Rimmer Intellectual Property and Clean Energy

The Paris Agreement and Climate Justice
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-981-13-2155-9
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 687 Seiten

This collection considers the future of climate innovation after the Paris Agreement. It analyses the debate over intellectual property and climate change in a range of forums - including the climate talks, the World Trade Organization, and the World Intellectual Property Organization, as well as multilateral institutions dealing with food, health, and biodiversity. The book investigates the critical role patent law plays in providing incentives for renewable energy and access to critical inventions for the greater public good, as well as plant breeders' rights and their impact upon food security and climate change. Also considered is how access to genetic resources raises questions about biodiversity and climate change. This collection also explores the significant impact of trademark law in terms of green trademarks, eco labels, and greenwashing. The key role played by copyright law in respect of access to environmental information is also considered. The book also looks at deadlocks in the debate over intellectual property and climate change, and provides theoretical, policy, and practical solutions to overcome such impasses.


Matthew Rimmer is Professor in Intellectual Property and Innovation Law at the Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia. He is a leader of the QUT Intellectual Property and Innovation Law research program, a member of the QUT Digital Media Research Centre the QUT Australian Centre for Health Law Research, and the QUT International Law and Global Governance Research Program. He has published widely on copyright law and information technology, patent law and biotechnology, access to medicines, plain packaging of tobacco products, intellectual property and climate change, and indigenous intellectual property. His current research interests include: intellectual property, the creative industries, and 3D printing; intellectual property and public health; and intellectual property and trade, looking at the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, and the Trade in Services Agreement.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rimmer, Matthew

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;Contributors;8
3;Acknowledgements;10
4;Preface;12
4.1;The People’s Climate March, Flood Wall Street and the New York Climate Summit;12
5;1 Introduction: The Road to Paris: Intellectual Property, Human Rights, and Climate Justice;16
5.1;Abstract;16
5.2;1 Introduction;16
5.3;2 The Paris Agreement 2015;18
5.4;3 Climate Justice;27
5.5;4 Intellectual Property;32
5.6;5 Chapter Outline;37
5.7;References;39
5.8;International Agreements and Treaties;44
6;International Law;46
7;2 The Paris Agreement: Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer, and Climate Change;47
7.1;Abstract;47
7.2;1 Introduction;48
7.3;2 Climate Finance;51
7.4;3 Green Climate Fund;53
7.5;4 Intellectual Property Mechanism;55
7.6;5 Open Innovation;59
7.7;6 Public Goods;62
7.8;7 Intellectual Property Promotion and Enforcement;63
7.9;8 No Text;67
7.10;9 The Paris Agreement 2015 and Technology Transfer;71
7.11;10 Conclusion;75
7.12;References;76
7.13;International Agreements and Treaties;80
7.14;International Materials;81
8;3 Transparency in Climate Finance After Paris: Towards a More Effective Climate Governance Framework;82
8.1;Abstract;82
8.2;1 Introduction;82
8.3;2 Climate Governance and Climate Finance;86
8.3.1;2.1 The Language and Study of Climate Governance;86
8.3.2;2.2 Defining Climate Finance;87
8.3.3;2.3 The Evolution of Climate Finance Under the UNFCCC;90
8.4;3 Transparency, Finance and the UNFCCC;92
8.4.1;3.1 Conceptualizing Transparency in Climate Finance;92
8.4.2;3.2 The MRV Requirements;94
8.5;4 Transparency After Paris;96
8.5.1;4.1 A New Focus on Climate Finance and Transparency;96
8.5.2;4.2 A Separation Between Law and Procedure;97
8.5.3;4.3 Article 9.5 Requirements;100
8.6;5 Conclusion;101
8.7;References;102
8.8;Books, Dissertations and Book Chapters;102
8.9;Conference Papers;103
8.10;Journal Articles and References;103
8.11;International Treaties;105
9;4 The Paris Agreement: Development, the North-South Divide and Human Rights;106
9.1;Abstract;106
9.2;1 Introduction;106
9.3;2 The Divide Between Developed and Developing States;108
9.4;3 Differential Treatment in the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol;110
9.5;4 The Emergence of Human Rights as a New Battleground for Debates Between Developed and Developing States;111
9.5.1;4.1 Developing and Developed State Perspectives on Human Rights;114
9.6;5 Differential Treatment and Human Rights in the Paris Agreement;116
9.6.1;5.1 The Principle of CBDR in the Paris Agreement;117
9.6.2;5.2 Recognition of Human Rights in the Paris Agreement;119
9.7;6 Conclusion;122
9.8;References;123
9.9;Books and Chapters;123
9.10;Journal Articles;123
9.11;Treaties, Declarations and COP Decisions;124
9.12;Reports and Other Sources;125
10;5 Climate Change and Human Rights: Intellectual Property Challenges and Opportunities;127
10.1;Abstract;127
10.2;1 Introduction;127
10.2.1;1.1 Global Warming: A Planet in Crisis;127
10.2.2;1.2 Climate Change as a Profound Challenge to Human Rights;129
10.2.3;1.3 Human Rights Approaches: A New Strategy for Solving the Climate Crisis;129
10.3;2 Climate Change and Human Rights;130
10.3.1;2.1 The Right to Life;132
10.3.2;2.2 The Right to Health;133
10.3.3;2.3 The Rights to Water and Sanitation;135
10.3.4;2.4 The Right to Food;137
10.4;3 Climate Change and Intellectual Property;138
10.4.1;3.1 Defining Technology Transfer;138
10.4.2;3.2 Technology Transfer Obligations Under UNFCCC;139
10.4.3;3.3 The Paris Agreement;142
10.4.4;3.4 The International Intellectual Property Law Regime;143
10.5;4 A Human Rights Approach to Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property;145
10.5.1;4.1 ESTs for Human Rights;145
10.5.2;4.2 A Human Right to Technology Transfer?;146
10.5.3;4.3 Addressing Intellectual Property Impediments;148
10.5.3.1;4.3.1 A Doha-Style Declaration for TRIPS, Climate Change, and Technology Transfer;148
10.5.3.2;4.3.2 Compulsory Licensing;150
10.5.3.3;4.3.3 Patent Pools;151
10.5.3.4;4.3.4 Climate Impact Fund;153
10.5.3.5;4.3.5 A Multi-pronged Approach, Recognizing Multiple Perspectives;154
10.6;5 Conclusions;154
10.7;References;155
10.8;Books and Book Chapters;155
10.9;Journal Articles;156
10.10;Conference and Research Papers;156
10.11;News and Opinion Articles;157
10.12;Websites;157
10.13;International Instruments;157
10.14;International Treaty Body Documents;158
10.15;Regional Instruments;159
10.16;Cases;159
10.17;Reports;159
11;Patent Law;161
12;6 Intergenerational Justice: A Framework for Addressing Intellectual Property Rights and Climate Change;162
12.1;Abstract;162
12.2;1 Introduction;162
12.3;2 Intergenerational Justice;165
12.3.1;2.1 Who is Responsible for Technology Development and IPRs Reform?;167
12.3.2;2.2 A Special Responsibility on the Shoulders of Current Generations?;168
12.4;3 The Global Intellectual Property Rights System;169
12.4.1;3.1 Intellectual Property Rights—Problem or Solution to Climate Change Mitigation?;169
12.4.2;3.2 Role and Rationale of Intellectual Property Rights Applied to Climate Change Mitigation;171
12.4.2.1;3.2.1 The Intellectual Property Rights Framework and How It Functions;171
12.4.2.2;3.2.2 Why We Protect Intellectual Property, and How This Relates to Climate Change Mitigation;176
12.5;4 Intellectual Property Rights in the Climate Change Regime;180
12.6;5 Conclusion;182
12.7;References;183
12.8;Books and Chapters;183
12.9;Journal Articles;184
12.10;Case Law;185
12.11;International Agreements and Treaties;185
12.12;International Materials;186
12.13;International Disputes;186
13;7 Management of Intellectual Property in Australia’s Clean Technology Sector: Challenges and Opportunities in an Uncertain Regulatory Environment;187
13.1;Abstract;187
13.2;1 Introduction;187
13.3;2 Intellectual Property Management;188
13.4;3 Developing the IP Management Plan;190
13.4.1;3.1 Define the Invention;190
13.4.2;3.2 How to Best Protect the Invention;191
13.4.3;3.3 Financing the Commercialisation of the Invention;191
13.4.4;3.4 Ownership of the Invention;192
13.4.5;3.5 Is Third-Party Technology or Resourcing Required for the Invention to ‘Work’;193
13.4.6;3.6 What Is the Pathway to Market;194
13.4.7;3.7 Litigation: What Are the Risks?;195
13.4.8;3.8 IP Management—Key Principles;197
13.5;4 Commercialisation and Management of Intellectual Property in Australia;198
13.5.1;4.1 The Role of the Australian University and Public-Sector Commercialisation;200
13.5.2;4.2 National Laboratories;202
13.5.3;4.3 Public Private Partnerships;203
13.6;5 Survey of Alternative, Contemporary IP Management Models;204
13.6.1;5.1 Patent Pools;205
13.6.2;5.2 Patent Fast-Tracks;206
13.6.3;5.3 New and Emerging Approaches—Commons, Open-Source, Philanthropy;207
13.6.4;5.4 Approach of Multi-lateral Institutions and Developing United Nations Frameworks;209
13.7;6 Conclusion;212
13.8;References;213
13.9;Books and Book Chapters;213
13.10;Journal Articles;213
13.11;Reports;214
13.12;International Agreements and Treaties;214
13.13;Legislation;215
13.14;Cases;215
13.15;Websites;215
14;8 Intellectual Property, Climate Change and Technology Transfer in South Asia;217
14.1;Abstract;217
14.2;1 Introduction;217
14.3;2 Climate Change and Technology Transfer;220
14.4;3 Importance of Clean Technology Transfer to South Asia to Address Climate Change;221
14.5;4 Addressing Technology Transfer Through International Agreements;222
14.6;5 Do IPRs Enhance or Impede Technology Transfer to South Asian Countries?;226
14.7;6 Importance of Using of Voluntary and Compulsory Licensing at National Levels to Promote Transfer of Climate-Related Technologies to South Asian Countries;229
14.8;7 Can Parallel Importation Be a Solution to Technology Transfer?;232
14.9;8 Is the Use of Patent Pooling an Option for Developing Countries in South Asia?;233
14.10;9 Is the Use of Patent Clearinghouses Effective for South Asia?;235
14.11;10 Why Flexibilities Under TRIPS Is Underused by South Asian Countries;236
14.12;11 Conclusion;238
14.13;References;239
14.14;International Materials;243
15;9 Intellectual Ventures: Patent Law, Climate Change, and Geoengineering;245
15.1;Abstract;245
15.2;1 Introduction;246
15.3;2 Patent Litigation and Intellectual Ventures;248
15.3.1;2.1 Public Research;249
15.3.2;2.2 Private Ventures;251
15.4;3 Patentable Subject Matter and Geoengineering;255
15.5;4 Patent Law Reform, Climate Change, and Geoengineering;263
15.6;5 International Law and the Global Governance of Geoengineering;270
15.7;6 Conclusion;275
15.8;References;276
15.9;Litigation;280
15.10;Legislation;281
15.11;International Agreements and Treaties;281
16;Trademark Law and Related Rights;282
17;10 Trademark Goodwill and Green Global Value Networks;283
17.1;Abstract;283
17.2;1 Introduction;284
17.3;2 Brands as Information Platforms in Regulatory Governance;286
17.4;3 Brand Citizenship;289
17.5;4 The Regulatory Governance Ideal: Brand Citizenship Within Cognitive Capitalism;292
17.6;5 The Regulatory Governance Reality: Missing Puzzle Pieces;293
17.7;6 Trademark Goodwill in an Age of Out-Sourcing;295
17.8;7 Certification and Sustainability Standards;297
17.9;8 Greenwashing in Governance Dialogue;298
17.10;9 Connecting Trademark Goodwill to Sustainability Governance;300
17.11;10 Conclusion;303
17.12;References;303
17.13;Trademark Registrations;306
17.14;Litigation;306
17.15;Legislation;306
17.16;International Treaties;307
18;11 This Ain’t Your Daddy’s Greenwashing: An Assessment of the American Petroleum Institute’s Power Past Impossible Campaign;308
18.1;Abstract;308
18.2;1 Introduction;309
18.3;2 The United States and the Paris Agreement;310
18.3.1;2.1 The Obama Administration;310
18.3.2;2.2 The Trump Administration;311
18.4;3 The American Petroleum Institute;312
18.4.1;3.1 API’s Advertising Campaigns;312
18.4.2;3.2 The API’s Power Past Impossible Campaign;313
18.5;4 Greenwashing;316
18.5.1;4.1 Is the API Greenwashing?;318
18.5.2;4.2 FTC’s Greenwashing Sanctions;321
18.5.3;4.3 Are the Ads Working?;323
18.6;5 Conclusion;325
18.7;References;325
18.8;International Agreements and Treaties;328
19;12 The Power of Visual Appeal: Designs Law and Clean Energy;329
19.1;Abstract;329
19.2;1 Introduction;329
19.3;2 The Relevance and Scope of Designs Law;330
19.4;3 Visual Appeal and Clean Energy Products;331
19.5;4 The Effectiveness of the Law;335
19.5.1;4.1 Utilisation of Design Protection;335
19.5.2;4.2 Registration of Rights;336
19.5.3;4.3 The Grace Period;339
19.6;5 Defences and Licences;340
19.7;6 Conclusion;344
19.8;References;345
19.9;Case Law;346
19.10;Legislation;346
19.11;International Treaties;346
20;13 Key Change: The Role of the Creative Industries in Climate Change Action;347
20.1;Abstract;347
20.2;1 Introduction;348
20.3;2 Culture, Art and Social Change;348
20.3.1;2.1 Culture, Art and Change;349
20.3.2;2.2 Culture, Art and Environment;351
20.3.3;2.3 Climate Change as a Cultural Issue;352
20.3.4;2.4 Historical Role of Arts in Social Movements;353
20.4;3 The Roles Artists Can Play in Climate Action;355
20.4.1;3.1 Raising Awareness, Drawing Attention, and ‘Educating’ Audiences;356
20.4.2;3.2 Framing and Priming;359
20.4.3;3.3 Identity Formation;361
20.4.4;3.4 Prefiguring New Worlds and Modelling Behaviour;363
20.4.5;3.5 Shaping Culture;366
20.5;4 Dangers, Risks and Pitfalls;369
20.5.1;4.1 Risks Surrounding the Messenger;369
20.5.2;4.2 Risks Surrounding the Message;371
20.5.3;4.3 Risks Surrounding the Process;373
20.6;5 Conclusion and Lessons;376
20.7;References;377
20.8;Interviews;377
20.9;Bibliography;377
21;Privacy and Trade Secrets;379
22;14 Environmental Sousveillance, Citizen Science and Smart Grids;380
22.1;Abstract;380
22.2;1 Introduction;380
22.3;2 Towards Climate Justice;382
22.4;3 Distributed Smartness;384
22.5;4 Environmental Smartness;387
22.6;5 Environmental Sousveillance for Open Justice;390
22.7;6 Whose Smart City?;394
22.8;7 Smart Grids as Machines for Seeing;396
22.9;8 Conclusion: Power and an Ethic of Responsibility;399
22.10;References;399
22.11;Case Law;403
22.12;International Agreements and Treaties;403
23;15 Protecting and Promoting Clean Energy Innovation Through the Trade Secrets Regime: Issues and Implications;404
23.1;Abstract;404
23.2;1 Introduction;405
23.3;2 Clean Energy Innovation and Trade Secrets;406
23.4;3 The ‘Stealing Arms Race’;410
23.5;4 International Legal Framework;414
23.5.1;4.1 Towards More Robust Laws;416
23.5.2;4.2 Implications of Protection;418
23.5.2.1;4.2.1 Knowledge Diffusion, Follow-on Innovation and Hidden Environmental Costs;418
23.5.2.2;4.2.2 Technology Transfer and Developing Countries;420
23.6;5 Conclusion;424
23.7;References;425
23.8;Books and Chapters;425
23.9;Journal Articles;426
23.10;Other Internet Sources;426
23.11;Litigation;428
23.12;Legislation;428
23.13;International Agreements and Treaties;428
24;Open Innovation;430
25;16 Energy Democracy, Renewables and the Paris Agreement;431
25.1;Abstract;431
25.2;1 Introduction;432
25.3;2 Energy Democracy Initiatives;432
25.4;3 International Law Instruments and Renewables;434
25.4.1;3.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;435
25.4.2;3.2 International Transfer of Renewable Technology;437
25.4.3;3.3 The Paris Agreement;438
25.4.4;3.4 Summary;440
25.5;4 Other International Law Instruments;441
25.5.1;4.1 Energy Charter Treaty;441
25.5.2;4.2 World Trade Organization;442
25.5.3;4.3 Summary;445
25.6;5 Other Initiatives;446
25.6.1;5.1 International Solar Alliance;446
25.6.2;5.2 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA);446
25.6.3;5.3 REEEP;447
25.6.4;5.4 Summary;447
25.7;6 Conclusion;448
25.8;References;449
25.9;International Agreements and Treaties;451
26;17 Climate Change and Open Data: An Information Environmentalism Perspective;452
26.1;Abstract;452
26.2;1 Introduction;452
26.3;2 The Four Analytical Frameworks of Information Environmentalism;453
26.3.1;2.1 Welfare Economics;454
26.3.2;2.2 The Commons;456
26.3.3;2.3 Ecology;458
26.3.3.1;2.3.1 Methodological Interrelationalism;459
26.3.3.2;2.3.2 Diversity and Resilience;459
26.3.4;2.4 Public Choice Theory;460
26.3.4.1;2.4.1 Separation of Economic Power Doctrine;461
26.4;3 Information Commons;463
26.4.1;3.1 Social Production and Information Commons;463
26.4.2;3.2 Informational National Parks;464
26.4.3;3.3 Information Commons Rights;466
26.4.4;3.4 Public Trust Doctrine;467
26.5;4 Climate Change and Open Data Governance Principles;469
26.6;5 Conclusion;470
26.7;References;471
26.8;Books and Chapters;471
26.9;Journal Articles;473
26.10;Case Law;474
26.11;Legislation;475
27;18 Open Government Data in an Age of Growing Hostility Towards Science;476
27.1;Abstract;476
27.2;1 Introduction;477
27.3;2 Open Government Data and Its Antecedents;479
27.4;3 The Evolution of Earth Observation Data;482
27.5;4 A Tradition of Bipartisan Support;488
27.6;5 Rolling Back Progress;493
27.7;6 Developing Open Government Data Resiliency;505
27.8;7 Conclusion;509
27.9;Bibliography;510
27.10;Case Law;516
27.11;Legislation;516
27.12;International Treaties;517
28;19 Elon Musk’s Open Innovation: Tesla, Intellectual Property, and Climate Change;518
28.1;Abstract;518
28.2;1 Introduction;518
28.3;2 Tesla’s Changing Philosophy in Patent Law;522
28.4;3 An Open Source Philosophy;528
28.5;4 Technology Leadership;531
28.6;5 Patent Pledges and Open Source Licensing;536
28.7;6 Sustainable Transportation, Clean Technology, and Climate Change;540
28.7.1;6.1 Sustainable Transportation;540
28.7.2;6.2 Supercharger Network;542
28.7.3;6.3 Gigafactory;543
28.7.4;6.4 SolarCity;543
28.7.5;6.5 The Big Battery in South Australia;546
28.8;7 Conclusion;546
28.9;References;548
28.10;Litigation;553
28.11;Patent Applications;553
28.12;International Agreements and Treaties;554
29;Plant Breeders’ Rights, Food Security, Access to Genetic Resources, and Indigenous Knowledge;555
30;20 Path-Breaking or History-Repeating? Analysing the Paris Agreement’s Research and Development Paradigm for Climate-Smart Agriculture;556
30.1;Abstract;556
30.2;1 Introduction;556
30.3;2 Food Insecurity, Climate Justice and Climate-Smart Agriculture;558
30.4;3 Lock-In Effects Within the Intensive Agricultural Paradigm;561
30.4.1;3.1 Socio-technical Regimes;561
30.4.2;3.2 Intensive Agriculture as a Socio-technical Regime;563
30.5;4 Contending Paradigms for Transitoning to Climate-Smart Agriculture;566
30.5.1;4.1 Life-Sciences Integrated Paradigm;566
30.5.2;4.2 Ecological-Integrated Paradigm;571
30.5.3;4.3 Agricultural Research and Development Trends Lock-In Mechanism Intensive Agriculture Trajectory;573
30.6;5 Agricultural Research and Development Trajectories Under the Paris Agreement;575
30.7;6 Conclusion;578
30.8;References;578
30.9;International Agreements and Treaties;585
31;21 Conserving Genetic Resources, Access and Benefit-Sharing, Intellectual Property and Climate Change;586
31.1;Abstract;586
31.2;1 Introduction;586
31.3;2 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity;588
31.4;3 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture;595
31.5;4 World Health Organization International Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework;600
31.6;5 Access and Benefit Sharing Models;604
31.7;6 Conclusions;611
31.8;References;613
31.9;Books and Journals;613
31.10;International Materials;614
31.11;International Agreements and Treaties;615
32;22 Benefit Sharing Under the REDD+ Mechanism: Implications for Women;616
32.1;Abstract;616
32.2;1 Introduction;616
32.3;2 The Emergence of REDD+ : Implications for Women;617
32.4;3 What Is a REDD+ Benefit?;621
32.5;4 Elite Capture and Corruption in the Forestry Sector;624
32.6;5 Links Between Land Tenure and Benefit Sharing;627
32.7;6 Improving Women’s Rights to Benefit Sharing: Property and Participation Rights;629
32.7.1;6.1 Property Rights;629
32.7.2;6.2 Participation Rights;631
32.7.3;6.3 Impact of Participation Rights;633
32.8;7 The Way Forward;634
32.9;8 Conclusion;635
32.10;References;636
32.11;Books and Chapters;636
32.12;Journal Articles;637
32.13;Reports and Other Sources;638
32.14;Treaties, Declarations and COP Decisions;639
33;23 Northern Exposure: Alaska, Climate Change, Indigenous Rights, and Atmospheric Trust Litigation;640
33.1;Abstract;640
33.2;1 Introduction;640
33.3;2 The Theoretical Framework Behind Climate Litigation;642
33.3.1;2.1 Atmospheric Trust Litigation;643
33.3.2;2.2 Climate Litigation as Regulation;646
33.3.3;2.3 The Right to a Healthy Environment;647
33.3.4;2.4 Human Rights;648
33.3.5;2.5 Climate Litigation;650
33.4;3 Nelson Kanuk v. State of Alaska;653
33.4.1;3.1 The Superior Court of Alaska;655
33.4.2;3.2 Appellants;658
33.4.3;3.3 Amicus Curiae Briefs;659
33.4.4;3.4 The State of Alaska;661
33.4.5;3.5 Decision;663
33.4.6;3.6 Responses to the Decision;665
33.5;4 Petition 2017 and Esau Sinnok v. the State of Alaska;666
33.5.1;4.1 The Petition;667
33.5.2;4.2 Esau Sinnok v the State of Alaska;670
33.5.3;4.3 Federal Discussion of Climate Change and Alaska;672
33.6;5 The Paris Agreement and Beyond;675
33.7;6 Conclusion;679
33.8;References;680
33.9;Litigation;685
33.10;Submissions;686
33.11;Legislation;686
33.12;International Agreements and Treaties;686