Ritter / Dauksta New Perspectives on People and Forests

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-94-007-1150-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 250 Seiten

The aim of this book is to elucidate the role of forests as part of a landscape in the life of people. Most landscapes today are cultural landscapes that are influenced by human activity and that in turn have a profound effect on our understanding of and identification with a place. The book proposes that a better understanding of the bond between people and forests as integrated part of a landscape may be helpful in landscape planning, and may contribute to the discussion of changes in forest cover which has been motivated by land use changes, rural development and the global climate debate. To this end, people’s perception of forest landscapes, the reasons for different perceptions, and future perspectives are discussed.

Given the wide range of forest landscapes, and cultural perspectives which exist across the world, the book focuses on Europe as a test case to explore the various relationships between society, culture, forests and landscapes. It looks at historical evidence of the impacts of people on forests and vice versa, explores the current factors affecting people’s physical and emotional comfort in forest landscapes, and looks ahead to how changes in forest cover may alter the present relationships of people to forests.

Drawing together a diverse literature and combining the expertise of natural and social scientists, this book will form a valuable reference for students and researchers working in the fields of landscape ecology and landscape architecture, geography, social science, environmental psychology orenvironmental history. It will also be of interest to researchers, government agencies and practitioners with an interest in issues such as sustainable forest management, sustainable tourism, reserve management, urban planning and environmental interpretation.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ritter, Eva

Dauksta, Dainis

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;New Perspectives on People and Forests;4
2;Preface;6
3;Contents;12
4;About the Authors;14
5;Contributors;18
6;Part I;20
6.1;Chapter 1: Introduction – The Crooked Timber of Humanity;21
6.1.1;References;27
6.2;Chapter 2: Forests in Landscapes – The Myth of Untouched Wilderness;29
6.2.1;2.1 People and Forests in Prehistoric Times;30
6.2.1.1;2.1.1 Hunter-Gatherers in Europe;30
6.2.1.2;2.1.2 The Mid-Holocene Elm Decline;31
6.2.1.3;2.1.3 The Great Transition;33
6.2.1.4;2.1.4 Early Agricultural Impacts on Forests;34
6.2.2;2.2 Forest Development in Historical Times;35
6.2.2.1;2.2.1 The Great Deforestation of the Ancient World;35
6.2.2.2;2.2.2 Impacts on Forests in Northern and Central Europe;37
6.2.2.3;2.2.3 Forest Protection and Forest Expansion;40
6.2.3;2.3 Conclusion;42
6.2.4;References;43
6.3;Chapter 3: Overcoming Physicophobia – Forests as the Sacred Source of Our Human Origins;46
6.3.1;3.1 The Forest as Nothing More than Useful;47
6.3.2;3.2 Rousseau: Friend of the Forest;47
6.3.2.1;3.2.1 The Demystification of the Forest;48
6.3.2.2;3.2.2 The “Savage Man”;49
6.3.3;3.3 Nietzsche and the Sacredness of Nature;51
6.3.3.1;3.3.1 Nietzsche’s Criticism of Modernity;51
6.3.3.2;3.3.2 Nietzsche’s “Religious” Experience;52
6.3.4;3.4 Conclusion;55
6.3.5;References;55
7;Part II;56
7.1;Chapter 4: Royal Forests – Hunting and Other Forest Use in Medieval England;57
7.1.1;4.1 Forests as Game Reserves;57
7.1.1.1;4.1.1 The Location of Forests;58
7.1.1.2;4.1.2 Forest Rights and Administration;60
7.1.2;4.2 Medieval Hunting;62
7.1.2.1;4.2.1 Anglo-Saxon Hunting and Game Reserves;62
7.1.2.2;4.2.2 Medieval Hunting Methods;65
7.1.2.3;4.2.3 Hunting Iconography in Medieval Literature;66
7.1.3;4.3 The Use of Other Forest Resources;67
7.1.3.1;4.3.1 Forest Pasture;68
7.1.3.2;4.3.2 Other Forest Products;69
7.1.4;4.4 The Decline of the Forests;70
7.1.5;4.5 Hunting in Post-medieval Times;72
7.1.6;4.6 Conclusion;73
7.1.7;Relevant Manuscripts;73
7.1.8;References;73
7.2;Chapter 5: Forests as Commons – Changing Traditions and Governance in Europe;76
7.2.1;5.1 Introduction to the Commons;76
7.2.2;5.2 History of Forests as Commons in Europe;78
7.2.2.1;5.2.1 Northwestern Europe and the Alps;78
7.2.2.2;5.2.2 Southern Europe;79
7.2.2.3;5.2.3 United Kingdom;80
7.2.3;5.3 How the Role and Use of Forests is Changing;82
7.2.4;5.4 The Relationship Between People and Forest Commons;84
7.2.5;5.5 Conclusion;86
7.2.6;References;87
7.3;Chapter 6: New Forest Owners – Small-Scale Forestry and Changes in Forest Ownership;90
7.3.1;6.1 What is Small-Scale Forestry?;90
7.3.2;6.2 Characteristics of Small-Scale Forests;91
7.3.3;6.3 Owners of Small-Scale Forests;93
7.3.3.1;6.3.1 Ownership Structure;93
7.3.3.2;6.3.2 Objectives of Small-Scale Forest Owners;94
7.3.4;6.4 Nature of Small-Scale Forests;95
7.3.5;6.5 Consequences of the Changing Ownership Structure;96
7.3.5.1;6.5.1 Forest Fragmentation;96
7.3.5.2;6.5.2 Recreation and Access;97
7.3.5.3;6.5.3 Timber Production;97
7.3.5.4;6.5.4 Nature Conservation;98
7.3.6;6.6 Conclusion;99
7.3.7;References;99
7.4;Chapter 7: Forests and Recreation – New Functions of Afforestation as Seen in Denmark;102
7.4.1;7.1 Forest Recreation: A Policy Perspective;103
7.4.2;7.2 Forest Use in Denmark;104
7.4.3;7.3 Afforestation: Creation of Recreation Opportunities;106
7.4.4;7.4 Conclusion;108
7.4.5;References;109
8;Part III;111
8.1;Chapter 8: From Post to Pillar – The Development and Persistence of an Arboreal Metaphor;112
8.1.1;8.1 The Wooden Post in Prehistory and the Growth of Symbols;112
8.1.1.1;8.1.1 Timber Circles;113
8.1.1.2;8.1.2 Celtic and La Tène Sites;115
8.1.2;8.2 The Layering of Connected Symbols;117
8.1.2.1;8.2.1 The Anthropomorphic Tree;117
8.1.2.2;8.2.2 The Lopped Tree, the Axe and the Thunder God;118
8.1.2.3;8.2.3 The Maypole;122
8.1.3;8.3 The Classical Column;123
8.1.4;8.4 Two Modern Vestiges of the Sacred Pillar;126
8.1.5;8.5 Conclusion;128
8.1.6;References;129
8.2;Chapter 9: Landscape Painting and the Forest – The Influence of Cultural Factors in the Depiction of Trees and Forests;131
8.2.1;9.1 Medieval Symbolic and Factual Landscapes;132
8.2.1.1;9.1.1 Symbols of Christ, Crucifixion and Redemption;132
8.2.1.2;9.1.2 Perspective, Nature and Classical Mythology;134
8.2.1.3;9.1.3 Hunting, Forestry and Country Life;136
8.2.2;9.2 Poetic Landscapes as Concept;137
8.2.3;9.3 New Symbolic and Factual Landscapes;138
8.2.4;9.4 Modern Transcendentalism and Symbolism;142
8.2.4.1;9.4.1 David Jones; a Coalescence of Ancient Themes;144
8.2.4.2;9.4.2 Modern Symbolism: Irony, the Sacred and the Secular;146
8.2.5;9.5 Conclusion;147
8.2.6;References;148
8.3;Chapter 10: Space and Place – Popular Perceptions of Forests;150
8.3.1;10.1 Space and Place;151
8.3.1.1;10.1.1 A Range of Perceptions, a Range of Perspectives;151
8.3.1.2;10.1.2 Understanding Popular Perceptions of Forests;153
8.3.2;10.2 Forests in the Landscape and the Popular Imagination;156
8.3.2.1;10.2.1 Changing Meanings, Changing Contexts;156
8.3.2.2;10.2.2 Forests as Places Apart;158
8.3.3;10.3 The Cultural Distinctiveness of Forests;161
8.3.3.1;10.3.1 Floral and Faunal Cultures;161
8.3.3.2;10.3.2 Everyday Cultures;162
8.3.4;10.4 Conclusions: Persistences and Reimaginings;165
8.3.5;References;166
8.4;Chapter 11: Materiality and Identity – Forests, Trees and Senses of Belonging;170
8.4.1;11.1 Introduction;170
8.4.2;11.2 Identity;171
8.4.3;11.3 Forests, Identity and Place;173
8.4.3.1;11.3.1 Forests as Material Places of Becoming;173
8.4.3.2;11.3.2 Forests of Places of (Sensed) Dwelling;174
8.4.4;11.4 Forests and Practices of Identities;175
8.4.4.1;11.4.1 Global Sense of Identity;176
8.4.4.2;11.4.2 National Sense of Identity;177
8.4.4.3;11.4.3 Regional Sense of Identity;179
8.4.4.4;11.4.4 Local and Individual Sense of Identity;180
8.4.5;11.5 Complex and Contested Identities;181
8.4.5.1;11.5.1 Forests as Spaces of Otherness;181
8.4.5.2;11.5.2 Forests as Places to Lose Identity;183
8.4.5.3;11.5.3 Forests as Places to Find Identity;184
8.4.5.4;11.5.4 Forests: Gender and Identity;184
8.4.6;11.6 Conclusion;185
8.4.7;References;186
8.5;Chapter 12: Definitions and Concepts – The Etymology and Use of the Terms Forest and Landscape;189
8.5.1;12.1 The Use of Concepts;189
8.5.2;12.2 Forest;190
8.5.2.1;12.2.1 Etymology;190
8.5.2.2;12.2.2 Present Use;191
8.5.3;12.3 Landscape;194
8.5.3.1;12.3.1 Etymology;194
8.5.3.2;12.3.2 Present Use;196
8.5.4;12.4 Conclusion;198
8.5.5;References;198
9;Part IV;201
9.1;Chapter 13: Tree Use and Landscape Changes – Development of a Woodland Area in Sweden;202
9.1.1;13.1 The Area of Bråbygden;202
9.1.2;13.2 Tree Species in the Bråbygden Area;205
9.1.2.1;13.2.1 The Natural Tree Vegetation;205
9.1.2.2;13.2.2 The Function and Use of Tree Species;206
9.1.3;13.3 Human Impact on Forests, Trees and the Landscape;207
9.1.3.1;13.3.1 Grazing and Browsing;207
9.1.3.2;13.3.2 Forest Fires and Slash-and-Burn Cultivation;208
9.1.3.3;13.3.3 Tar Distillation and Charcoal Production;209
9.1.3.4;13.3.4 Pollards and Leaf-Fodder Harvesting;209
9.1.3.5;13.3.5 Population Growth;210
9.1.4;13.4 Landscape Development During Medieval Times;210
9.1.5;13.5 Landscape Development Since the Eighteenth Century;212
9.1.5.1;13.5.1 Forest Description and Forest Functions;212
9.1.5.2;13.5.2 Landscape Development;214
9.1.5.3;13.5.3 Land Use Changes During the Twentieth Century;217
9.1.6;13.6 Some Thoughts About the Future;217
9.1.7;References;219
9.2;Chapter 14: Forest Landscapes in Europe – Visual Characteristics and the Role of Arboriculture;220
9.2.1;14.1 Landscape Perception and Analysis;220
9.2.1.1;14.1.1 Landscape Perception and Preferences;220
9.2.1.2;14.1.2 Concepts of Landscape Analysis;221
9.2.2;14.2 Visual Landscape Characteristics;223
9.2.2.1;14.2.1 Degree of Openness;225
9.2.2.2;14.2.2 Complexity and Contrast;230
9.2.3;14.3 Tree Use and Landscape Development;231
9.2.4;14.4 Aesthetics in Landscape Management;233
9.2.5;14.5 Conclusion;234
9.2.6;References;235
10;Part V;239
10.1;Chapter 15: Conclusion – Towards a Symbiotic Relationship;240
10.1.1;15.1 Contradicting Forest Values;240
10.1.2;15.2 Changing Attitudes and Relationships;243
10.1.3;15.3 Future Perspectives;245
11;Index;247