Ritsner Handbook of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Volume I

Conceptual Issues and Neurobiological Advances
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-94-007-0837-2
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 494 Seiten

A few disorders have some of the same symptoms as schizophrenia including schizoaffective disorders, schizophreniform disorder, schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders, delusional disorder, and autism (schizophrenia spectrum disorders). Since the 2000 there has been significant progress in our understanding of the early presentations, assessment, suspected neuropathology, and treatment of these disorders. Recent technological breakthroughs in basic sciences hold promise for advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This collective monograph reviewers recent researches regarding the origins, onset, course, and outcome of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In particular, this book will be illustrate new developments in terms of conceptual models, and research methodology, genetics and genomics, brain imaging and neurochemical studies, neurophysiology and information processing in schizophrenia spectrum disorders patients. Also will be highlighted new developments in our understanding of the childhood psychosis, prodromal and first-episode states, in treatment and rehabilitation. Thus, the purpose of this book is to provide up-to-date overview of the rapid advances made in the clinical and basic science studies supporting our understanding of the relationship between cerebral processes and clinical, cognitive and other presentations of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In addition, this book aims to monitor important research developments, which may be relevant to treatment, and rehabilitation of patients.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ritsner, Michael S

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
1.1; Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Insights from Views Across 100 years;5
2;Contents;9
3;Contributors;12
4;1 The Schizophrenia Construct After 100 Years of Challenges;17
4.1; The Schizophrenia Construct;19
4.2; A Unitary Concept;19
4.3; Categorical Models;19
4.4; Dimensional Models;22
4.5; Genetic Epidemiology;25
4.6; Familiality of Schizophrenia;29
4.7; Candidate Genes;30
4.8; Endophenotype Model Challenges;34
4.9; Current Challenges;39
4.10; Conclusions and Future Directions;42
4.11;References;43
5;2 Diagnosis and Classification of the Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders;61
5.1; Introduction;62
5.2; Historical Aspects of Classification;63
5.3; Nosological Overview of the Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders;65
5.3.1; Schizophrenia;65
5.3.2; Brief Psychotic Disorders;66
5.3.3; Schizoaffective Disorder;66
5.3.4; Personality Disorders;67
5.3.4.1; Schizotypal;68
5.3.4.2; Schizoid;68
5.3.4.3; Paranoid;68
5.3.5; Other Disorders;69
5.3.5.1; Bipolar Disorder with Psychotic Features;69
5.3.5.2; Major Depressive Disorder with Psychotic Features;70
5.3.5.3; Delusional Disorder;70
5.3.5.4; Obsessive Compulsive Disorder;70
5.3.5.5; Pervasive Developmental Disorders;70
5.3.6; Psychosis-Risk Syndromes;71
5.4; Critiques of Current Nosology;72
5.4.1; Differences Across Psychiatric Manuals;72
5.4.2; Validity of Existing Diagnostic Constructs;73
5.4.3; Reliability;74
5.4.4; Distinction of Disorders Within the Psychotic Spectrum;75
5.4.5; Organization of the Meta-Structure of Psychotic Disorders;75
5.4.6; Refining Schizophrenia Subtypes;77
5.4.7; Dimensional Representations;78
5.4.8; Use of More Proximal Indicators of Disorders;79
5.4.9; Etiology Related Classification;80
5.4.10; Cognition in Psychotic Disorders;81
5.4.11; Characterizing the Risk Syndrome for Psychosis;82
5.4.12; Culture and Ethnicity;83
5.5; Future Directions;84
5.5.1; Schizophrenia;84
5.5.2; Schizoaffective Disorder;85
5.5.3; Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms Syndrome;85
5.5.4; Personality Disorders;86
5.6;References;86
6;3 Toward a Multidimensional Continuum Model of Functional Psychoses for Research Purposes;100
6.1; Statement of Conundrum;101
6.2; Proof-of-Concept for a Multidimensional Continuum Model;103
6.3; Symptom Dimensions;108
6.4; Toward a Unitary Pathogenetic Mechanism;116
6.5; Conclusions and Future Directions;120
6.6;References;121
7;4 Irving Gottesman and the Schizophrenia Spectrum;129
7.1; Early Career;130
7.2; Heritability of Personality;130
7.3; The Maudsley Twin Study on Schizophrenia;131
7.4; The Schizoidia Concept;132
7.5; In Denmark 1972–1973: The Twin Study on Criminality;133
7.6; The Danish Dual Mating Study;133
7.7; The Professorships and the Books;134
7.8; The Discordant Twins' Offspring Study;134
7.9; The New Dual Mating Study;135
7.10; Endophenotypes;136
7.11; Recognition;137
7.12;References;137
8;5 Schizotypy: Reflections on the Bridge to Schizophrenia and Obstacles on the Road Ahead to Etiology and Pathogenesis;140
8.1; Reactions;143
8.1.1; Schizotypic Pathology/Schizophrenia Connection: Considering the ''Damn Strange Coincidence'' Argument;143
8.1.2; Leverage Gained with the Schizotypy Model;144
8.2; Reflections;145
8.2.1; Neuroimaging and Schizotypy/Schizophrenia: Selling Bridges v. Building Them. Where Are We, Are You Sure?;145
8.3; Major Impediments to Our Future Progress in Our Understanding Schizotypy and Schizophrenia;149
8.3.1; The Problem of Heterogeneity;149
8.3.2; The Problem of Rating in Schizotypy and Schizophrenia Research;151
8.4; Conclusions and Future Directions;152
8.5;References;152
9;6 Autistic Spectrum Disorders and Schizophrenia;155
9.1; Introduction;157
9.2; Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis and Sub-types and Phenomenology;157
9.3; Epidemiology;158
9.4; Etiology;159
9.5; Genetics;160
9.5.1; Endophenotypes;161
9.5.2; Neuropathology and Brain Imaging;161
9.5.3; Infection and Immune Dysfunction;162
9.6; Early Recognition;163
9.7; Interventions;164
9.7.1; Psychosocial and Educational Interventions;164
9.7.2; Pharmacological Interventions;165
9.8; Autism and Schizophrenia: Co-morbid Association and Phenotypic Variations;167
9.9; Conclusions and Future Directions;168
9.10;References;169
10;7 One Hundred Years of Insanity: Genomic, Psychological, and Evolutionary Models of Autism in Relation to Schizophrenia;175
10.1; Introduction;176
10.2; "Autism" from Bleuler to the DSM;177
10.3; Phenotypic Structure of Autism and Schizophrenia Spectrum;180
10.4; Alternative Models for the Relationship of Schizophrenia with Autism;185
10.5; Conclusions and Future Directions;191
10.6;References;191
11;8 Quantifying the Dynamics of Central Systemic Degeneration in Schizophrenia;198
11.1; Background and Significance;199
11.1.1; Schizophrenia – A Complex Unsolved Problem;199
11.1.2; A Diseased Complex System?;201
11.1.3; Schizophrenia as a Degenerative Systemic Dysregulation;202
11.2; Theoretical Remarks;204
11.3; Quantifying Schizophrenia from Physiological Time Series;209
11.3.1; Nonlinear Analysis Methods and Physiological Data;209
11.3.2; Our Existing Nonlinear Analysis Results;211
11.3.3; Work in Progress;216
11.4; Conclusions: The Future of This Approach;217
11.5; Appendix 1: Simplified Schema of the Brain Circuitry Implicated in Schizophrenia Dysregulation;219
11.6; Appendix 2: Neural Complexity Layers that May Exhibit Suboptimal Dynamics in Schizophrenia;220
11.7; Appendix 3: Subject Recruitment and Data Collection;220
11.8;References;221
12;9 Schizophrenia Has a High Heritability, but Where Are the Genes?;229
12.1; Introduction;230
12.2; Likely Causes for Failure of Traditional Linkage/Candidate Gene Studies;233
12.3; The Genome-Wide Association Approach;234
12.4; Copy Number Variation in Schizophrenia;235
12.5; Common Disease, Common Variant or Rare Variant;236
12.6; The Dilemma of the Heterogeneous Sample;237
12.7; Reducing Genetic Heterogeneity Through Endophenotypes;237
12.8; Shared Genetic Susceptibility with Autism and Bipolar Disorder;238
12.9; Schizophrenia Research: Novel Approaches;239
12.10; Micro RNAs;240
12.11; Cytosine Methylation;240
12.12; Conclusion and Future Directions;242
12.13;References;243
13;10 Changes in Gene Expression in Subjects with Schizophrenia Associated with Disease Progression;247
13.1; Studies on the Human CNS Transcriptome: The First Indication of Progressive Changes in Gene Expression in Schizophrenia;248
13.2; Studies on the Human CNS Transcriptome: Outcomes from the Use of Microarrays;249
13.3; Studies on the Human CNS Transcriptome: Outcomes from Pooling Microarray Sets;253
13.4; Studies on the Human CNS Transcriptome: Moving Beyond Microarray Studies;254
13.5; Conclusions and Future Directions;255
13.6;References;257
14;11 Amino Acids in Schizophrenia – Glycine, Serine and Arginine;262
14.1; Introduction;263
14.2; Glycine;264
14.3; D-Serine;265
14.4; Arginine;266
14.5; Conclusions and Future Directions;267
14.6;References;268
15;12 Developmental Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Immune Activation;272
15.1; Introduction;273
15.2; Epidemiologic Overview;274
15.3; Modeling Maternal Immune Activation;274
15.3.1; Live Pathogens;275
15.3.2; Pathogen-Free Inflammatory Agents;276
15.3.3; Pro-inflammatory Cytokines;277
15.3.4; Summary of Preclinical Models;277
15.4; Behavioral Consequences of Prenatal Immune Activation;277
15.4.1; Relevance to Positive Symptoms;278
15.4.2; Relevance to Cognitive Symptoms;279
15.4.3; Summary of Behavioral Consequences;282
15.5; Neurochemical Consequences of Prenatal Immune Activation;283
15.5.1; Dopamine;283
15.5.2; Glutamate;284
15.6; GABA;286
15.6.1; Overall Impact on Neurotransmitter Systems;287
15.7; Conclusions & Future Directions;288
15.8;References;289
16;13 Glutamatergic Neurotransmission Abnormalities and Schizophrenia;295
16.1; Introduction;296
16.2; Glutamatergic Neurotransmission;297
16.3; Glutamate Neurotransmission and Schizophrenia;298
16.3.1; NMDAR Antagonist Administration;299
16.3.2; Imaging Studies and Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia;300
16.3.3; Postmortem Brain Studies of NMD/AMPA/Kainate Receptors in Schizophrenia;301
16.4; Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia and NMDAR Hypofunction;304
16.5; Conclusions and Future Studies;306
16.6;References;306
17;14 Mathematical Models in Schizophrenia;313
17.1; Introduction;314
17.2; Mathematical Models with Implications in Schizophrenia;315
17.2.1; Conceptual Models;316
17.2.2; Correlative Models;316
17.2.3; Deterministic Models;318
17.2.4; Stochastic Models;319
17.2.5; Artificial Neural Networks;320
17.2.6; Mechanistically Based Models;322
17.3; Conclusions and Future Directions;323
17.4;References;329
18;15 Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis: A Model for Biomarker Discovery in Schizophrenia;334
18.1; Introduction;335
18.2; Epidemiology of Methamphetamine;335
18.3; Acute and Chronic Effects of Methamphetamine;336
18.4; MAP Clinical Features;336
18.5; MAP Clinical Course;336
18.6; MAP Diagnosis;338
18.7; Biomarker Discovery;339
18.8; Genetic Biomarkers for MAP Susceptibility;339
18.9; Genetic Biomarkers of MAP Clinical Course;340
18.10; Conclusions and Future Directions;342
18.11;References;344
19;16 What Does Proteomics Tell Us About Schizophrenia?;351
19.1; Schizophrenia;352
19.2; Proteomics;352
19.2.1; Methods for Differential Proteome Studies;353
19.2.1.1; Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis;353
19.2.1.2; Shotgun Proteomics;354
19.2.1.3; Validation Experiments;354
19.2.1.4; Metabolomics;354
19.2.1.5; Proteomics of Schizophrenia Brain Tissue;355
19.2.1.6; Cytoskeleton-Related Proteins;355
19.2.1.7; Calcium Buffering;357
19.2.1.8; Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction;357
19.2.1.9; Energy Metabolism;360
19.3; Conclusions and Future Directions;365
19.4;References;367
20;17 The Role of 3a-Hydroxy-5a-Pregnan-20-One in Mediating the Development and/or Expression of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Findings in Rodents Models and Clinical Populations;373
20.1; Introduction;375
20.2; Biosynthesis and Metabolism of 3a,5a-THP;377
20.2.1; Genes Implicated in 3a,5a-THP Dysregulation;377
20.3; Mechanisms of Action of 3a,5a-THP;377
20.4; Animal Models of Schizo-Affective Disorders and Alterations in 3a,5a-THP;378
20.5; Stress-Responding and 3a,5a-THP;378
20.5.1; Schizo-Affective Disorders and Stress-Responding;379
20.5.2; Prenatal Stress and 3a,5a-THP;379
20.5.3; Effects of Prenatal Stress on Offspring Before Puberty;380
20.6; Sex Differences in 3a,5a-THP and Incidence and Symptom Manifestation of Schizophrenia;383
20.7; Interactions of Therapeutics and Neurosteroids in Schizophrenia;383
20.7.1; Anti-psychotics, Anti-depressants and 3a,5a-THP;385
20.7.2; 3a,5a-THP Actions in the PFC, Hippocampus, and/or VTA to Mediate Behaviors;388
20.8; 3a,5a-THP's Biosynthesis and Social Approach;388
20.8.1; P, 3a,5a-THP and Social Approach/Avoidance Behaviors;389
20.8.2; P, 3a,5a-THP and Socially-Relevant Cognitive Performance;391
20.9; Social Isolation and 3a,5a-THP;392
20.9.1; Maternal Separation Stress and 3a,5a-THP;392
20.10; Hippocampal Lesions and Schizo-Affective Behaviors;393
20.11; Dopamine in Schizo-Affective Disorders;396
20.11.1; Dopamine Transporter Knock-Out Mouse Model;396
20.11.2; Cocaine, Schizo-Affective Disorders and 3a,5a-THP;397
20.12; Methamphetamine, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Schizo-Affective Disorders;399
20.13; Other Genetic Mutations in Schizo-Affective Disorders;400
20.14; Conclusions and Future Directions;400
20.15;References;401
21;18 Neural Substrates of Emotion Dysfunctions in Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders;411
21.1; Introduction;412
21.2; Emotion Induction;414
21.2.1; Visual Emotion Induction;414
21.2.2; Olfactory Emotion Induction;416
21.3; Emotion Recognition;419
21.3.1; Recognizing Emotional Facial Expressions;419
21.3.2; Interpreting Emotional Prosody;424
21.4; Interaction of Emotion and Cognition;425
21.5; Emotional Self-Concept;428
21.6; Conclusions and Future Directions;430
21.7;References;431
22;19 Brain Morphological Abnormalities at the Onset of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: A Review of the Evidence;436
22.1; Introduction;437
22.2; Schizophrenia;437
22.3; Bipolar Disorder;439
22.4; Schizophrenia Compared with Affective Psychoses;439
22.5; Schizophrenia Compared with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders;440
22.6; Trajectories of Brain Abnormalities and Specificity of Brain Morphologic Changes in Schizophrenia and BD;441
22.7; Conclusions and Future Directions;443
22.8;References;444
23;20 Mapping Prodromal Psychosis;449
23.1; Introduction;450
23.2; Definition of the High Risk for Psychosis;451
23.3; Structural Neuroimaging;452
23.3.1; Structural MRI in Established Psychosis;452
23.3.2; Grey Matter Volume Abnormalities in Prodromal Psychosis: Cross Sectional Studies;452
23.3.3; Grey Matter Changes During the Transition to Psychosis: Longitudinal Studies;454
23.4; Functional Neuroimaging;457
23.4.1; fMRI in Established Psychosis;457
23.4.2; Neurofunctional Correlates of an Enhanced Risk to Psychosis;457
23.4.3; Neurofunctional Mapping of Psychosis Transition;459
23.4.4; Neurophysiological Correlates of Antipsychotic Treatments in Early Psychosis;460
23.4.5; Brain Connectivity in the Pre-psychotic Phases;461
23.4.6; fMRI and Longitudinal Outcomes in Subjects at High Risk for Psychosis;461
23.5; Neurochemical Imaging;463
23.5.1; Dopamine;463
23.5.1.1; Dopamine and Psychosis;463
23.5.1.2; Dopamine Dysregulation Prior to the Onset of Psychosis;463
23.5.1.3; The Revised Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia;465
23.5.2; Glutamate;466
23.5.2.1; Glutamate in Established Psychosis;466
23.5.2.2; Glutamate Dysfunction in Prodromal Psychosis;466
23.6; Integration of Neuroimaging Findings Across Modalities;467
23.7; Conclusions;470
23.8;References;470
24;Afterword;476
24.1; The Future of the Schizophrenia Construct and Acquisition of New Knowledge;476
24.2;References;479
25;Contents to Volume II;480
26;Contents to Volume III;482
27;Contributors to Volume II;484
28;Contributors to Volume III;489
29;Index;493