Röttger-Rössler / Markowitsch Emotions as Bio-cultural Processes

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-387-09546-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 418 Seiten

Emotions have emerged as a topic of interest across the disciplines, yet studies and findings on emotions tend to fall into two camps: body versus brain, nature versus nurture. Emotions as Bio-cultural Processes offers a unique collaboration across the biological/social divide-from psychology and neuroscience to cultural anthropology and sociology-as 15 noted researchers develop a common language, theoretical basis, and methodology for examining this most sociocognitive aspect of our lives. Starting with our evolutionary past and continuing into our modern world of social classes and norms, these multidisciplinary perspectives reveal the complex interplay of biological, social, cultural, and personal factors at work in emotions, with particular emphasis on the nuances involved in pride and shame. A sampling of the topics: (1) The roles of the brain in emotional processing. (2) Emotional development milestones in childhood. (3) Social feeling rules and the experience of loss. (4) Emotions as commodities? The management of feelings and the self-help industry. (5) Honor and dishonor: societal and gender manifestations of pride and shame. (6) Emotion regulation and youth culture. (7) Pride and shame in the classroom. A volume of such wide and integrative scope as Emotions as Bio-cultural Processes should attract a large cohort of readers on both sides of the debate, among them emotion researchers, social and developmental psychologists, sociologists, social anthropologists, and others who analyze the links between humans that on the one hand differentiate us as individuals but on the other hand tie us to our socio-cultural worlds.

PD Dr. phil. Birgitt Röttger-Rössler teaches Social Anthropology at the University of Göttingen. She studied social and physical anthropology as well as Malay languages and literatures at the Universities of Goettingen, Zurich, Cologne and Bonn. Her main research focuses on the cultural patterning of emotions as well as on gender relations, life history and autobiographical narrating; Indonesian and Malay literatures. She has accomplished several research projects concerning these topics and has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in Indonesia, mainly in Sulawesi and Sumatra. Hans Joachim Markowitsch is Professor of Physiological Psychology at the University of Bielefeld. He studied psychology and biology at the University of Konstanz, had professorships for biopsychology and physiological psychology at the Universities of Konstanz, Bochum, and Bielefeld and was offered chairs of psychology and neuroscience at Australian and Canadian Universities. His research centers on the neural and psychic bases of memory disorders, consciousness, emotion, and free will. He is author, co-author or editor of more than a dozen books and has written more than 450 scientific articles and book chapters

Autoren/Hrsg.

Röttger-Rössler, Birgitt

Markowitsch, Hans Jürgen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Prologue;12
4.1;Introduction;13
4.1.1;References;19
4.2;Homo Sapiens-The Emotional Animal;20
4.2.1;Notes;27
4.2.2;References;28
5;Part 1: Concepts and Approaches;29
5.1;Emotions as Bio-cultural Processes: Disciplinary Debates and an Interdisciplinary Outlook;30
5.1.1;Criteria for Basic Emotional Processes;32
5.1.2;Estimation, Evaluation, Appraisal;36
5.1.3;Course of an Emotional Episode;40
5.1.3.1;Internal Processing of an Emotional Episode;40
5.1.3.2;Body-Related Aspects of the Processing of an Emotional Episode;45
5.1.4;Relation Between Basic Emotions and Appraisal Processes;46
5.1.5;Complex Emotions/Nonbasic Emotional Events;47
5.1.6;Differential Criteria for Specific Emotions;50
5.1.7;Universal and Culture-Specific Emotions;51
5.1.7.1;Universal Emotions;51
5.1.7.2;Culture-Specific Emotions;51
5.1.8;Interdisciplinary Outlook;53
5.1.9;Notes;55
5.1.10;References;57
5.2;On the Origin and Evolution of Affective Capacities in Lower Vertebrates;61
5.2.1;Introduction: Emotions, Feelings, and Darwinean Theory;61
5.2.2;Basic Needs, Basic Dangers, Basic Emotions;63
5.2.3;Nociception, Conditioning, and the Evolution of Emotions;63
5.2.3.1;On Being Touchy and on Being in Pain;63
5.2.3.1.1;On Nociception and Pain;63
5.2.3.2;‘‘Once Bitten Twice Shy’’: From Fright to Fear;65
5.2.4;Invertebrates;68
5.2.4.1;Noxious Events, Reflexive Behaviour, Fright and Fear in Invertebrates;68
5.2.5;Emotions and the Evolving Brain;70
5.2.5.1;Possible Ancestry and the Phylogeny of the Vertebrates;70
5.2.6;Sensory Organs, Nociception, and Memory in the Lower Chordates;72
5.2.6.1;Lancelets, Lampreys (Cephalochordata and Cyclostomata), Sharks, and Rays (Elasmobranchii);73
5.2.7;Evolution and the Brain in Vertebrates;74
5.2.8;Emotions, the Limbic System of Mammals and the Problem of Homology;76
5.2.9;Bony Fishes;79
5.2.9.1;Nociception and Fear Conditioning in the Teleosts;79
5.2.9.2;Amygdaloid Complex, Learning, and Emotional Memory of Fishes;81
5.2.10;Amphibians;83
5.2.10.1;Nociception;83
5.2.10.2;Learning, Emotional Memory, and Amygdala Complex of Amphibians;83
5.2.11;Reptiles;85
5.2.11.1;Nociception;85
5.2.11.2;Learning, Emotional Memory, and Amygdaloid Complex of Reptiles;85
5.2.12;Summary and Conclusion;87
5.2.13;Notes;89
5.2.14;References;91
5.3;Emotions: The Shared Heritage of Animals and Humans;100
5.3.1;Phylogenetic Brain Development in Mammals;100
5.3.2;Limbic System-Basis of Emotions in Mammalian Brain;105
5.3.3;Evolution of Functions-Intellectual Changes during Phylogeny and Their Anatomical Bases;107
5.3.4;References;111
5.4;Neurobiological Basis of Emotions;115
5.4.1;Emotions: Mediated by ‘‘Body and Brain’’;115
5.4.2;Limbic System: The Neural Basis of Emotions;116
5.4.2.1;Amygdala;117
5.4.2.2;Amygdala-Septum Interactions;120
5.4.2.3;Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus;120
5.4.2.4;Hippocampal Formation;122
5.4.3;Expanded Limbic System;122
5.4.3.1;Cingulate Cortex;123
5.4.3.2;Orbitofrontal Cortex;125
5.4.3.3;Insular Cortex;125
5.4.4;Striatum;126
5.4.5;Neurotransmitter Systems;126
5.4.6;Emotional Changes in Patients Suffering from Brain Damage;126
5.4.6.1;Amygdala;127
5.4.6.2;Septal Nuclei;129
5.4.6.3;Orbitofrontal Cortex;129
5.4.6.4;Other Regions;131
5.4.7;Laterality Effects: Right Hemisphere Hypothesis;132
5.4.8;Valence Hypothesis;133
5.4.9;References;134
5.5;Milestones and Mechanisms of Emotional Development;143
5.5.1;Definition of Emotion;144
5.5.2;Dimensions of Emotional Development;146
5.5.2.1;Quality of an Emotion;146
5.5.2.2;Regulative Function of Emotions;146
5.5.2.3;Form of an Emotion: Expressive Reactions as a Medium of Emotional Development;147
5.5.2.4;Relation of the Subfunction ‘‘Emotion’’ to Other Psychological Subfunctions in Action Regulation;149
5.5.3;Ontogenetic Phases of Emotional Development;150
5.5.3.1;Ontogenetic Starting Point: With What Are Neonates Equipped When They Enter Our World?;150
5.5.3.2;Emergence of Sign-Mediated Emotion Systems During Infancy;152
5.5.3.2.1;Developing Differentiated Emotions;153
5.5.3.2.2;Developmental Mechanism of Emotional Differentiation;153
5.5.3.2.3;Acquisition of a Repertoire of Actions;155
5.5.3.3;Emergence of Intrapersonal Regulation in Toddlers and Preschoolers;155
5.5.3.4;Development of Expression Signs From Age 6 Onward;160
5.5.3.4.1;Use of Expression to Display Emotions in Interpersonal Regulation;160
5.5.3.4.2;Internalization of Expression Signs In Intrapersonal Regulation;161
5.5.4;Summary and Outlook;162
5.5.5;Notes;163
5.5.6;References;163
5.6;Gravestones for Butterflies: Social Feeling Rules and Individual Experiences of Loss;168
5.6.1;Background;170
5.6.2;Narrations of Pregnancy Loss;171
5.6.2.1;Onset;172
5.6.2.2;Time Together;173
5.6.2.3;Experience of Giving ‘‘Death’’;174
5.6.2.4;Time of Sorrow;175
5.6.3;Discussion;177
5.6.4;Conclusion;179
5.6.5;Notes;180
5.6.6;Appendix;181
5.6.7;References;183
5.7;Emotion by Design: Self-Management of Feelings as a Cultural Program;184
5.7.1;Emotions and Economic Action;185
5.7.2;Two Hypotheses in Sociological Research: Alienation Versus Informalization;187
5.7.3;Emotional Self-Management in ‘‘Flexible Capitalism’’;189
5.7.4;Example of ‘‘Emotional Intelligence’’;192
5.7.5;Program of Authentic Self-Programming;195
5.7.6;Paradoxes in the Modern Regulation of Emotion;196
5.7.7;Notes;198
5.7.8;References;198
5.8;Emotion, Embodiment, and Agency: The Place of a Social Emotions Perspective in the Cross-Disciplinary Understanding of Emotional Processes;202
5.8.1;Introduction;202
5.8.2;A Social Emotions Approach and its Implications;203
5.8.2.1;The Social Ontology of Emotion;203
5.8.2.2;The Body and Emotion;204
5.8.2.3;Emotion and Social Structure;205
5.8.2.4;Social Emotional Processes and Agency;206
5.8.2.5;Next Steps;207
5.8.3;The Quest of Philosophical Anthropology;207
5.8.3.1;The Active, Constitutive Role of the Body in Society and Culture;209
5.8.3.2;The Concept of Positionality and Its Implications in the Study of Emotion;211
5.8.3.3;Emotion as an Aspect of ‘‘Taking a Position’’;212
5.8.4;Emotion, Action, and the Embodiment of Structure;212
5.8.4.1;Subjectivity, Action, Feeling, and Time;213
5.8.5;Conclusion;214
5.8.6;Notes;215
5.8.7;References;215
5.9;On the Nature of Artificial Feelings;217
5.9.1;Introduction;217
5.9.2;Notes;226
5.9.3;References;226
6;Part 2: Empirical Studies-Shame and Pride: Prototypical Emotions Between Biology and Culture;228
6.1;‘‘Honor and Dishonor’’: Connotations of a Socio-symbolic Category in Cross-Cultural Perspective;229
6.1.1;Introduction;229
6.1.2;Honor and Dishonor: In Search of a Category;230
6.1.2.1;In Search of a Typology;232
6.1.2.1.1;Horizontal Versus Vertical Honour;234
6.1.2.1.2;Individual Versus Collective Honour;235
6.1.3;Code of Honor: Examples of Cultural and Regional Similarities and Differences;237
6.1.3.1;Mediterranean World;237
6.1.3.1.1;Spain;237
6.1.3.1.2;Italy;238
6.1.3.1.3;Greece;239
6.1.3.2;Balkans;240
6.1.3.2.1;Montenegro and Northern Albania;240
6.1.3.3;Arabic World;242
6.1.3.3.1;A aywamacrt and Awlamacrt Ali Bedouin of Egypt;242
6.1.3.3.2;Ghiyata of Eastern Morocco;243
6.1.3.3.3;Kabyle Society of Algeria;244
6.1.3.4;West and Central Asia;244
6.1.3.4.1;Turkey;244
6.1.3.4.2;Afghanistan (Pashtuns);246
6.1.3.5;South Asia;247
6.1.3.6;Southeast Asia;249
6.1.3.7;East Asia;250
6.1.3.7.1;China;250
6.1.3.7.2;Japan;251
6.1.3.8;New Guinea;252
6.1.3.9;Northern Africa (Fulbe);253
6.1.3.10;East Africa (Pokot);254
6.1.3.11;‘‘Old American South’’;255
6.1.4;It’s a Man’s World but What About Women?;256
6.1.5;Honor Lost- Honor Restored;260
6.1.5.1;Honor Lost;260
6.1.5.2;Honor Restored;261
6.1.5.2.1;‘‘Honor Crimes’’ and ‘‘Honor Killings’’;262
6.1.6;Some Generalisations;266
6.1.7;Notes;270
6.1.8;References;271
6.2;‘‘Honor and Dishonor’’ and the Quest for Emotional Equivalents;281
6.2.1;Introduction;281
6.2.2;Honour, Dishonour, and the Emotions Pride and Shame;282
6.2.3;Pride and Shame as ‘‘Self-Conscious Emotions’’;283
6.2.3.1;Pride;285
6.2.3.2;Shame;287
6.2.4;Embodiment of Pride and Shame and the Related Pan-Human Behavioural Code;287
6.2.5;Self-Evaluation, Self-Esteem, and the Reference Group;290
6.2.5.1;Pride, Shame, and the Pain of Being Excluded;291
6.2.6;Self-Esteem, Pride, Shame, and Well-Being;293
6.2.6.1;Rational Actor Theory, Well-Being, and Worrying;295
6.2.6.2;Emotions and the Multidimensionality of Well-Being;298
6.2.7;Is Honor to Pride What Dishonor is to Shame?;300
6.2.8;On the Origin of the Honor-Dishonor Code;301
6.2.8.1;Hierarchies, Dominance, and Feelings: Evolutionary Perspective;301
6.2.9;Human Cultural History and the Emergence of the Honor/Dishonor Code;303
6.2.10;Conclusion;306
6.2.11;Notes;307
6.2.12;References;308
6.3;End of Honor? Emotion, Gender, and Social Change in an Indonesian Society;317
6.3.1;Ethnographic Context;318
6.3.2;Case Study: Badiah’s Marriage;319
6.3.2.1;Dramatis Personae;319
6.3.3;Badiah’s Marriage;320
6.3.4;Interpretation;321
6.3.5;Discussion;325
6.3.6;Conclusion;327
6.3.7;Notes;328
6.3.8;References;328
6.4;‘‘Beggars’’ and ‘‘Kings’’: Emotional Regulation of Shame Among Street Youths in a Javanese City in Indonesia;329
6.4.1;Introduction;329
6.4.2;Regulation of Emotions;330
6.4.3;Social Emotions of Shame and Pride;333
6.4.3.1;Cultural Differences: Shame and Malu;335
6.4.3.2;Malu and Stigma;336
6.4.3.3;Transformation from Shame to Pride;338
6.4.3.4;Ethnic Pride;341
6.4.4;From ‘‘Beggars’’ to ‘‘Kings:’’ A Metamorphosis?;343
6.4.4.1;‘‘King’’ Encounters: Tekyan and Rendan;343
6.4.4.2;Encounters with Their Parents: ‘‘Beggars’’ Again?;344
6.4.5;Conclusion;345
6.4.6;Notes;345
6.4.7;References;346
6.5;The Search for Style and the Urge for Fame: Emotion Regulation and Hip-Hop Culture;350
6.5.1;Introduction;350
6.5.2;Socialization as an Active Process in a Changing Environment;351
6.5.3;Development of Emotions and Emotion Regulation During Adolescence;352
6.5.4;Attainment of Self-Esteem;353
6.5.5;Toward a Broad View of Emotion Regulation;354
6.5.6;Hip-Hop: Arena for Emotion Regulation Through Identity Construction;355
6.5.6.1;Invented in the Urban Jungle;355
6.5.6.2;Internal Structure of Hip-Hop;357
6.5.6.2.1;Sampling as a Tool for the Bricolage of an Identity;357
6.5.6.2.2;Hip-Hop Battle as a Source of Respect;358
6.5.6.3;Local Adaptations of a Global Phenomenon;359
6.5.6.4;Graffiti and Break-Dancing: Control of Space and Body;360
6.5.7;Summary: Rise of a Youth Culture as a Way of Creating a Space for Positive Emotion Experiences;361
6.5.8;Notes;362
6.5.9;References;365
6.5.10;Discography;350
6.5.11;Filmography;350
6.6;Shame and Pride: Invisible Emotions in Classroom Research;370
6.6.1;Introduction;370
6.6.2;Function of Shame and Pride in Conveying Cultural Norms;371
6.6.2.1;External Evaluation and Self-Evaluation as Triggers of Pride and Shame;372
6.6.2.2;Motivating Impact of Feeling Shame or Pride;373
6.6.3;Institutionally Determined Episodes of Pride and Shame in Daily School Life;374
6.6.3.1;Qualification and Allocation as Sources of Pride and Shame Experiences;374
6.6.3.2;School Socialization as Internalization of the Achievement Principle;377
6.6.3.3;The Class as a Source of Pride and Shame Experiences;378
6.6.4;Shame and Pride in the School Context: The State of Research;379
6.6.4.1;‘‘Invisibility’’ of Pride and Shame in Western Cultures;380
6.6.4.2;Test Anxiety as an Unrecognized Shame Anxiety;380
6.6.4.3;Consequences of Excessive Experiences of Shame;382
6.6.5;Impact of Shame and Pride on the Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Achievement Motivation;382
6.6.5.1;Personality Development, Self-Concept, and Self-Esteem;383
6.6.5.2;Shame and Pride and Their Influence on the Development of Achievement Motivation;384
6.6.5.2.1;Self-Evaluation Model of Achievement Motivation;385
6.6.5.2.2;Setting Reference Norms and Their Affective and Motivational Consequences;386
6.6.6;Summary and Outlook;388
6.6.7;References;389
6.7;Anger, Shame, and Justice: Regulative and Evaluative Function of Emotions in the Ancient and Modern Worlds;394
6.7.1;Introduction;394
6.7.2;Notes;408
6.7.3;References;411
6.8;Index;413