Rahman Acacia Wood Bio-composites

Towards Bio-Sustainability of the Environment
1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-29627-8
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 227 Seiten

Reihe: Chemistry and Materials Science

This book investigates the enhancement of properties of acacia wood and its surface treatment for high strength bio-composites. It describes the tensile, flexural and impact strength, surface behaviour, morphological analysis, infrared spectral functional analysis, thermal properties analysis and dielectrical properties of acacia wood bio-composites. It reports efforts on the optimization of fabrication techniques to prepare acacia wood reinforced bio-composites based on PLA, PHA, Etc. The book also reports on environmental impact analysis of acacia wood bio-composites. A special chapter is dedicated to the nano-enhancement of acacia wood bio-composites and their possible use in applications in terms of sustainability and economics. 

Rezaur Rahman is a Senior Lecturer (Assistant Professor) at the Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Malaysia. He is also a Visiting research fellow at the Faculty of Engineering, Tokushima University, Japan since June 2012. He has more than 10 years of experience in teaching, research, and industries. His area of research interests includes conducting polymer, Silica/Clay Dispersed elastomeric polymer Nanocomposites, Wood Polymer Nanocomposites, Hybrid Filled loaded Polymer Composites, Advance Materials: Graphene/Nanoclay/Fire Retardant, Nanocellulose (cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrillar) cellulose Reinforced/Filled Polymer Composites, Chemical Modification and Treatment of Lignocellulosic Fibres.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rahman, Md Rezaur

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Introduction of Various Types of Acacia Wood;8
2.1;1 Introduction;8
2.2;2 Genus Acacia;9
2.3;3 Genus Senegalia;11
2.4;4 Genus Acaciella;11
2.5;5 Genus Mariosousa;14
2.6;6 Genus Racosperma;15
2.7;7 Acacia as Invaders and Potential Resource;17
2.8;8 Acacia mangium Willd. Evergreen Tree;19
2.9;9 Acacia mangium Willd. in the Malaysian Region;20
2.10;10 Sapwood and Heartwood (Acacia mangium Willd. and Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.);23
2.11;11 Summary;25
2.12;References;26
3;Acacia Wood and Its Surface Treatment for High Strength Bio-composites;29
3.1;1 Introduction;29
3.2;2 Wood, Natural Fiber and Its Polymer Interface;30
3.2.1;2.1 Classification of Natural Fiber;31
3.2.2;2.2 Polymer Matrix;32
3.3;3 Treatment;33
3.3.1;3.1 Physical Treatments;33
3.3.2;3.2 Chemical Treatments;34
3.4;4 Characterization of Fiber Surface Treatments;36
3.4.1;4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy;37
3.4.2;4.2 Raman Spectroscopy;37
3.4.3;4.3 Single-Fiber Fragmentation Test;37
3.4.4;4.4 Fiber Pull-Out Test;38
3.4.5;4.5 Micro-debonding Test;38
3.5;5 Effect of Different Chemical Treatments on the Different Fibers Performance;39
3.5.1;5.1 Wheat Straw;39
3.5.2;5.2 Banana Fiber;39
3.5.3;5.3 Sisal Fiber;39
3.5.4;5.4 Coconut Husk Fiber;41
3.5.5;5.5 Hemp Fiber;42
3.5.6;5.6 Rice Straw;42
3.5.7;5.7 Henequen Fiber;43
3.5.8;5.8 Flax Fiber;43
3.5.9;5.9 Agave americana Leaves Fibers;48
3.5.10;5.10 Kapok and Jute Fiber;51
3.5.11;5.11 Acacia Wood;52
3.6;6 Summary;52
3.7;References;53
4;Optimization of Fabrication Technique to Prepare Acacia Wood Reinforced Bio-composites;55
4.1;1 Introduction;55
4.2;2 Literature Review;57
4.2.1;2.1 Polymer Composites;57
4.2.2;2.2 Bio-composites;57
4.2.3;2.3 Acacia Wood;61
4.2.4;2.4 Polyvinyl Alcohol;62
4.2.5;2.5 Acrylonitrile;67
4.2.6;2.6 Enhancement of Wood Quality;71
4.2.7;2.7 Modern Policies to Growth Wood Quality;71
4.2.8;2.8 Chemical Modification of Wood;73
4.2.9;2.9 Wood Modification by Impregnation Technique;73
4.2.10;2.10 Presence of Clay in Wood Impregnation;75
4.2.11;2.11 Wood Deterioration;76
4.2.12;2.12 Wood Timber and Wood Impregnation Industry and Market;77
4.3;3 Methodology;78
4.3.1;3.1 Materials;78
4.3.2;3.2 Equipment and Instruments;78
4.3.3;3.3 Impregnated Wood Preparation;79
4.3.4;3.4 Characterizations of Impregnation Woods;80
4.4;4 Results and Discussion;82
4.4.1;4.1 Mechanical Properties (Three Points Structural Testing);82
4.4.2;4.2 Chemical Structural Analysis (FTIR);85
4.4.3;4.3 Morphological Study (SEM);89
4.4.4;4.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);93
4.4.5;4.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);96
4.4.6;4.6 Response Surface Methodology;98
4.4.7;4.7 Summary;104
4.5;5 Conclusion;105
4.6;References;105
5;Tensile, Flexural and Impact Strength of Acacia Wood Bio-composites;109
5.1;1 Introduction;109
5.2;2 Experimental;111
5.2.1;2.1 Materials;111
5.2.2;2.2 Fiber Preparation;112
5.2.3;2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites;112
5.2.4;2.4 Methods;113
5.3;3 Results and Discussion;114
5.3.1;3.1 Effects of Fiber Loading on PLA and PHA Bio-composites Mechanical Properties;114
5.3.2;3.2 Effect of Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) on Bio-composites Material Properties;120
5.4;4 Conclusion;122
5.5;References;122
6;Study of Surface Behavior of Acacia Wood Bio-composites by Morphological Analysis;126
6.1;1 Introduction;126
6.2;2 Experimental;128
6.2.1;2.1 Materials;128
6.2.2;2.2 Fiber Preparation;129
6.2.3;2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites;130
6.2.4;2.4 Methods;130
6.3;3 Results and Discussion;131
6.3.1;3.1 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified AW Fibre for PLA and PHA Bio-composites Morphological Properties;131
6.3.2;3.2 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified Fibre for Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Morphological Properties;133
6.3.3;3.3 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified Fibre with Nano-enhancement for Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Morphological Properties;135
6.4;4 Conclusion;137
6.5;References;137
7;Infrared Spectral Functional Group and Thermal Properties of Acacia Wood Bio-composites;140
7.1;1 Introduction;141
7.2;2 Experimental;143
7.2.1;2.1 Materials;143
7.2.2;2.2 Fiber Preparation;144
7.2.3;2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites;144
7.2.4;2.4 Methods;145
7.3;3 Results and Discussion;146
7.3.1;3.1 FTIR of Unmodified AW Fibre Spectral Properties;146
7.3.2;3.2 FTIR of Nano-Enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Infrared Spectral Properties;148
7.3.3;3.3 Thermal Crystallinity Properties of Unmodified and Modified Fiber with PLA and PHA Polymer Bio-composites;149
7.3.4;3.4 Thermal Degradation Properties of Bio-composites;151
7.4;4 Conclusion;153
7.5;References;153
8;Environmental Impact Analysis of Wood and Natural Fiber Bio-Composites;157
8.1;1 Introduction;157
8.1.1;1.1 Effect of Construction and Building Industry to the Environment;157
8.1.2;1.2 Sustainable Development and Sustainability;158
8.1.3;1.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA);159
8.1.4;1.4 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites;160
8.2;2 LCA Framework;161
8.2.1;2.1 Procedures of LCA;161
8.2.2;2.2 LCA in Construction and Building Sector;164
8.2.3;2.3 Existing LCA Case Studies;164
8.3;3 Steel RC Beam System Versus Glass-Fiber/Epoxy and Glass-Hemp-Fiber/Epoxy RC Beam System;166
8.3.1;3.1 Fossil Depletion;166
8.3.2;3.2 Climate Change;167
8.3.3;3.3 Water Depletion;169
8.3.4;3.4 Hybrid GHFRP RC Beam System;170
8.4;4 Conclusion;173
8.5;References;173
9;Dielectric Properties of Acacia Wood Bio-composites;175
9.1;1 Introduction;175
9.2;2 Experimental;176
9.2.1;2.1 Materials;176
9.2.2;2.2 Fiber Preparation;177
9.2.3;2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites;177
9.2.4;2.4 Methods;178
9.3;3 Results and Discussion;179
9.3.1;3.1 Effects of Fiber Loading on PLA and PHA Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties;179
9.3.2;3.2 Effects of Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) on Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties;183
9.3.3;3.3 Effects of Nano-enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties;186
9.3.4;3.4 Effects of Chemical Treatment on AW Fiber as Reinforcement in PLA, PHA, Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) and NCHB Polymer Blend Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties;188
9.4;4 Conclusion;189
9.5;References;189
10;Effect of Nano-enhancement on Acacia Wood Bio-composites;191
10.1;1 Introduction;191
10.2;2 Experimental;193
10.2.1;2.1 Materials;193
10.2.2;2.2 Fiber Preparation;193
10.2.3;2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites;194
10.2.4;2.4 Methods;195
10.3;3 Results and Discussion;197
10.3.1;3.1 Effects of Nano-enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Mechanical Properties;197
10.3.2;3.2 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified Fiber with Nano-enhancement for Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Morphological Properties;201
10.3.3;3.3 FTIR of Nano-enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Infrared Spectral Properties;202
10.3.4;3.4 Thermal Crystallinity Properties of Unmodified and Modified Fiber and Nano-enhancement with Polymer Blend Bio-composites;204
10.4;4 Conclusion;205
10.5;References;206
11;Possibility Usage of Acacia Wood Bio-composites in Application and Appliances;210
11.1;1 Introduction;210
11.2;2 Acacia Wood Bio-composites in Application and Appliances;213
11.2.1;2.1 Panel Production for Construction Industry;213
11.2.2;2.2 Acacia Bio-Composites in Building Construction;214
11.2.3;2.3 Fiber Cement Composites;214
11.2.4;2.4 Exterior Construction in Building;215
11.2.5;2.5 Window and Door Construction;215
11.2.6;2.6 The Green Kitchen Construction;216
11.2.7;2.7 Bridge Construction;217
11.2.8;2.8 Precast Fibrous Concrete Panel;218
11.2.9;2.9 Acacia Wood Products;218
11.3;3 Non-wood Products;219
11.3.1;3.1 Forage;219
11.3.2;3.2 Gum;220
11.3.3;3.3 Tannins;220
11.3.4;3.4 Fiber;220
11.3.5;3.5 Local Medicine;220
11.3.6;3.6 Food;221
11.3.7;3.7 Handicrafts;221
11.4;4 Other Essential Services of Acacia Wood;221
11.4.1;4.1 Environmental Protection;221
11.4.2;4.2 Soil Fertility;221
11.4.3;4.3 Hedges, Shade and Shelter Usages;222
11.4.4;4.4 Wildlife Resource;222
11.4.5;4.5 Amenity and Ornamental Value;222
11.4.6;4.6 Agroforestry;222
11.5;5 Conclusion;223
11.6;References;223