Rojas Stem Cells in the Respiratory System

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-60761-775-4
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 170 Seiten

In this state-of-the-art exploration of a hugely dynamic and fast-evolving field of research, leading researchers share their collective wisdom on the role that stem cells could play in the context of physiological stress and lung injury. The text focuses on reviewing the most relevant-and recent-ideas on using local, endogenous, and exogenous progenitor/stem cells in preventing and treating injury to the lung. The lungs are one of the most complex organs in the human body, with a mature adult lung boasting at least 40 morphologically differentiated cell lineages. Our entire blood supply passes through the lung's alveolar units during oxygenation. This interaction with the outside world, along with the intricacies of its structure, makes the lung a highly susceptible organ that is vulnerable to numerous types of injury and infection. This means that the mechanisms of lung repair are in themselves correspondingly complex. Because of their multipotentiality, as well as the fact of the lung's relatively rapid cell turnover, stem cells are thought to be an important alternative cell-base therapy in lung injury. Despite the controversial nature of stem cell research, there has been growing interest in both local and endogenous stem cells in the lung. This highly topical book with chapters on everything from using mesenchymal stem cells in lung repair to the effect of physical activity on the mobilization of stem and progenitor cells, represents an exciting body of work by outstanding investigators and will be required reading for those with an interest in the subject.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rojas, Mauricio

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;8
4;1 Stem and Progenitor Cells of the Airway Epithelium;10
4.1;1 Introduction;10
4.1.1;1.1 Tissue-Specific Stem Cells;10
4.1.2;1.2 Lung-Epithelial-Tissue-Specific Stem Cells;10
4.1.3;1.3 Facultative Progenitor Cell;11
4.1.4;1.4 Lung Facultative Progenitor Cells;11
4.1.5;1.5 Questions Relevant to Lung Stem Cells;11
4.2;2 Conducting Airway Structure and Function;12
4.2.1;2.1 Functional Domains;12
4.2.2;2.2 Tracheobronchial Domain;12
4.2.3;2.3 Bronchiolar and Terminal Bronchiolar Domain;12
4.2.4;2.4 Origin of Airway Domains;13
4.2.5;2.5 Birth Date of Airway Epithelial Cells;13
4.3;3 Conducting Airway Progenitor Cell Types;14
4.3.1;3.1 Tracheobronchial Epithelium;14
4.3.2;3.2 Basal Cells;14
4.3.2.1;3.2.1 Basal Cells -- Surface Epithelium;14
4.3.2.2;3.2.2 Basal Cells -- Submucosal Glands;14
4.3.2.3;3.2.3 Basal Cells -- Plural Membrane;15
4.3.3;3.3 Secretory Cells;15
4.3.3.1;3.3.1 Clara-Like and Clara Cells;15
4.3.3.2;3.3.2 Secretory Cell Molecular Markers;16
4.3.3.3;3.3.3 Secretory Cells -- Cellular Specialization;16
4.3.3.4;3.3.4 Secretory Cells -- Submucosal Gland;16
4.3.4;3.4 Bronchiolar Epithelium;17
4.3.4.1;3.4.1 Clara Cells;17
4.3.4.2;3.4.2 Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells;17
4.4;4 Facultative Progenitor Cell Pools;18
4.4.1;4.1 Basal Cells;18
4.4.1.1;4.1.1 Steady-State and Reparative Basal Cells;18
4.4.2;4.2 Clara-Like and Clara Cells;18
4.4.2.1;4.2.1 Phenotypic Plasticity Is a Hallmark of Clara-Like and Clara Cells;19
4.5;5 Evidence in Support of Lung Stem Cells;19
4.5.1;5.1 Classic Stem Cell Methods;19
4.5.2;5.2 Injury and Lung Stem Cell Analysis;20
4.5.3;5.3 Injury as a Confounding Variable;21
4.5.4;5.4 Tracheobronchial Stem Cells;21
4.5.4.1;5.4.1 Evidence in Favor of a Tracheobronchial Stem Cell;21
4.5.4.2;5.4.2 Distinctions Between the Human and Mouse Data Sets;21
4.5.4.3;5.4.3 Predictions of the Classic Stem Cell Model;23
4.5.4.4;5.4.4 Revision of the Classic Hierarchical Organization;23
4.5.4.5;5.4.5 A Temporally Regulated Tissue-Specific Stem Cell Hierarchy;24
4.5.5;5.5 Bronchiolar Stem Cells;26
4.5.5.1;5.5.1 Evidence in Favor of a Bronchiolar Stem Cell;26
4.5.5.2;5.5.2 Caveats to the ''Stemness'' Claim;26
4.5.5.3;5.5.3 Compartmental Boundaries;26
4.5.5.4;5.5.4 Phenotypic Plasticity;26
4.5.5.5;5.5.5 Fulfilling Koch's Postulates;27
4.6;6 Summary;27
4.7;7 Future Directions;28
4.8;References;28
5;2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Lung Repair and Regeneration;34
5.1;1 Introduction;34
5.2;2 Identification, Characterization, and Culture of MSCs;35
5.3;3 MSCs of Different Tissue Origins: Similarities and Differences;36
5.4;4 Acquisition of an Airway or Alveolar Epithelial Phenotype by MSCs;37
5.5;5 Immunomodulation of Lung Injuries by MSCs;38
5.6;6 Clinical Use of MSCs in Lung Disease;41
5.7;7 MSCs and Malignancies: Pros and Cons and Other Cautions for Use;41
5.8;8 Summary;42
5.9;References;43
6;3 The Role of Progenitor Cells in Lung Disease Prognosis;52
6.1;1 Introduction and Background;52
6.2;2 Asthma;55
6.3;3 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension;57
6.4;4 Pulmonary Fibrosis;59
6.5;5 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Emphysema;60
6.6;6 Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome;61
6.6.1;6.1 Sepsis;64
6.7;7 Lung Cancer;65
6.8;8 Additional Considerations;66
6.9;Acknowledgments;67
6.10;References;67
7;4 The Role of Fibrocytes in Lung Repair and Fibrosis;72
7.1;1 Introduction;72
7.2;2 The Fibrocyte;73
7.2.1;2.1 Characteristics Suggesting a Bone Marrow Origin;73
7.2.2;2.2 Diverse Functions That Promote Tissue Repair and Fibrosis;75
7.2.3;2.3 Homing of Fibrocytes and the CXCR4--CXCL12 Axis;76
7.2.4;2.4 Role of Fibrocytes in Human Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis;79
7.2.5;2.5 Effect of Hypoxia on the Circulating Fibrocyte;80
7.2.6;2.6 Role of Fibrocytes in Human Asthma;81
7.3;3 Conclusion;82
7.4;References;82
8;5 Stem Cells and CellMatrix Interactions in Lung;86
8.1;1 Introduction;86
8.2;2 Extracellular Matrix in Lung;87
8.2.1;2.1 Lung Extracellular Matrix in Health and Disease;87
8.2.1.1;2.1.1 Collagens;88
8.2.1.2;2.1.2 Elastin;88
8.2.1.3;2.1.3 Proteoglycans;88
8.2.1.4;2.1.4 Laminins;89
8.2.1.5;2.1.5 Fibronectins;89
8.2.2;2.2 Extracellular Matrix Recognition Through Integrins;90
8.3;3 Stem CellExtracellular Matrix Interactions;92
8.3.1;3.1 Stem Cells Recognize and Influence the Extracellular Matrix;94
8.3.2;3.2 Extracellular Matrix and Stem Cells in Lung Development;95
8.3.3;3.3 Extracellular Matrix and Lung Tissue Bioengineering;96
8.3.4;3.4 Extracellular Matrix in Cancer Stem Cells;98
8.3.5;3.5 Extracellular Matrix and Stem Cells in Lung Injury;98
8.4;4 Research Needs;99
8.5;5 Conclusion;100
8.6;References;100
9;6 Mobilization of Stem Cells/Progenitor Cells by Physical Activity;106
9.1;1 Introduction;106
9.2;2 Characterization of Stem and Progenitor Cells;107
9.3;3 Stem Cell Sources;108
9.4;4 Principal Mechanism of Stem and Progenitor Cell Activation/Mobilization;111
9.5;5 Activation of Stem and Progenitor Cells by Physical Activity;111
9.5.1;5.1 Satellite Cells/Myogenic Stem Cells;112
9.5.2;5.2 Bone-Marrow-Derived Stem and Progenitor Cells (Mesenchymal);114
9.5.3;5.3 Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells;116
9.5.4;5.4 Endothelial Progenitor Cells;117
9.5.5;5.5 Neuronal Stem Cells;118
9.5.6;5.6 Stem Cells from Other Sources;120
9.6;6 Future Perspectives;121
9.7;References;122
10;7 Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Acute Lung Injury;130
10.1;1 Introduction;130
10.2;2 Background;131
10.3;3 MSCs in Animal and Human ALI Models;132
10.4;4 Mechanism (Engraftment);134
10.5;5 Mechanism (Immunomodulation);136
10.6;6 Mechanism (Alveolar Fluid Clearance);139
10.7;7 Mechanism (Lung Endothelial Permeability);140
10.8;8 Challenges;141
10.9;9 Conclusions;142
10.10;References;142
11;8 Animal Models of Lung Injury: Role for Mesenchymal Stem Cells;150
11.1;1 Introduction;150
11.2;2 MSCs and Animal Models of ALI;150
11.3;3 MSCs and Cystic Fibrosis;153
11.4;4 MSCs and COPD;153
11.5;5 MSCs and Pulmonary Hypertension;154
11.6;6 MSCs and Asthma and Allergy;155
11.7;7 MSCs and Fibrotic Lung Disorders;156
11.8;8 MSCs and Lung Transplant;158
11.9;9 MSCs and Oxidative Stress;158
11.9.1;9.1 Oxidative Stress in ALI;158
11.9.2;9.2 Antioxidant Defense Systems in MSCs;159
11.9.3;9.3 MSCs and Thiol/Disulfide Redox State;161
11.10;10 MSCs and the Alcoholic Lung;162
11.10.1;10.1 Alcohol Abuse and the Lung;162
11.10.2;10.2 MSCs and the Alcoholic Lung;162
11.11;11 Conclusions;163
11.12;References;163
12;Index;168