Quinn Temperature

2. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-5934-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 508 Seiten, Web PDF

Temperature, Second Edition gives a comprehensive account of the principles of thermometry over the range 0.5 K to about 3000 K. The book focuses on various topics on the field of thermometry such as the full description of the ITS-90, its practical application and preparation; accounts of total radiation thermometry and acoustic gas thermometry using spherical resonators; and the development of sealed cells for the realization of fixed points. The construction and use of high-temperature platinum resistance thermometers; introduction of the use of gold-platinum thermocouple; and the calibration and practical application of radiation thermometers are discussed as well. Physicists, engineers, researchers, and students will find the book a good reference.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Quinn, T. J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Temperature;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;9
5;PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION;6
6;PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION;8
7;LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS;12
8;Note regarding References to the Proceedings of the Symposia on Temperature;13
9;CHAPTER 1. THE MEANING OF TEMPERATURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERMOMETRY;14
9.1;1-1 Temperature: some basic ideas;14
9.2;1-2 Temperature in classical thermodynamics;16
9.3;1-3 Temperature in statistical mechanics;21
9.4;1-4 Thermal equilibrium, temperature in non-equilibrium conditions, and negative temperatures;24
9.5;1-5 Values of T, K and R;26
9.6;1-6 The origins of thermometry;29
9.7;1-7 Primary and secondary thermometry;33
9.8;References;35
10;CHAPTER 2. THERMODYNAMIC AND PRACTICAL TEMPERATURE SCALES;37
10.1;2-1 Introduction;37
10.2;2-2 The normal hydrogen scale;39
10.3;2-3 The origins of the International Temperature Scale of 1927;41
10.4;2-4 The principles of a practical temperature scale;43
10.5;2-5 The evolution of ITS-27 and its modifications in 1948;46
10.6;2-6 The definition of the unit of thermodynamic temperature: the kelvin;49
10.7;2-7 The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68);50
10.8;2-8 The uniqueness of IPTS-68 at low temperatures;55
10.9;2-9 The 1976 Provisional 0.5 K to 30 K Temperature Scale. EPT-76;58
10.10;2-10 The 1958 4He and 1962 3He vapour pressure scales;61
10.11;2-11 Departures from thermodynamic temperature of IPTS-68, EPT-76 and the 1958 and 1962 helium vapour pressure scales;65
10.12;2-12 The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90);72
10.13;References;79
11;CHAPTER 3. THE MEASUREMENT OF THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE;87
11.1;3-1 Introduction;87
11.2;3-2 Gas thermometry;87
11.3;3-3 Acoustic thermometry;112
11.4;3-4 Noise thermometry;127
11.5;3-5 Magnetic thermometry;137
11.6;3-6 Dielectric-constant and refractive-index gas thermometry;143
11.7;3-7 Total radiation thermometry;148
12;CHAPTER 4. FIXED POINTS AND COMPARISON BATHS;165
12.1;4-1 Introduction;165
12.2;4-2 Comparison baths and furnaces;166
12.3;4-3 Heat pipes;172
12.4;4-4 Boiling points of water and sulphur;177
12.5;4-5 The low temperature boiling and triple points;178
12.6;4-6 Superconducting transition points;195
12.7;4-7 The melting and freezing of metals;197
12.8;4-8 The triple point of water, 273.16 K;211
13;CHAPTER 5. RESISTANCE THERMOMETRY;218
13.1;5-1 The electrical resistance of metals, alloys and semi-conductors;218
13.2;5-2 The resistivity of a pure metal as a function of temperature;225
13.3;5-3 The resistivity of a semi-conductor as a function of temperature;229
13.4;5-4 The high precision platinum resistance thermometer;233
13.5;5-5 Industrial platinum resistance thermometry;248
13.6;5-6 The rhodium/0.5% iron resistance thermometer;260
13.7;5-7 The germanium resistance thermometer;265
13.8;5-8 Thermistors;272
13.9;5-9 Carbon and carbon–glass thermometers;275
13.10;5-10 Platinum–cobalt resistance thermometers;279
13.11;5-11 Effects of magnetic fields on resistance thermometers;280
13.12;5-12 Resistance measurement in thermometry;288
14;CHAPTER 6. THERMOCOUPLES;299
14.1;6-1 Introduction;299
14.2;6-2 Elementary theory of thermoelectricity;301
14.3;6-3 Thermocouple types;307
14.4;6-4 Extension and compensating wires;332
14.5;6-5 The calibration of thermocouples;333
14.6;6-6 Reference junctions;339
14.7;6-7 The pressure dependence of the emf of thermocouples;340
15;CHAPTER 7. RADIATION THERMOMETRY;345
15.1;7-1 Introduction;345
15.2;7-2 The properties of thermal radiation;347
15.3;7-3 The calculation of the emissivity of practical blackbody cavities;361
15.4;7-4 Practical blackbody cavities for the calibration of radiation thermometers;385
15.5;7-5 Tungsten ribbon lamps as reproducible sources for radiation pyrometry;390
15.6;7-6 Radiation pyrometers;404
15.7;7-7 Spectral radiation thermometry in the measurement of thermodynamic temperature;420
15.8;7-8 Industrial radiation thermometry;422
15.9;7-9 Radiation thermometry of semi-transparent media;436
16;CHAPTER 8. MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETRY;445
16.1;8-1 Introduction;445
16.2;8-2 The mercury-in-glass thermometer;446
16.3;8-3 Thermometric glasses;450
16.4;8-4 Secular change and temporary depression of zero;451
16.5;8-5 Thermometers for special applications;452
17;APPENDIXES;456
17.1;Appendix I: International Temperature Scales: dates and editions;458
17.2;Appendix II: ITS-90: Extracts from the text. Parts I, Units of Temperature; 2, Principles of the ITS-90; 3, Definition of ITS-90 and Tables of differences between ITS-90 and EPT-76 and between ITS-90 and IPTS-68 (from Metrologia, 27, 3–10, 1990);459
17.3;Appendix III: IPTS-68: Extracts from the text. Parts I (Introduction) and II (Definition) (from Metrologia, 12, 7–17, 1976);474
17.4;Appendix IV: National and international specifications for industrial platinum resistance thermometers;480
17.5;Appendix V: Thermocouple reference tables: skeleton tables for thermocouple Types B, E, J, K, R, S, T and N;483
17.6;Appendix VI: Polynomials for thermocouple reference tables These polynomials which describe the tables given in Appendix V are expressed in terms of IPTS-68 and not ITS-90, see introductory paragraph at the beginning of Appendix V.;492
18;INDEX;502