Ritsner Handbook of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Volume II

Phenotypic and Endophenotypic Presentations
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-94-007-0831-0
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 526 Seiten

A few disorders have some of the same symptoms as schizophrenia including schizoaffective disorders, schizophreniform disorder, schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders, delusional disorder, and autism (schizophrenia spectrum disorders). Since the 2000 there has been significant progress in our understanding of the early presentations, assessment, suspected neuropathology, and treatment of these disorders. Recent technological breakthroughs in basic sciences hold promise for advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This collective monograph reviewers recent researches regarding the origins, onset, course, and outcome of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In particular, this book will be illustrate new developments in terms of conceptual models, and research methodology, genetics and genomics, brain imaging and neurochemical studies, neurophysiology and information processing in schizophrenia spectrum disorders patients. Also will be highlighted new developments in our understanding of the childhood psychosis, prodromal and first-episode states, in treatment and rehabilitation. Thus, the purpose of this book is to provide up-to-date overview of the rapid advances made in the clinical and basic science studies supporting our understanding of the relationship between cerebral processes and clinical, cognitive and other presentations of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In addition, this book aims to monitor important research developments, which may be relevant to treatment, and rehabilitation of patients.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ritsner, Michael S.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
1.1; Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Insights from Views Across 100 years;5
2;Contents;9
3;Contributors;12
4;1 Negative Symptoms Across the Schizophrenia Spectrum: Phenomenological and Neurobiological Perspectives;17
4.1; Introduction;18
4.2; The Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia;19
4.2.1; Definition and Assessment;19
4.2.2; Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia;20
4.2.3; Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia -- Two Distinct Subdomains;21
4.2.4; Further Refinements of the Negative Symptom Construct;23
4.2.5; Negative Symptoms and Functional Outcomes in Schizophrenia;26
4.3; Negative Symptoms in Schizoaffective Disorder;27
4.4; Negative Symptoms in the Schizophrenia Prodrome;28
4.5; Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Personality Disorders;29
4.6; Negative Symptoms in the Schizophrenia Spectrum -- Neurobiological Underpinnings;31
4.6.1; Structural and Functional Imaging Studies;31
4.6.2; Investigations of the Deficit Syndrome;33
4.6.3; Neurobiological Correlates of Specific Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia;34
4.6.4; The Role of Dopamine Dysregulation in the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia;36
4.6.5; Neurobiological Correlates of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Illnesses;38
4.7; Conclusions and Future Directions;38
4.8;References;39
5;2 Neurocognitive Deficits, Negative Symptoms, and Insight in Schizophrenia;49
5.1; Definitions and Conceptual History;50
5.2; Epidemiology;54
5.2.1; Demographic Variables;54
5.2.2; Breadth of Impairments: Genetics, Family Histories and First Degree Relatives;55
5.2.3; Breadth of Impairments: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Disorders;56
5.3; Neurobiological Considerations;58
5.3.1; Brain Structural Abnormalities;59
5.3.2; Brain Neurotransmission Abnormalities;61
5.3.3; Functional Changes in Brain Activity;64
5.4; Clinical Considerations and Diagnosis;65
5.5; Course;70
5.5.1; Premorbid and First Episode (FE);70
5.5.2; Long Term Course;72
5.6; Treatment Considerations;74
5.6.1; Biological Interventions;74
5.6.1.1; Antipsychotics;74
5.6.1.2; Second Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs);74
5.6.1.3; Other Biological Interventions;75
5.6.1.4; Psychological Interventions;76
5.7; Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia;76
5.8; Functional Relevance of Cognition, Negative Symptoms and Insight in Schizophrenia;77
5.9; Cross Relationships;79
5.10; Discussion;80
5.11;References;80
6;3 Stress, Dissociation and Schizophrenia;91
6.1; Consciousness and Schizophrenia;91
6.2; Bleuler, Janet and the Concept of Schizophrenia;93
6.3; Dissociation, Stress Sensitization and Schizophrenia;96
6.4; Conclusions and Future Directions;98
6.5;References;99
7;4 Understanding the Role of Emotion in Psychosis: Social Anxiety Disorder in First-Episode Psychosis;104
7.1; Introduction;105
7.2; Affect and Psychosis: Evidence Towards a Link;105
7.3; Social Anxiety Disorder;106
7.3.1; What Is Social Anxiety?;106
7.3.2; Epidemiology;108
7.3.3; Co-morbidity;108
7.3.4; Developmental Psychopathology of Social Anxiety;110
7.3.4.1; Parenting Style;112
7.3.4.2; Attachment;113
7.3.4.3; The Role of Childhood Trauma;115
7.4; The Presence of Social Anxiety in Psychosis;116
7.4.1; Prevalence and Phenomenology;116
7.4.2; Social Anxiety and Relationship with Paranoia;117
7.4.3; Social Anxiety in Psychosis: a Psychological Reaction?;118
7.5; Clinical Implications and Future Directions;119
7.6; Conclusions;120
7.7;References;120
8;5 Face Perception in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Interface Between Cognitive and Social Cognitive Functioning;126
8.1; Introduction;127
8.2; Peceptual Processing of Non-affective Facial Information;128
8.3; Cortical Processing of Non-affective Facial Information;130
8.4; Associations of Affective and Non-affective Face Perception;131
8.5; Conclusions and Future Directions;132
8.6;References;132
9;6 Toward a Neuroethology of Schizophrenia: Findings from the Crimean Project;136
9.1; Introduction;137
9.2; The Crimean Neuroethology Project;141
9.3; Method;142
9.3.1; Design;142
9.3.2; Participants;142
9.3.3; Assessments;143
9.4; Results;146
9.4.1; Elements of Behaviour;146
9.4.2; Patterns and Dynamic Phenomena of Behaviour;155
9.4.3; Manipulation Activity;157
9.4.4; Typology and Dynamics of Complex Forms of Behaviour;161
9.4.5; Comparative Evolutionary Research;166
9.5; Discussion and Future Directions;168
9.6; Appendix 1: Research Indices;170
9.7; Appendix 2: Some Ethological Definitions in the Crimean Neuroethology Project;171
9.8; Dynamic Valuation of Behaviour;171
9.9; Patterns of Behaviour;171
9.10; Some Complex Forms (Contexts) of Behaviour;173
9.11;References;174
10;7 Quality of Life Deficit Is a Core Presentation of Functional Psychoses;180
10.1; Health Related Quality of Life;181
10.2; HRQL in Functional Psychoses;182
10.3; Shaar Menashe Quality of Life Project;182
10.3.1; Design;182
10.3.2; Participants;183
10.3.3; Instruments;184
10.4; SZ/SA Patients Versus Healthy Subjects;187
10.5; Comparison Between Functional Psychoses;187
10.6; Course of HRQL Deficits;188
10.6.1; A 2-Year Follow Up Study;188
10.6.2; A 10-Year Follow Up Study;188
10.7; HRQL Models;195
10.7.1; A Conceptual Integrative Model;195
10.7.2; Mediational Model;195
10.7.3; Distress/Protection Vulnerability Model;195
10.8; HRQL Impairment Syndrome;196
10.9; Conclusions and Future Directions;198
10.10; Appendix 1: Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire -- Abbreviated Version (Q-LES-Q-18);200
10.11; Appendix 2: Distress Scale for Adverse Symptoms (DSAS);201
10.12; Appendix 3: Talbieh Brief Distress Inventory (TBDI);202
10.13;References;203
11;8 Early Onset Schizophrenia;210
11.1; Introduction;211
11.2; Symptoms and Diagnosis;212
11.3; Etiology and Pathophysiology;213
11.4; Assessment;214
11.5; Treatment;215
11.6; Conclusion and Future Directions;217
11.7;References;218
12;9 Prediction and Early Detection of First-Episode Psychosis;221
12.1; Prevention of Psychiatric Disorders;222
12.2; The Prodrome of Psychosis;223
12.3; Prediction of First-Episode Psychosis;224
12.4; Prodromal Criteria of the DSM-III and Its Revision;224
12.5; Ultra-High Risk Criteria;225
12.5.1; Transition Rates in UHR Samples;239
12.6; UHR-Like Approaches;240
12.6.1; Clinical High Risk Criteria;240
12.6.2; FEPSY Criteria;253
12.7; Basic Symptom Criteria;254
12.8; Integrative Approaches;256
12.8.1; Early and Late Initial Prodromal State Criteria;256
12.8.2; UHR-BS Criteria;256
12.9; Exclusion Criteria;257
12.10; Transition Criteria;265
12.11; Resume of Current Early Detection;266
12.12; Future Directions;267
12.12.1; Risk Enrichment and Stratification;267
12.12.2; At-Risk Criteria and DSM-V;269
12.13; Conclusion;270
12.14; Appendix: Criteria of the Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms Syndrome Recommended by the DSM-V Development Work Group as of May-17-2010 (http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=412#);271
12.15;References;274
13;10 Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in Relation to the Totality of Psychosis: From First Episode to Long-Term Outcome;282
13.1; Introduction;283
13.2; The Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study;284
13.2.1; Epidemiology;284
13.2.2; Duration of Untreated Psychosis;285
13.2.3; Psychopathology;285
13.2.4; Neuropsychology and Neurological Soft Signs;286
13.2.5; Interim Synthesis -- At the First Episode;286
13.3; Long-Term Follow-Up;288
13.3.1; Diagnostic Stability;288
13.3.2; Psychopathology;288
13.3.3; Global Assessment of Functioning;289
13.3.4; Quality of Life;289
13.3.5; Service Engagement;289
13.3.6; Interim Synthesis -- At Long-Term Follow-Up;289
13.4; Conclusions and Future Directions;290
13.5;References;291
14;11 Course of Schizophrenia: What Has Been Learned from Longitudinal Studies?;293
14.1; Introduction;294
14.2; Hypothesized Protective Factors;294
14.3; Hypothesized Negative Factors;295
14.4; Tools Used;296
14.5; Longitudinal Studies;298
14.5.1; Pre-antipsychotic Era Institutionalization Studies;298
14.5.2; Post-antipsychotic Era Institutionalization Studies;299
14.5.3; De-institutionalization Studies;300
14.6; Discussion;304
14.7; Conclusion and Future Directions;305
14.8;References;306
15;12 Late-Onset Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Clinical Profile, Prognosis, and Treatment Considerations;313
15.1; Late-Onset Schizophrenia, Historical and Diagnostic Issues;314
15.2; The Differential Diagnoses;315
15.3; Prevalence and Incidence of LOS and VLOSLP;317
15.3.1; Community Surveys;317
15.3.2; Clinical Studies;317
15.4; Risk Factors;318
15.5; Psychopathology of LOS and VLOSLP;319
15.6; Neuropsychology;323
15.7; Genetics;323
15.8; Brain Imaging;324
15.9; Other Studies on Organicity;325
15.10; Treatment of LOS and VLOSLP;326
15.11; The Prognosis for LOS and VLOSLP;327
15.12; The Etiopathology of LOS and VLOSLP;329
15.13; Conclusions and Future Directions;330
15.14;References;332
16;13 Neurological and Neuropsychological Endophenotypes in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders;336
16.1; Neurological Endophenotypes;337
16.1.1; NSS in Schizophrenia;338
16.1.2; Heritability and Genetic Correlates of NSS;338
16.1.3; Clinical and Cognitive Correlates of NSS;340
16.1.4; Effects of Medication on NSS;342
16.1.5; MPAs in Schizophrenia;343
16.1.6; Heritability and Genetic Correlates of MPAs;344
16.1.7; Clinical and Cognitive Correlates of MPAs;345
16.2; Neuropsychological Endophenotypes;345
16.2.1; Verbal Learning and Memory;347
16.2.2; Attention;348
16.2.3; Executive Function;350
16.3; Conclusions and Future Directions;351
16.4;References;353
17;14 The Association of Metacognition with Neurocognition and Function in Schizophrenia: Advances from the Study of Personal Narratives;361
17.1; Introduction;362
17.1.1; Theoretical Impetus for Investigating the Relation Between Neurocognition and Metacognition;363
17.1.2; Limitations of Current Research on Metacognition and Neurocognition;363
17.1.3; Three Studies: Neurocognition and Metacognitive Capacities;366
17.1.4; Metacognition, Neurocognition and Functioning;370
17.1.5; Summary, Limitations and Conclusions;372
17.2;References;373
18;15 The Relationship of Acute Transient Psychoses and Schizophrenia;376
18.1; Introduction;377
18.2; European Views on Acute Transient Psychoses;377
18.2.1; Bouffée Délirante;377
18.2.2; Cycloid Psychoses;378
18.2.3; Psychogenic or Reactive Psychosis;379
18.2.4; Schizophreniform States;380
18.3; Modern Psychiatric Classifications;380
18.4; Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorders (ICD-10 F23);381
18.4.1; Shortcomings of ATPD;381
18.4.1.1; ATPD Is a Composite Category;381
18.4.1.2; The Subcategories Have Poor Reliability;383
18.4.1.3; ATPD Bears Little Continuity with the Traditional Categories of European Psychiatry;384
18.4.1.4; ATPD Does Not Conform to Any Specific Category in DSM-IV;385
18.4.2; Clinical Features;385
18.4.3; Epidemiology;385
18.4.4; Predisposing Factors;386
18.4.5; Precipitating Factors;387
18.4.6; Diagnostic Stability and Outcome;387
18.5; The Non-affective Acute Remitting Psychoses;389
18.6; Conclusions and Future Directions;390
18.7;References;391
19;16 Schizophrenia and Depression -- Challenging the Paradigm of Two Separate Diseases;397
19.1; Introduction;398
19.2; Categorical Versus Dimensional Definitions;398
19.3; Depressive Symptoms in Schizophrenia;399
19.4; Affective Symptoms as Risk Factors and Precursors of Psychosis;400
19.5; Depression at the Prodromal Stage of Schizophrenia;401
19.6; Depressive Symptoms in Full-Blown Schizophrenia;404
19.7; Conclusions and Future Directions;406
19.8;References;408
20;17 Schizo-Obsessive Disorder;411
20.1; Introduction;412
20.2; Concept and Diagnosis;412
20.3; Epidemiology;414
20.4; Ethiology;420
20.4.1; Genetic Factors;420
20.4.2; Environmental Factors;421
20.5; Phatophysiology;423
20.6; Psychopathology;425
20.6.1; Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms;425
20.6.2; Psychotic Symptoms;427
20.7; Neurocognition;438
20.8; Treatment;445
20.9; Prognosis;447
20.10; Conclusions and Future Directions;447
20.11;References;449
21;18 Neurophysiology of Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia;457
21.1; Introduction;458
21.2; Basic Neurophysiology;458
21.3; Neurophysiology of Perceptual Processes in Schizophrenia;464
21.3.1; Neural Correlates of Visual Processing;464
21.3.2; Neural Processing of Auditory Information;466
21.3.2.1; The Steady-State Response;467
21.3.2.2; Sensory Gating;467
21.3.2.3; N1;468
21.4; Neurophysiological Cognitive Markers of Schizophrenia;469
21.4.1; MMN;469
21.5; Mechanisms of Cognitive Deficits: The Example of Working Memory;473
21.6; Neurophysiology and Molecular Mechanisms of Schizophrenia;476
21.6.1; GABA;476
21.6.2; Glutamate;477
21.6.3; Dopamine;478
21.6.4; Cholinergic System;478
21.7; Conclusions and Future Directions;479
21.8;References;480
22;19 Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Risk for Cancer Morbidity and Mortality;489
22.1; Introduction;490
22.2; Risk Factors;491
22.2.1; Life Style;491
22.2.2; Medication;491
22.2.3; Service-Related Risks;492
22.2.4; Cancer Morbidity;492
22.2.5; Aggregated Rates;493
22.2.6; Breast Cancer;493
22.2.7; Lung Cancer;494
22.2.8; Prostate Cancer;494
22.2.9; Family Studies;495
22.2.10; Cancer in Bipolar and Schizoaffective Disorders;496
22.2.11; Cancer Mortality;497
22.3; Cellular and Molecular Explanations;498
22.4; Signal Transduction Explanations;499
22.5; Apoptosis;500
22.6; Psychotropic Drugs Effects;501
22.6.1; Antipsychotics;501
22.6.2; Antidepressants;501
22.6.3; Ascertainment Bias;503
22.7; Conclusion and Future Directions;503
22.8;References;503
23;Afterword;512
23.1;The Future of the Schizophrenia Construct and Acquisition of New Knowledge;512
23.2;References;515
24;Contents to Volume I;516
25;Contents to Volume III;518
26;Contributors to Volume I;520
27;Contributors to Volume III;525
28;Index;529