Roggema Swarm Planning

The Development of a Planning Methodology to Deal with Climate Adaptation
2014
ISBN: 978-94-007-7152-9
Verlag: Springer Netherland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 286 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Springer Theses

This book shows that the problem of climate adaptation, which is described in social planning terms as ‘wicked,’ is at odds with the contemporary practice of spatial planning. The author proposes a new adjusted framework which is more adaptable to unpredictable, wicked, dynamic and non-linear processes. The inspiration for this new method is the behaviour of swarms: bees, ants, birds and fish are capable of self-organization, which enables the system to become less vulnerable to sudden environmental changes. The framework proposed in Swarm Planning consists of these four elements: Two levels of complexity, the first being the whole system and the second its individual components. Each of these has different attributes for adapting to change. Five layers, consisting of networks, focal points, unplanned space, natural resources and emerging occupation patterns. Each layer has its own spatial dynamic, and each is connected to a spatial scale. Non-linear processes, which emerge in different parts of the framework and include emerging patterns, connectedness and tipping points among others. Two planning processes; the first, ‘from small to large’ works upward from the slowest changing elements to more rapidly-changing ones. The second, ‘on the list of partners’ addresses each layer from networks through emerging occupation patterns. Swarm Planning applies this framework to a series of pilot studies, and appraises its performance using criteria for an adaptive landscape. The results show that the use of the Swarm Planning Framework reduces the vulnerability of landscapes as well as the impact of climate hazards and disasters, improves response to unexpected hazards and contains adaptation strategies.

“This book is a must for planners in government and the private sector as it outlines the concept, strategies and techniques for swarm planning. It is also an important guide for policymakers looking to engage communities in a dialogue about the adaptation planning process.”

Professor John Martin, La Trobe University

“The ultimate value of the book lies in encouraging the planning community to consider options that go far beyond those offered by business-as-usual planning methodologies developed for a set of operating conditions that are fast becoming obsolete. As such it makes an important and much needed contribution to the field.”

Assistant Professor Dr. Chrisna du Plessis, University of Pretoria

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Roggema, Rob

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Table of Contents SummaryIntroduction Chapter OneIntroduction, Methodology, Limitations1.1 Introduction1.2 Climate Change1.3 Climate Adaptation1.4 Spatial Planning1.5 Complexity and Time Horizons1.6 Problem Statement, Objective, Point of Departure and Research Questions1.7 Methodology1.8 Limitations1.9 Key Concepts and Timeline1.10 The ChaptersThe Bridge: One-Two Chapter TwoTowards a Spatial Planning Framework for Climate Adaptation2.1 Introduction2.2 Problem Statement2.3 Objective2.4 Methodology2.5 Literature Review2.5.1 Adaptive and Dynamic Approaches in Spatial Planning2.5.2 The Spatial Properties of Complex Adaptive Systems2.6 The Framework2.6.1 Aggregated Spatial Elements2.6.2 Definition of Time Rhythms: Layers2.6.3 Linking Spatial Elements with Layers2.7 Validation2.7.1 Prevailing Regional Plan2.7.2 A Climate-Adaptive Regional Plan2.7.3 Conclusion2.8 Discussion2.9 ConclusionThe Bridge: Two-Three Chapter ThreeDeveloping a Planning Theory for Wicked Problems: Swarm Planning3.1 Introduction3.2 Problem Statement3.3 Approach3.4 Current Planning Paradigms3.4.1 A Selection of Prevailing Planning Paradigms3.4.2 A review of Two Years of Planning Journals3.5 Exploring Complexity3.5.1 Complexity Theory3.5.2 Cities as Complex Systems3.5.3 Use of Complexity in Planning3.5.4 Proposition: Swarm Planning3.5.5 Bendigo3.6 ConclusionThe Bridge: Three-Four Chapter FourIncremental Change, Transition or Transformation? Optimising Change Pathways for Climate Adaptation in Spatial Planning 4.1 Introduction4.2 Research Approach4.3 Analysis of Change Processes4.3.1 Incremental Change4.3.2 Transition4.3.3 Transformation4.4 Comparison4.4.1 Criteria4.4.2 Comparison4.5 Theorising Transformation4.6 Signals4.6.1 Early Warning4.6.2 Creation4.7 Application in the Peat Colonies4.8 ConclusionThe Bridge: Four-Five Chapter FiveThe Use of Spatial Planning to Increase the Resilience for Future Turbulence in the Spatial System of the Groningen Region to Deal with Climate Change 5.1 Introduction5.2 Background5.2.1 Climate Change5.2.2 Challenges of Complexity in Planning5.3 The Groningen Case5.3.1 Understanding the System: Mapping Climate and Energy Potentials5.3.2 Improving Resilience: Use of Swarm Planning Paradigm5.3.3 Strategic Interventions: the Groningen Impulses5.3.4 Steer the Swarm5.4 The Groningen Case Discussed5.4.1 Mapping5.4.2 Idea Map5.4.3 Interventions5.4.4 In the Real World5.5 ConclusionsThe Bridge: Five-Six Chapter SixSwarming Landscapes, New Pathways for Resilient Cities6.1 Introduction6.2  Dealing with Uncertainty6.3 Swarms6.4 Complex Adaptive Spatial Systems6.5 Swarm Planning6.6 Swarm Planning Example: Floodable Landscape6.7 Conclusion and DiscussionThe Bridge: Six-Seven Chapter SevenQuadruple the Potential: Scaling the Energy Supply7.1 Introduction7.2 The Supra-Regional Scale: North Netherlands7.3 The Regional Scale: Groningen7.4 The City-Neighbourhood Scale: Almere East and Hoogezand7.4.1 Almere East7.4.2 Hoogezand: The Green Campaign7.4.3 Experiences with Energy Potential Studies7.5 The Building Scale: River House Mildura7.6 Interdependencies7.7  DiscussionThe Bridge: Seven-Eight Chapter EightBeyond the Ordinary: Innovative Spatial Energy Framework Offers Perspectives on Increased Energy and Carbon Objectives8.1 Introduction8.2  Problem8.3 Hypothesis8.4 State of the Art in Renewable Energy Thinking8.5 Energy and Spatial Planning: an Underestimated Relationship8.6 Towards an Innovative Methodology: the Groningen Case8.6.1 Energy Potential Mapping (EPM)8.6.2 Conceptual Design8.6.3 Swarm Planning8.6.4 Findings8.7 ConclusionsThe Bridge: Eight-Nine Chapter NineSwarm Planning for Climate Change: An Alternative Pathway for Resilience9.1 Introduction9.2 Methodology9.3 Analysis9.3.1 Climate Change9.3.2 Spatial Planning9.4 Problem Statement9.5 Swarm Planning9.5.1 Complexity9.5.2 The Layer Approach9.5.3 Key Elements of Swarm Planning9.5.4 Application of the Theory9.6 Comparing Regular Planning with Swarm Planning<9.6.1 The Province of Groningen9.6.1.1 Regional Plan9.6.1.2 Zero-Fossil Region9.6.1.3 Findings9.6.2 The Peat Colonies9.6.2.1 Agenda for the Peat Colonies9.6.2.2 Net Carbon-Capture Landscape9.6.2.3 Findings9.7 Conclusion and DiscussionThe Bridge: Nine-Ten Chapter TenConclusion, Discussion and Recommendations10.1 Introduction10.2 Research Questions10.3 Primary Research Question One: Developing a Planning Framework10.3.1 Research Question A 10.3.2 Research Question B 10.3.3 Research Question C 10.3.4 Research Question D 10.3.5 Summary of the Findings PRQ110.4 Primary Research Question Two: Application of the Planning Framework 10.4.1 Research Question E10.4.2 Research Question F10.4.3 Research Question G10.4.4 Research Question H10.4.5 Additional Analysis: The Bendigo Design10.4.6 BAU and Swarm Planning Compared10.4.7 Summary of the Findings PRQ210.5 Swarm Planning Framework10.6 Discussion10.6.1 Limitations of the Framework10.6.2 Use and Outcomes of the Framework10.6.3 Weaknesses of the Framework10.6.4 Reflection on Research Process10.6.5 Final Recommendations