Rahman Acacia Wood Bio-composites

Towards Bio-Sustainability of the Environment
1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-29627-8
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 224 Seiten

Reihe: Chemistry and Materials Science

This book investigates the enhancement of properties of acacia wood and its surface treatment for high strength bio-composites. It describes the tensile, flexural and impact strength, surface behaviour, morphological analysis, infrared spectral functional analysis, thermal properties analysis and dielectrical properties of acacia wood bio-composites. It reports efforts on the optimization of fabrication techniques to prepare acacia wood reinforced bio-composites based on PLA, PHA, Etc. The book also reports on environmental impact analysis of acacia wood bio-composites. A special chapter is dedicated to the nano-enhancement of acacia wood bio-composites and their possible use in applications in terms of sustainability and economics. 

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rahman, Md Rezaur

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Introduction of Various Types of Acacia Wood;8
2.1;1 Introduction;8
2.2;2 Genus Acacia;9
2.3;3 Genus Senegalia;11
2.4;4 Genus Acaciella;11
2.5;5 Genus Mariosousa;14
2.6;6 Genus Racosperma;15
2.7;7 Acacia as Invaders and Potential Resource;17
2.8;8 Acacia mangium Willd. Evergreen Tree;19
2.9;9 Acacia mangium Willd. in the Malaysian Region;20
2.10;10 Sapwood and Heartwood (Acacia mangium Willd. and Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.);23
2.11;11 Summary;25
2.12;References;26
3;Acacia Wood and Its Surface Treatment for High Strength Bio-composites;29
3.1;1 Introduction;29
3.2;2 Wood, Natural Fiber and Its Polymer Interface;30
3.2.1;2.1 Classification of Natural Fiber;31
3.2.2;2.2 Polymer Matrix;32
3.3;3 Treatment;33
3.3.1;3.1 Physical Treatments;33
3.3.2;3.2 Chemical Treatments;34
3.4;4 Characterization of Fiber Surface Treatments;36
3.4.1;4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy;37
3.4.2;4.2 Raman Spectroscopy;37
3.4.3;4.3 Single-Fiber Fragmentation Test;37
3.4.4;4.4 Fiber Pull-Out Test;38
3.4.5;4.5 Micro-debonding Test;38
3.5;5 Effect of Different Chemical Treatments on the Different Fibers Performance;39
3.5.1;5.1 Wheat Straw;39
3.5.2;5.2 Banana Fiber;39
3.5.3;5.3 Sisal Fiber;39
3.5.4;5.4 Coconut Husk Fiber;41
3.5.5;5.5 Hemp Fiber;42
3.5.6;5.6 Rice Straw;42
3.5.7;5.7 Henequen Fiber;43
3.5.8;5.8 Flax Fiber;43
3.5.9;5.9 Agave americana Leaves Fibers;48
3.5.10;5.10 Kapok and Jute Fiber;51
3.5.11;5.11 Acacia Wood;52
3.6;6 Summary;52
3.7;References;53
4;Optimization of Fabrication Technique to Prepare Acacia Wood Reinforced Bio-composites;55
4.1;1 Introduction;55
4.2;2 Literature Review;57
4.2.1;2.1 Polymer Composites;57
4.2.2;2.2 Bio-composites;57
4.2.3;2.3 Acacia Wood;61
4.2.4;2.4 Polyvinyl Alcohol;62
4.2.5;2.5 Acrylonitrile;67
4.2.6;2.6 Enhancement of Wood Quality;71
4.2.7;2.7 Modern Policies to Growth Wood Quality;71
4.2.8;2.8 Chemical Modification of Wood;73
4.2.9;2.9 Wood Modification by Impregnation Technique;73
4.2.10;2.10 Presence of Clay in Wood Impregnation;75
4.2.11;2.11 Wood Deterioration;76
4.2.12;2.12 Wood Timber and Wood Impregnation Industry and Market;77
4.3;3 Methodology;78
4.3.1;3.1 Materials;78
4.3.2;3.2 Equipment and Instruments;78
4.3.3;3.3 Impregnated Wood Preparation;79
4.3.4;3.4 Characterizations of Impregnation Woods;80
4.4;4 Results and Discussion;82
4.4.1;4.1 Mechanical Properties (Three Points Structural Testing);82
4.4.2;4.2 Chemical Structural Analysis (FTIR);85
4.4.3;4.3 Morphological Study (SEM);89
4.4.4;4.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);93
4.4.5;4.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);96
4.4.6;4.6 Response Surface Methodology;98
4.4.7;4.7 Summary;104
4.5;5 Conclusion;105
4.6;References;105
5;Tensile, Flexural and Impact Strength of Acacia Wood Bio-composites;109
5.1;1 Introduction;109
5.2;2 Experimental;111
5.2.1;2.1 Materials;111
5.2.2;2.2 Fiber Preparation;112
5.2.3;2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites;112
5.2.4;2.4 Methods;113
5.3;3 Results and Discussion;114
5.3.1;3.1 Effects of Fiber Loading on PLA and PHA Bio-composites Mechanical Properties;114
5.3.2;3.2 Effect of Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) on Bio-composites Material Properties;120
5.4;4 Conclusion;122
5.5;References;122
6;Study of Surface Behavior of Acacia Wood Bio-composites by Morphological Analysis;126
6.1;1 Introduction;126
6.2;2 Experimental;128
6.2.1;2.1 Materials;128
6.2.2;2.2 Fiber Preparation;129
6.2.3;2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites;130
6.2.4;2.4 Methods;130
6.3;3 Results and Discussion;131
6.3.1;3.1 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified AW Fibre for PLA and PHA Bio-composites Morphological Properties;131
6.3.2;3.2 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified Fibre for Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Morphological Properties;133
6.3.3;3.3 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified Fibre with Nano-enhancement for Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Morphological Properties;135
6.4;4 Conclusion;137
6.5;References;137
7;Infrared Spectral Functional Group and Thermal Properties of Acacia Wood Bio-composites;140
7.1;1 Introduction;141
7.2;2 Experimental;143
7.2.1;2.1 Materials;143
7.2.2;2.2 Fiber Preparation;144
7.2.3;2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites;144
7.2.4;2.4 Methods;145
7.3;3 Results and Discussion;146
7.3.1;3.1 FTIR of Unmodified AW Fibre Spectral Properties;146
7.3.2;3.2 FTIR of Nano-Enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Infrared Spectral Properties;148
7.3.3;3.3 Thermal Crystallinity Properties of Unmodified and Modified Fiber with PLA and PHA Polymer Bio-composites;149
7.3.4;3.4 Thermal Degradation Properties of Bio-composites;151
7.4;4 Conclusion;153
7.5;References;153
8;Environmental Impact Analysis of Wood and Natural Fiber Bio-Composites;157
8.1;1 Introduction;157
8.1.1;1.1 Effect of Construction and Building Industry to the Environment;157
8.1.2;1.2 Sustainable Development and Sustainability;158
8.1.3;1.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA);159
8.1.4;1.4 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites;160
8.2;2 LCA Framework;161
8.2.1;2.1 Procedures of LCA;161
8.2.2;2.2 LCA in Construction and Building Sector;164
8.2.3;2.3 Existing LCA Case Studies;164
8.3;3 Steel RC Beam System Versus Glass-Fiber/Epoxy and Glass-Hemp-Fiber/Epoxy RC Beam System;166
8.3.1;3.1 Fossil Depletion;166
8.3.2;3.2 Climate Change;167
8.3.3;3.3 Water Depletion;169
8.3.4;3.4 Hybrid GHFRP RC Beam System;170
8.4;4 Conclusion;173
8.5;References;173
9;Dielectric Properties of Acacia Wood Bio-composites;175
9.1;1 Introduction;175
9.2;2 Experimental;176
9.2.1;2.1 Materials;176
9.2.2;2.2 Fiber Preparation;177
9.2.3;2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites;177
9.2.4;2.4 Methods;178
9.3;3 Results and Discussion;179
9.3.1;3.1 Effects of Fiber Loading on PLA and PHA Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties;179
9.3.2;3.2 Effects of Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) on Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties;183
9.3.3;3.3 Effects of Nano-enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties;186
9.3.4;3.4 Effects of Chemical Treatment on AW Fiber as Reinforcement in PLA, PHA, Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) and NCHB Polymer Blend Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties;188
9.4;4 Conclusion;189
9.5;References;189
10;Effect of Nano-enhancement on Acacia Wood Bio-composites;191
10.1;1 Introduction;191
10.2;2 Experimental;193
10.2.1;2.1 Materials;193
10.2.2;2.2 Fiber Preparation;193
10.2.3;2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites;194
10.2.4;2.4 Methods;195
10.3;3 Results and Discussion;197
10.3.1;3.1 Effects of Nano-enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Mechanical Properties;197
10.3.2;3.2 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified Fiber with Nano-enhancement for Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Morphological Properties;201
10.3.3;3.3 FTIR of Nano-enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Infrared Spectral Properties;202
10.3.4;3.4 Thermal Crystallinity Properties of Unmodified and Modified Fiber and Nano-enhancement with Polymer Blend Bio-composites;204
10.4;4 Conclusion;205
10.5;References;206
11;Possibility Usage of Acacia Wood Bio-composites in Application and Appliances;210
11.1;1 Introduction;210
11.2;2 Acacia Wood Bio-composites in Application and Appliances;213
11.2.1;2.1 Panel Production for Construction Industry;213
11.2.2;2.2 Acacia Bio-Composites in Building Construction;214
11.2.3;2.3 Fiber Cement Composites;214
11.2.4;2.4 Exterior Construction in Building;215
11.2.5;2.5 Window and Door Construction;215
11.2.6;2.6 The Green Kitchen Construction;216
11.2.7;2.7 Bridge Construction;217
11.2.8;2.8 Precast Fibrous Concrete Panel;218
11.2.9;2.9 Acacia Wood Products;218
11.3;3 Non-wood Products;219
11.3.1;3.1 Forage;219
11.3.2;3.2 Gum;220
11.3.3;3.3 Tannins;220
11.3.4;3.4 Fiber;220
11.3.5;3.5 Local Medicine;220
11.3.6;3.6 Food;221
11.3.7;3.7 Handicrafts;221
11.4;4 Other Essential Services of Acacia Wood;221
11.4.1;4.1 Environmental Protection;221
11.4.2;4.2 Soil Fertility;221
11.4.3;4.3 Hedges, Shade and Shelter Usages;222
11.4.4;4.4 Wildlife Resource;222
11.4.5;4.5 Amenity and Ornamental Value;222
11.4.6;4.6 Agroforestry;222
11.5;5 Conclusion;223
11.6;References;223