Ramasubramanian Geographic Information Science and Public Participation

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-540-75401-5
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 163 Seiten

Computer-mediated participation is at the crossroads. In the early heady days of the digital revolution, access to 'high' technologies such as GIS promised the empowerment of marginalized communities by providing data and information that was previously hidden away from public view. To a great extent, this goal has been achieved at least in the U.S. and Western Europe - data about a range of government initiatives and raw data about different aspects of spatial planning such as land use, community facilities, property ownership are available a mouse-click away. Now, that we, the public, have access to information, are we able to make better plans for the future of our cities and regions? Are we more inclusive in our planning efforts? Are we able to foster collaborative governance structures mediated by digital technologies? In the book, these issues will be discussed using a three-part structure. The first part of the book will be theoretical - it will review the literature in the field, establish a framework to organize the literature and to link three different subject areas (participation and community development, GIS and other related technologies, and planning processes). The second part of the book will be a series of success stories, case studies that review actual situations where participatory planning using GIS has enabled community wellbeing and empowerment. These case studies will vary in scale and focus on different planning issues (planning broadly defined). The final part of the book will step back to review alternative scenarios for the future, exploring where we are headed, as the technologies we are using to plan rapidly change.

Dr. Laxmi Ramasubramanian is an Associate Professor in the Department of Urban Affairs and Planning at Hunter College and a member of the Doctoral Faculty in the Earth and Environmental Science Program at the City University of New York Graduate Center.  She has consulted, lectured, researched, and published worldwide.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ramasubramanian, Laxmi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;7
3;Contents;12
4;Part I Participatory Planning: Why Does It matter?;16
4.1;1 Dilemmas in Contemporary Planning;17
4.1.1;1.1 Introduction;17
4.1.2;1.2 Participation and Planning: An Uneasy Relationship;23
4.1.3;1.3 The Core Dilemmas;23
4.1.3.1;1.3.1 Framing Planning Problems;24
4.1.3.2;1.3.2 Determining the Locus of Planning Authority;24
4.1.3.3;1.3.3 Defining the ''Public Interest'';25
4.1.3.4;1.3.4 Management of Participation Within Formal Processes;26
4.1.4;1.4 Planning and Technologies;26
4.1.5;1.5 The Way Forward;28
4.1.6;1.6 Notes;30
4.2;2 The Digital Revolution;32
4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;32
4.2.2;2.2 The Digital Revolution;33
4.2.2.1;2.2.1 Developing Technologies (1968--1978);34
4.2.2.2;2.2.2 Developing Software, Data, and Applications (1978--1988);34
4.2.2.3;2.2.3 Being Connected -- Anywhere, Anytime (1988--1998);36
4.2.2.4;2.2.4 Creating Empowered Netizens (1998--2008);39
4.2.3;2.3 The Evolution of Public Participation GIS;39
4.2.4;2.4 Changes in PPGIS Use and Planning Practice;42
4.2.5;2.5 Notes;43
4.3;3 Dilemmas in Contemporary Planning;46
4.3.1;3.1 The Need for Frameworks;46
4.3.2;3.2 Framework Elements;47
4.3.2.1;3.2.1 Participation Goals;47
4.3.2.2;3.2.2 Participants;50
4.3.2.3;3.2.3 Methods of Engagement;51
4.3.2.4;3.2.4 Process Design and Management;53
4.3.2.5;3.2.5 Digital Tools;54
4.3.2.6;3.2.6 Data and Information;55
4.3.2.7;3.2.7 Time;56
4.3.2.8;3.2.8 Outcomes;57
4.3.3;3.3 Citizen Science and PPGIS;57
4.3.4;3.4 Overview of Upcoming Chapters;59
4.3.5;3.5 Notes;60
4.4;4 PPGIS: State of the Practice;62
4.4.1;4.1 Introduction;62
4.4.2;4.2 The Sawicki/Peterman Survey (19961998);62
4.4.3;4.3 Web Search;64
4.4.3.1;4.3.1 Community-Based PPGIS Facilitators;65
4.4.3.2;4.3.2 University-Based PPGIS Facilitators;65
4.4.3.3;4.3.3 Data Providers;65
4.4.3.4;4.3.4 Spontaneous PPGIS Activities;69
4.4.4;4.4 E-Survey;70
4.4.4.1;4.4.1 Survey Design/Distribution;70
4.4.4.2;4.4.2 Survey Questions;71
4.4.5;4.5 Analysis of Survey Results;71
4.4.5.1;4.5.1 Organizational Characteristics;72
4.4.5.2;4.5.2 Intended and Actual Users of PPGIS Applications;73
4.4.5.3;4.5.3 Organizational Sustainability;75
4.4.5.4;4.5.4 Data Sources;75
4.4.6;4.6 Interview Findings;76
4.4.7;4.7 Next Steps;77
4.4.8;4.8 Notes;77
5;Part II Three Narratives;88
5.1;5 Politics and Participation in Bostons South End;89
5.1.1;5.1 Introduction;89
5.1.2;5.2 The City in History;89
5.1.3;5.3 The South End Resists Urban Renewal;91
5.1.4;5.4 The SEPHC Coalition;92
5.1.5;5.5 The SEHPC Challenge to SETSA;93
5.1.6;5.6 How SEHPC Works;94
5.1.7;5.7 Notes;97
5.2;6 Planning to Preserve Community Character in Oak Park, Illinois;98
5.2.1;6.1 Introduction;98
5.2.2;6.2 Oak Park, Illinois: Background and History;99
5.2.3;6.3 Planning in Oak Park;101
5.2.4;6.4 Coping with Growth and Change;101
5.2.5;6.5 An Overview of Planning Together 20022003;104
5.2.6;6.6 Digital Tools Used in Participatory Planning;107
5.2.6.1;6.6.1 Online Visual Preference Surveys;107
5.2.6.2;6.6.2 Navigational and Representational Applications;107
5.2.6.3;6.6.3 Annotated Maps;108
5.2.6.4;6.6.4 Online Planning Tools;108
5.2.7;6.7 Benefits and Constraints;110
5.2.8;6.8 Changes in Oak Parks Planning Approaches;111
5.2.9;6.9 Conclusions;113
5.2.10;6.10 Notes;114
5.3;7 Chicagolands Search for Common Ground;116
5.3.1;7.1 Introduction;116
5.3.2;7.2 A Planned City, A Sprawling Region;116
5.3.3;7.3 City Politics and Regional Consequences;118
5.3.4;7.4 NIPC: An Agency with Leadership and Vision;120
5.3.5;7.5 Key Elements in the Common Ground Process;121
5.3.5.1;7.5.1 Leadership Workshops (Fall 2001);122
5.3.5.2;7.5.2 Regional Forum (Fall 2001);122
5.3.5.3;7.5.3 Working Groups (Fall 2001 to Summer 2002);122
5.3.5.4;7.5.4 Youth Forum (Spring 2002);123
5.3.5.5;7.5.5 Goals Writing Workshops (June 2002);123
5.3.5.6;7.5.6 Goals Review Workshops (Fall 2002 to Spring 2003);123
5.3.5.7;7.5.7 Commission Endorsement (March 2003);123
5.3.6;7.6 An Integrated Land Use/Transportation Plan;123
5.3.7;7.7 Digital Tools for Public Participation;125
5.3.7.1;7.7.1 Facilitation Tools;125
5.3.7.1.1;7.7.1.1 Key Pad Polling;125
5.3.7.1.2;7.7.1.2 Web Council;125
5.3.7.1.3;7.7.1.3 AmericaSpeaks;125
5.3.7.2;7.7.2 GIS Tool: Paint-the-Region;126
5.3.8;7.8 Final Outcomes;126
5.3.9;7.9 A New Regional Planning Agency;126
5.3.10;7.10 A Comment on Regional Planning;128
5.3.11;7.11 Notes;129
5.4;8 Evaluation;130
5.4.1;8.1 Introduction;130
5.4.2;8.2 Participatory Research and Evaluation;131
5.4.3;8.3 PPGIS Evaluation;133
5.4.4;8.4 Evaluation Framework;134
5.4.4.1;8.4.1 Process Design;135
5.4.4.2;8.4.2 Short Term Outcomes;135
5.4.4.3;8.4.3 Long Term Impacts;136
5.4.5;8.5 Summary of Case Studies;136
5.4.6;8.6 Applying the Framework to the Cases;138
5.4.7;8.7 Notes;142
6;Part III The Future of PPGIS;143
6.1;9 PPGIS as Critical Reflective Practice;144
6.1.1;9.1 Introduction;144
6.1.2;9.2 Planning Is Consensus Building;144
6.1.3;9.3 Participation in Consensus Building Efforts;145
6.1.4;9.4 Framing Planning Issues;146
6.1.5;9.5 Advocacy for the Public Interest;148
6.1.6;9.6 Managing Participation;151
6.1.7;9.7 How Technologies Have Evolved;152
6.1.8;9.8 Building Capacity and Empowerment;155
6.1.9;9.9 Notes;158
6.2;10 Where to, from Here?;159
6.2.1;10.1 Introduction;159
6.2.2;10.2 Guidelines for Participatory Planning with GIS;160
7;References;164
8;Index;173