;146
7.5.2.2;5.5.2.2 Flow of the Capillary;146
7.5.2.3;5.5.2.3 Outlet Flow on the Single Oil Cavity Cover;146
7.5.2.4;5.5.2.4 Bearing Load Capacity;148
7.6;5.6 Special Sliding Bearings;150
7.6.1;5.6.1 Gas Bearing Lubrication Theory;150
7.6.2;5.6.2 Magnetic Suspension Bearing Principle;153
7.7;References;154
8;6 Rolling Bearing Lubrication Theory;155
8.1;6.1 Rigid Contact Lubrication Theory;155
8.1.1;6.1.1 Geometric Analogy and Clearance Equation;156
8.1.1.1;6.1.1.1 Contact Between the Cylindrical Surface with Cross-Section Shape and Flat Surface;156
8.1.1.2;6.1.1.2 Contact Between Two Cylinders;157
8.1.2;6.1.2 Martin Line Contact Lubrication Theory;157
8.1.2.1;6.1.2.1 Pressure Distribution;157
8.1.2.2;6.1.2.2 Load Capacity in Per Unit Length;159
8.1.2.3;6.1.2.3 Boundedness of Martin Equation;159
8.2;6.2 Elastic Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory;160
8.2.1;6.2.1 Approximate Solution for Line Contact EHL;160
8.2.1.1;6.2.1.1 Elastic Deformation of Line Contact;160
8.2.1.2;6.2.1.2 Reynolds Equation Considering the Pressure–Viscosity Effect;161
8.2.1.3;6.2.1.3 Analysis and Discussion;162
8.2.1.4;6.2.1.4 ?py??? Oil Film Thickness Equation;164
8.2.2;6.2.2 Numerical Solution for Line Contact EHL;165
8.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Basic Equation;166
8.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Solution Method to the Reynolds Equation;168
8.2.2.3;6.2.2.3 Solution Method for Elastic Deformation Equation;168
8.2.2.4;6.2.2.4 Solution Sequence;169
8.2.2.5;6.2.2.5 Dowson–Higginson Line Contact Oil Film Thickness Equation;169
8.2.3;6.2.3 Key Influencing Factors on Loads Distribution and Oil Film Shape for EHL;170
8.2.4;6.2.4 Line Contact Lubrication Equation and State Diagram;171
8.2.4.1;6.2.4.1 Rigid-Constant Viscosity (R-I);172
8.2.4.2;6.2.4.2 Rigid-Variable Viscosity (R-V);172
8.2.4.3;6.2.4.3 Elasticity-Constant Viscosity (E-I);172
8.2.4.4;6.2.4.4 Elasticity-Variable Viscosity (E-V);172
8.2.5;6.2.5 Point Contact Lubrication Equation and State Diagram;173
8.2.5.1;6.2.5.1 Computational Formula;173
8.2.5.2;6.2.5.2 Oil Film Shape and Pressure Distribution;175
8.2.5.3;6.2.5.3 Lubrication State Diagram of Point Contact;175
8.3;6.3 EHL Theory in the Bearing Application;177
8.3.1;6.3.1 EHL Theory Application;177
8.3.2;6.3.2 EHL Calculation in the Rolling Bearing;178
8.4;6.4 Boundary Lubrication Theory;181
8.4.1;6.4.1 Boundary Lubrication Mechanism;181
8.4.2;6.4.2 Boundary Film Types and Characteristics;181
8.4.3;6.4.3 Influencing Factors on Boundary Lubrication Film;183
8.5;6.5 Recearch Development for the Rolling Bearing Lubrication Mechanism;184
8.5.1;6.5.1 EHL Simulation Study in the Rough Surface;185
8.5.2;6.5.2 Grease Lubrication Mechanism;186
8.5.3;6.5.3 Grease Lubrication Migration Mechanism;188
8.6;6.6 Genetic Algorithm in the Cylindrical Roller Bearing Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Numerical Analysis;191
8.7;References;195
9;7 Bearing Lubrication Application;196
9.1;7.1 Lubricant;196
9.1.1;7.1.1 Oil Lubrication;196
9.1.2;7.1.2 Grease;201
9.1.3;7.1.3 Solid Lubricant and Gas Lubricant;202
9.2;7.2 Sliding Bearing Lubrication;202
9.2.1;7.2.1 Sliding Bearing with Boundary Lubrication;203
9.2.2;7.2.2 Sliding Bearing with Dynamic Lubrication;203
9.2.3;7.2.3 Lubrication Types;204
9.2.4;7.2.4 Lubricant Selection;205
9.2.5;7.2.5 Lubrication System;205
9.3;7.3 Rolling Bearing Lubrication;206
9.3.1;7.3.1 Lubrication Types;207
9.3.2;7.3.2 Lubricant Selection;208
9.3.3;7.3.3 Lubricant Dosage;211
9.4;7.4 Bearing Lubrication for the Typical Equipment;214
9.4.1;7.4.1 Auto Bearing Lubrication;214
9.4.2;7.4.2 Mill Bearing Lubrication;216
9.4.3;7.4.3 Large Size Motor Bearing Lubrication;220
9.5;References;221
10;8 Friction and Wear Testing Technology in the Bearing;222
10.1;8.1 Friction Torque Measuring of the Bearing;222
10.1.1;8.1.1 Twisted Shaft Method;223
10.1.2;8.1.2 Balance Moment Method;223
10.1.3;8.1.3 Energy Conversion Method;223
10.2;8.2 Wear Loss Measuring of the Bearing;224
10.2.1;8.2.1 Weight Method;224
10.2.2;8.2.2 Length Method;225
10.2.3;8.2.3 Radioisotope Method;225
10.2.4;8.2.4 Precipitation or Chemical Analysis Method;226
10.2.5;8.2.5 Profiler Method;226
10.2.6;8.2.6 Displacement Sensor Method;226
10.3;8.3 Friction Temperature Measuring of the Bearing;227
10.3.1;8.3.1 The Thermocouple Method;227
10.3.2;8.3.2 The Thin Film Sensor Method;228
10.3.3;8.3.3 The Infrared Thermometry Method;229
10.3.4;8.3.4 The Thermal Resistance Method;229
10.3.5;8.3.5 The Optical Fiber Method;230
10.4;8.4 Traction Force Measuring of the Bearing;230
10.4.1;8.4.1 Line Contact EHL Traction Force Method;231
10.4.2;8.4.2 Point Contact EHL Traction Force Method;233
10.5;8.5 Bearing Tribo-tester of the Bearing;234
10.5.1;8.5.1 High-Speed Tribo-tester;235
10.5.2;8.5.2 Heavy Load Sliding Friction Tester;237
10.5.3;8.5.3 Spherical Plain Bearing Tribo-tester;238
10.5.4;8.5.4 Bearing Life Tester;240
10.5.5;8.5.5 Bearing Friction Torque Tester;242
10.5.6;8.5.6 Journal Bearing Tribo-tester;245
10.6;References;246
11;9 Fault Diagnosis and Status Monitoring of the Bearing;248
11.1;9.1 Introduction;248
11.2;9.2 Basic Theory of the Condition Monitoring;249
11.2.1;9.2.1 Status Signal and Characteristic Parameter;250
11.2.1.1;9.2.1.1 Selection Principle;250
11.2.1.2;9.2.1.2 Common State Characteristic Signals;251
11.2.1.3;9.2.1.3 Common Characteristic Parameters (Index of Characteristic);252
11.2.1.4;9.2.1.4 Principal Component Analysis;256
11.2.2;9.2.2 Signal Processing and Analysis;257
11.2.3;9.2.3 State Recognition;257
11.2.3.1;9.2.3.1 Comparative Diagnosis Method;257
11.2.3.2;9.2.3.2 Probability Statistics Method;258
11.3;9.3 Oil Analysis;258
11.3.1;9.3.1 Oil Analysis;258
11.3.1.1;9.3.1.1 Oil Analysis Procedure;259
11.3.1.2;9.3.1.2 Oil Analysis Content;260
11.3.1.3;9.3.1.3 Oil Analysis Method;261
11.3.2;9.3.2 Ferrographic Analysis;262
11.3.3;9.3.3 Magnetic Plug Inspection;266
11.4;9.4 Vibration Diagnosis;268
11.4.1;9.4.1 Introduction;268
11.4.1.1;9.4.1.1 Selection of the Diagnostic Parameters;268
11.4.1.2;9.4.1.2 Selection of Measuring Point;269
11.4.1.3;9.4.1.3 Selection of (Vibration Pickup) Sensor;270
11.4.1.4;9.4.1.4 Selection of Vibration Measurement Instrument;273
11.4.2;9.4.2 Discriminant Standard;274
11.4.2.1;9.4.2.1 Absolute Standard;274
11.4.2.2;9.4.2.2 Relative Standard;275
11.4.2.3;9.4.2.3 Analogy Standard;275
11.4.3;9.4.3 Signal Analysis;275
11.4.3.1;9.4.3.1 Tendency Chart Analysis;275
11.4.3.2;9.4.3.2 Wave Form Vibration Analysis During the Start and Stop Process;276
11.4.3.3;9.4.3.3 Common Spectrum Analysis;276
11.4.3.4;9.4.3.4 Order Spectrum Analysis;276
11.4.3.5;9.4.3.5 Spectrum Matrix Analysis;279
11.5;9.5 Plain Bearing Working Condition Monitoring;280
11.5.1;9.5.1 Failure Types;280
11.5.1.1;9.5.1.1 Wear Failure;281
11.5.1.2;9.5.1.2 Fatigue Failure;284
11.5.1.3;9.5.1.3 Corrosion;286
11.5.1.4;9.5.1.4 Cavitation;288
11.5.1.5;9.5.1.5 Fretting Corrosion;289
11.5.2;9.5.2 Diagnostic Methods;291
11.5.2.1;9.5.2.1 Half Speed Vortex Diagnosis Method;291
11.5.2.2;9.5.2.2 Frequency Domain Diagnostic;294
11.5.2.3;9.5.2.3 Mode Shape Diagnostic;294
11.5.2.4;9.5.2.4 Ferrographic Diagnosis for Sliding Bearing;294
11.5.3;9.5.3 Cases;295
11.6;9.6 Rolling Bearing Working Condition Monitoring;297
11.6.1;9.6.1 Diagnostic Technology;297
11.6.1.1;9.6.1.1 Fundamental Form of the Rolling Bearing Fault;297
11.6.1.2;9.6.1.2 Fault Monitoring and Diagnostic Method of the Rolling Bearing;300
11.6.2;9.6.2 Basic Process and Methods;302
11.6.2.1;9.6.2.1 Basic Link of Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis;302
11.6.2.2;9.6.2.2 Fault Diagnosis Methods of the Rolling Bearing;303
11.6.3;9.6.3 Vibration Analysis in the Fault Diagnosis;304
11.6.4;9.6.4 Fault Signal Processing;304
11.6.5;9.6.5 Rolling Bearing Fault Vibration Diagnosis;305
11.6.6;9.6.6 Rolling Bearing Vibration Monitoring;309
11.6.6.1;9.6.6.1 Simple Diagnosis;310
11.6.6.2;9.6.6.2 Precision Diagnosis;310
11.7;References;314
12;10 Applied Tribology in the Bearing;316
12.1;10.1 Applied Tribology in the Railway Bearing;316
12.1.1;10.1.1 Material Effect;317
12.1.2;10.1.2 Processing Quality Effect;318
12.1.3;10.1.3 Lubrication and Sealing Effect;318
12.1.4;10.1.4 Structure Effect;319
12.2;10.2 Applied Tribology in the Auto Bearing;320
12.2.1;10.2.1 Engine Bearing Tribology;320
12.2.2;10.2.2 Differential Side Bearing and Transmission Bearing Tribology;323
12.2.3;10.2.3 Clutch Bearing Tribology;324
12.2.4;10.2.4 Steer Bearing Tribology;324
12.2.5;10.2.5 Hub Bearing Tribology;325
12.2.6;10.2.6 Constant Velocity Universal Joint Tribology;325
12.3;10.3 Applied Tribology in the Lathe Bearing;326
12.3.1;10.3.1 Wear;327
12.3.2;10.3.2 Lubrication;327
12.4;10.4 Applied Tribology in the Mill Bearing;328
12.4.1;10.4.1 Rolling Bearing Tribology;329
12.4.2;10.4.2 Sliding Bearing Tribology;330
12.5;10.5 Applied Tribology in Aerospace Bearing;331
12.5.1;10.5.1 Aerospace Rolling Bearing Tribology;332
12.5.2;10.5.2 Aerospace Sliding Bearing Tribology;334
12.6;10.6 Applied Tribology in the Precise Instrument Bearing;336
12.7;10.7 Applied Tribology in Heavy-Duty Bearing;338
12.7.1;10.7.1 Heavy-Duty Rolling Bearing Tribology;338
12.7.2;10.7.2 Heavy-Duty Sliding Bearing Tribology;340