Rembovsky / Ashikhmin / Kozmin Radio Monitoring

Problems, Methods and Equipment
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-387-98100-0
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 508 Seiten

Radio Monitoring: Problems, Methods, and Equipment offers a unified approach to fundamental aspects of Automated Radio Monitoring (ARM). The authors discuss the development, modeling, design, and manufacture of ARM systems. Data from established and recent research are presented and recommendations are made on methods and approaches for solving common problems in ARM. The authors also provide classification and detailed descriptions of modern high-efficient hardware-software ARM equipment, including the equipment for detection, radio direction-finding, parameters measurement and their analysis, and the identification and localization of the electromagnetic field sources. Examples of ARM equipment structure, applications, and software are provided to manage a variety of complicated interference environment in the industrial centers, inside of the buildings, and in the open terrain. This book provides a reference for professionals and researchers interested in deploying ARM technology as a tool for solving problems from radio frequency spectrum usage control.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rembovsky, Anatoly

Ashikhmin, Alexander

Kozmin, Vladimir

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;9
3;Acronyms;16
4;1 Introduction;21
5;2 Problems, Classification and Structure of ARM Equipment;25
5.1; Introduction;25
5.2; Classification of Radio Monitoring Equipment;26
5.2.1; Operation Zone Sizes;27
5.2.2; Application;27
5.2.3; Equipment Performance;28
5.2.4; Design Constraints;28
5.3; Radio Monitoring Equipment Design Philosophy;29
5.4; Requirements for RM Equipment Technical Parameters;32
5.4.1; Quality Criterion Selection;32
5.4.2; Main Technical Parameters of RM Equipment;33
5.5; Characteristics of RM Equipment Families;35
5.5.1; Radio Monitoring and RES Location Detection Systems;36
5.5.2; Stationary and Mobile RM Stations;36
5.5.3; Portable RM Equipment;38
5.5.4; Manpack ARM Equipment;39
5.6; Conclusion;41
6;References;42
7;3 Radio Receiver Applications for Radio Monitoring System;43
7.1; Introduction;43
7.2; Tuned Radio Receiver;43
7.3; Main Radio Receiver Parameters;47
7.3.1; Operating Frequency Range;48
7.3.2; Amplitude-Frequency Response of the Linear Receive Path;48
7.3.3; Voltage Standing Wave Ratio;49
7.3.4; Main Channel and Spurious Channels;50
7.3.5; RR Selectivity;54
7.3.6; Inherent Noise and Receiver Sensitivity;56
7.3.7; Sensitivity Increase with the Help of Pre-amplifiers;59
7.3.8; Pre-amplifier Gain Factor Selection;62
7.3.9; Receiver Multi-Signal Selectivity;63
7.3.10; Intermodulation Noise;63
7.3.11; Intercept Points on IP 2 and IP 3 Intermodulation;67
7.3.12; Intermodulation-Free Dynamic Range Determination;70
7.3.13; Attenuator Influence on the Intermodulation Value;71
7.3.14; Determining the Intercept Points;72
7.3.15; Blockage Effect;72
7.3.16; Crosstalk Distortions;73
7.3.17; Phase Noise and Retuning Rate of the Panoramic RR;74
7.4; Digital Radio Receivers;76
7.4.1; General Principles of Digital Radio Receiver Implementation;76
7.4.2; Types of ARM Receivers;78
7.5; Development of Russian Arm Systems;80
7.5.1; First- and Second-Generation Systems;80
7.5.2; Radio Receivers of the Third and Fourth Generation;82
7.5.3; Fifth-Generation Radio Receivers;86
7.6; ARK-CT1 Digital Radio Receiver;87
7.7; ARK-D1TP Digital Panoramic Measuring Receiver;93
7.8; ARK-CT3 Digital Receiver;95
7.9; ARK-KNV4 External Remote-Controlled Converter;99
7.10; ARK-PR5 Argamak Digital Radio Receiver;101
7.11; ARGAMAK-I Panoramic Measuring Receiver;113
7.12; Conclusion;113
8;References;114
9;4 Single-Channel and Multi-Channel Radio Signal Detection;115
9.1; Introduction;115
9.2; Single-Channel Signal Detection;117
9.3; Characteristics of Single-Channel Detectionof Narrow-Band Signals;125
9.4; Single-Channel Detection of Radio Signals With POFT;128
9.4.1; Probabilistic Features of the Frequency Observation Time;129
9.4.2; Probability of Separate Frequency Registration;131
9.4.3; Estimate of the Total Number of Registered Frequencies;132
9.4.4; Optimization of ARM System Parameters;133
9.4.5; Detection Characteristics;135
9.5; Double-Channel Detection of Narrow-Band Signals;137
9.6; Comparison of Single-Channel and Double-Channel Processing;139
9.7; Conclusion;141
10;References;141
11;5 Multi-Channel Digital Receivers;143
11.1; Introduction;143
11.2; Panoramic Multi-Channel Receivers;143
11.3; ARK-D11 Double-Channel Complex;145
11.4; ARK-RD8M Multi-Channel Complex;146
11.5; SMO-MCRM Customized Software Package;150
11.5.1; Software Purpose and Performance Capabilities;150
11.5.2; Software Operation Modes;151
11.6; Conclusion;153
12;References;153
13;6 Modulation and Signal Types in Modern Radioelectronic Means;155
13.1; Introduction;155
13.2; Administrative Division of the Frequency Spectrum;155
13.3; Modulation in Communication and Broadcast Systems;158
13.3.1; General Information;158
13.3.2; Types of Analog Modulation;160
13.3.2.1; Amplitude Modulation;160
13.3.2.2; Frequency Modulation;163
13.3.2.3; Phase Modulation;166
13.3.3; Types of Discrete (Digital) Modulation;167
13.3.3.1; Amplitude-Shift Keyed Signal;167
13.3.3.2; Frequency-Shift Keyed Signal;168
13.3.3.3; Phase Shift-Keying Signal;172
13.3.3.4; Amplitude-Phase Shift Keying;176
13.4; Signals of Modern Radio Electronic Means;177
13.4.1; SW Range Signals (Less Than 30MHz);178
13.4.1.1; Radio Broadcasting;178
13.4.1.2; Communication in SW Range;182
13.4.2; VHF Range Signals (More Than 30MHz);185
13.4.2.1; Radio Broadcasting;186
13.4.2.2; TV Broadcasting;188
13.4.2.3; Communication in VHF Range;190
13.4.3; International System for Signal Designation;202
13.5; International Frequency Range Distribution;205
13.6; Conclusion;209
14;References;212
15;7 Measurement of Radio Signal Parameters;214
15.1; Introduction;214
15.2; Frequency Measurement;214
15.2.1; Instantaneous Frequency Measurement Method;215
15.2.2; FFT Method;216
15.2.3; Measurement of Spectrum Width;218
15.3; Determination of Modulation Type and Its Parameter Measurement;220
15.3.1; Determination of Modulation Type;220
15.3.2; Modulation and the Determination of Shift-Keying Characteristics;223
15.4; SMO-STA Software for the Analysis of Automated Radio Signals;225
15.4.1; STA Software Possibilities and Its Functional Diagram;225
15.4.2; Examples of Radio Signal Modulation Type and Parameters' Determination;227
15.4.2.1; AM Signal Analysis;227
15.4.2.2; FM Signal Analysis;230
15.4.2.3; FFSK Signal Analysis;230
15.4.2.4; PSK Signal Analysis;235
15.5; Automated Technical Analysis of Radio Signals;235
15.5.1; Unit for Automated Radio Signal Analysis;238
15.5.2; Peculiarities of SMO-PA Application;240
15.5.2.1; Operation in ''Measurement'' Mode;240
15.5.2.2; Operation in ''Survey'' Mode;250
15.6; Application of Automatic Signal Analysis in SMO-RD2;252
15.7; Conclusion;254
16;References;255
17;8 Direction Finding of Radio Emission Sources;256
17.1; Introduction;256
17.2; History of Radio Direction-Finding Technique;257
17.3; Structural Diagram and Characteristics of Radio Direction Finders;260
17.4; Main Technical Parameters of Radio Direction Finders;261
17.4.1; Accuracy of Direction Finding;262
17.4.2; Sensitivity;265
17.4.3; Noise Immunity;266
17.4.4; Operating Rate;267
17.4.5; Resolution;267
17.4.6; Operating Frequency Range;268
17.4.7; Types of Being-Found Signals;268
17.4.8; Deployment Time;268
17.4.9; Weight and Size;268
17.4.10; Complexity in Manufacture and Operation;268
17.4.11; Cost;269
17.5; Classification of Direction-Finding Methods;269
17.6; Systems Based on a Rotating Directional Antenna;270
17.7; ARK-RP3 Handheld Radio Direction Finder;275
17.8; ARK-RP4 Handheld Radio Direction Finder;281
17.9; Automatic Radio Compass;282
17.10; Automatic Radio Direction Finder with Low Antenna Base;284
17.11; Doppler and Quasi-Doppler Direction Finders;289
17.12; Phase and Correlation Interferometers;291
17.13; Peculiarities of Correlation Interferometer;297
17.14; Algorithm of Correlation Interferometer Measuring System;300
17.15; Single-Channel Measuring System on the Basis of a Correlation Interferometer;308
17.16; ARTIKUL-M4 Foldable Correlation Interferometer;314
17.17; ARTIKUL-M1 Mobile Direction Finder;316
17.18; ARTIKUL-P Portable Foldable Direction Finder;320
17.19; ARTIKUL-P11 Portable Foldable Direction Finder;324
17.20; Direction Finding Error Correction in Mobile Systems;326
17.21; Conclusion;334
18;References;335
19;9 Radio Monitoring Systems and Determination of Radio Emission Sources Location;336
19.1; Introduction;336
19.2; Requirements for Radio Monitoring and Location Determination Systems;337
19.3; Structure of the Radio Monitoring System and Determination of RES Location;339
19.3.1; ARK-POM1 System;340
19.3.2; ARK-POM2 System;341
19.3.3; ARK-POM3 Geographically-Distributed System;341
19.3.4; Combined ARK-POM System;342
19.4; Control Arrangement in the System;344
19.4.1; Data Exchange between Stationary Posts;345
19.4.2; Data Exchange with the Mobile and Deployed Posts;347
19.4.3; Peculiarity of the Low-Speed Radio Channel Application;347
19.4.4; Usage of Radio Modems of the Cellular Communication Systems;350
19.4.5; Data Exchange Implementation in Combined ARK-POM System;351
19.5; Archa Stationary Station;352
19.6; Argument Mobile Station;357
19.6.1; System-Wide Car Equipment;362
19.7; Arena Portable Station;365
19.7.1; ''Arena'' Station Structure;365
19.8; Mast Devices for Radio Monitoring Stations;366
19.9; Navigation Systems for Radio Monitoring Stations;368
19.9.1; Features of Modern Navigation Systems;369
19.9.2; Navigation Systems for Mobile Stations;374
19.10; Electric Power Supply Systems;375
19.10.1; Requirements for Electric Power Sources;375
19.10.2; Electric Power Sources for Radio Equipment;376
19.10.2.1; AC Mains;376
19.10.2.2; Vehicle On-Board Network;377
19.10.2.3; On-Board Network of Aircraft;378
19.10.2.4; Chemical Current Sources;378
19.10.3; Secondary Electric Supply Sources;379
19.10.3.1; Linear Voltage Regulators and Stabilizers;379
19.10.3.2; Pulse Voltage Stabilizers and Converters;379
19.10.4; Example of Pulse Power Supply of Low Power;381
19.10.5; Multi-Channel Pulse Power Source;383
19.10.6; ARK-UPS12 Universal Power Supply Unit;384
19.10.7; Autonomous Electric Station Usage;388
19.11; Special Software Support and Operation Modes of Stations;391
19.11.1; Software Support Structure;391
19.11.2; ''Spectrum'' Mode;392
19.11.3; ''Search'' Mode;393
19.11.4; ''Bearing'' Mode;396
19.11.5; ''Measurement'' and ''Technical Analysis'' Modes;397
19.11.6; ''Review'' Mode;400
19.11.7; ''Multi-Channel Direction Finding'' Mode;401
19.11.8; Peculiarities of the Direction Finding of POFT Stations;402
19.11.9; ''Electronic Map'' Mode;404
19.11.10; Post-processing Mode;407
19.12; Conclusion;409
20;References;410
21;10 Radio Emission Source Localization Using Mobile Stations and Field Strength Measurement;411
21.1; Introduction;411
21.1.1; Methods of RES Localization Using the Mobile Station;413
21.1.2; Drive Method;413
21.1.3; Quasi-Stationary Method;414
21.1.4; Method of Automatic Calculation of RES Coordinates During Movement;416
21.1.5; Peculiarities of Multi-Channel Direction Finding;419
21.1.6; Simultaneous Direction Finding;420
21.2; Electromagnetic Field Strength Measurement;421
21.2.1; Main Mathematical Relations;422
21.2.2; Peculiarities of the Field Strength Distribution Estimation;424
21.2.3; Field Strength Measurement;425
21.2.4; On-Site Calculation of Field Strength Distribution;426
21.2.5; District Topography;427
21.2.6; Urban Build-Up;429
21.2.7; Vegetation Influence;430
21.2.8; Calculation of Field Strength in the SMO-KN Application;432
21.2.9; Processing of Field Strength Measurements;433
21.2.10; Determination of RES Location;437
21.2.11; Checking Transmitters for Announced Parameters;439
21.2.12; Calculation of Electromagnetic Compatibility;441
21.3; Conclusion;442
22;References;442
23;11 Detection and Localization of Technical Channels of Information Leakage;444
23.1; Introduction;444
23.2; Main Search Stages for Electromagnetic Channels of Information Leakage;445
23.3; Detection of Radio Signals Emitted in Monitored Premise;447
23.3.1; Radio Signal Intensity in Near-Field and Far-Field Regions;447
23.3.2; Generalized Structure of Equipment for TCIL Detection;449
23.3.3; Comparison Technique for Signal Intensities;450
23.3.4; Detection Algorithm for Radio Signal Sources in Monitored Area;452
23.3.5; Detection Effectiveness Dependence on the Equipment and the Ways of ''Standard'' Panorama Obtaining;453
23.4; Identification and Localization of Radio Microphones;454
23.5; Distant Radio Monitoring Systems of Remote Premises;455
23.5.1; Construction Principles of Remote Radio Monitoring Systems;455
23.5.2; Examples of Remote Radio Monitoring Systems;458
23.5.3; Peculiarities of ARK-D3T Remote Radio Monitoring System;460
23.5.4; Peculiarities of the ARK-D9 Remote Radio Monitoring System;465
23.5.5; Peculiarities of the ARK-D13 Remote Radio Monitoring System;467
23.6; Software for Remote Radio Monitoring Systems;468
23.6.1; Purpose and Possibilities of SMO-DX Application;469
23.6.2; Peculiarities of Radio Microphone Detection;470
23.6.3; Joint Usage of the Various Detection Algorithms;471
23.6.4; Radio microphone Localization Inside of Monitored Premises;472
23.6.5; Equipment Operation in the Remote Radio Monitoring System;472
23.7; Detection of TCIL Sources by the Mobile Station;474
23.7.1; Antenna System Selection;475
23.7.2; Methods of RES Detection;476
23.7.3; Equipment Structure of ARTIKUL-M6 Mobile Direction Finder;478
23.7.4; Software Structure and Search Procedure Implementation;479
23.7.5; Aggregation of the Initial Data Frames;481
23.7.6; Frame Processing and Generation of ''Suspicious'' Frequency List;482
23.7.7; Checking the Frequencies from the List and More Precise RES Detection;484
23.8; Conclusion;485
24;References;486
25;12 Methods and Equipment for Protection Against Information Leakage Via CEE Channels;487
25.1; General Information;487
25.2; Special Investigation Types and Information Security Index;487
25.3; Calculation of Information Security Index;489
25.4; Estimation of the Testing Mode Parameters for a LCD Monitor;490
25.5; Estimation of the Testing Mode Parameters for a CRT Monitor;491
25.6; Methods of Detection of CEE Informative Components;492
25.7; Probabilistic Features of Periodogram Samples;494
25.8; TDM Algorithm;495
25.9; Application of ARK-D1TI Measuring Complex;498
25.9.1; Search of CEE Informative Components;500
25.9.2; Measurement of CEE Informative Component Intensity;501
25.9.3; Calculation of the Monitored Zone Radius by SMO-PRIZ Application;502
25.10; Information Security Monitoring;504
25.10.1; SMO-PRIZ Application Operation for Information Security Monitoring;506
25.11; Purposes and Functions of SMO-THESIS Application;508
25.12; Conclusion;512
25.13;References;512
26;Conclusion;513
26.1;Respectful reader!;513
27;Subject Index;515