Rosenthal / Bielka / Coutelle Gene Function

FEBS Federation of European Biochemical Societies: 12th Meeting, Dresden, 1978
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-8851-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 564 Seiten, Web PDF

Gene Function, contains the proceedings of the 12th Meeting of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies held in Dresden, Germany in 1978. The meeting provided a forum for discussing progress in the understanding of gene function and covered topics ranging from the functional organization of chromatin to principles of interactions and recognition models. The role of DNA sequence in the recognition of restriction endonucleases and modification enzymes is also examined, along with gene expression, RNA processing and modification, and isolation and synthesis of genes. Comprised of 49 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of what can be learned from the genetic analysis of the lac repressor, followed by a discussion on the topography of the interaction the lac repressor, RNA polymerase, and histones with DNA. The reader is then introduced to complementarity and recognition code between regulatory proteins and DNA; chromatin replication in vitro; and the cytoplasmic 'petite' mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Subsequent chapters explore arc-like and helical arrangements of nucleosome cores; changes in gene expression during cellular differentiation; polyadenylation and processing of pre-messenger RNA; and the molecular biology of bacteriophages T3 and T7. This book will be of interest to geneticists, biochemists, and molecular biologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rosenthal, S.

Bielka, H.

Coutelle, Ch.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover
;1
2;Gene Function;4
3;Copyright Page
;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;PREFACE;10
6;PART I: FUNCTIONAL ORGANISATION OF CHROMATIN;12
6.1;CHAPTER 1. WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM THE GENETIC ANALYSIS
OF LAC REPRESSOR?;14
6.1.1;ABSTRACT;14
6.1.2;INTRODUCTION;14
6.1.3;The functional structure of lac repressor as revealed
by the analysis of negative dominant point mutations;15
6.1.4;Negative dominance as a tool to study function of
proteins;15
6.1.5;Apparent negative dominance of lac permease mutations;16
6.1.6;Control of the basal level of the lac operon;17
6.1.7;The functional structure of lac repressor as revealed by
the analysis of gene fusions producing chimeric proteins;18
6.1.8;The functional structure of other repressors as revealed by fusion analysis: Short N-terminal regions bind to DNA;20
6.1.9;Fusions: ß-Galactosidase as a reporter enzyme;20
6.1.10;CONCLUSION;21
6.1.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;21
6.1.12;REFERENCES;21
6.2;CHAPTER 2. TOPOGRAPHY OF INTERACTION OF LAC REPRESSOR, RNA POLYMERASE
AND HISTONES WITH DNA;24
6.2.1;INTRODUCTION;24
6.2.2;METHODS;25
6.2.3;Localization of Ligands in the DNA Grooves and Measurement of DNA Unwinding;25
6.2.4;Sequencing Histones along DNA;25
6.2.5;RESULTS;26
6.2.6;Arrangement of Proteins in the DNA Grooves;26
6.2.7;Unwinding of DNA;28
6.2.8;Arrangement of Histones on DNA;28
6.2.9;DISCUSSION;29
6.2.10;REFERENCES;30
6.3;CHAPTER 3. COMPLEMENTARITY AND RECOGNITION CODE
BETWEEN REGULATORY PROTEINS AND DNA;34
6.3.1;ABSTRACT;34
6.3.2;REFERENCES;42
6.4;CHAPTER 4. ENZYME-DNA AND REPRESSOR-OPERATOR RECOGNITIONS REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN THE IMMUNITY REGIONS OF PHAGES .
AND 434;44
6.4.1;REFERENCES;49
6.5;CHAPTER 5. CHROMATIN REPLICATION IN VITRO;50
6.5.1;In vitro replicated DNA is associated with nucleosomes;50
6.5.2;Unusual structure of nucleosomes in the vicinity of the replication point;52
6.5.3;CHROMATIN REPLICATION IN VITRO;56
6.5.4;Concluding remarks;58
6.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;58
6.5.6;REFERENCES;59
6.6;CHAPTER 6. TRANSCRIPTION OF THE GLOBIN GENE IN ISOLATED MOUSE FOETAL
LIVER CHROMATIN;60
6.6.1;ABSTRACT;60
6.6.2;INTRODUCTION;60
6.6.3;METHODS;61
6.6.4;RESULTS;62
6.6.5;Transcription in the presence of 2mM MnCl2;62
6.6.6;Transcription in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2;65
6.6.7;Are globin sequences synthesised in vitro from chromatin?;67
6.6.8;Presence of anti-globin sequences in chromatin and mRNA transcripts;69
6.6.9;DISCUSSION;70
6.6.10;REFERENCES;71
7;PART II: PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTIONS AND RECOGNITION MODELS;72
7.1;CHAPTER 7. THE RECOGNITION OF NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURES AND BASE SEQUENCES BY PROTEINS. ROLE OF STACKING AND HYDROGEN BONDING INTERACTIONS;74
7.1.1;STACKING INTERACTIONS IN PROTEIN-NUCLEIC ACID ASSOCIATIONS;75
7.1.2;HYDROGEN BONDING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NUCLEIC ACID BASES AND AMINO ACID SIDE CHAINS;76
7.1.3;CONCLUSION;79
7.1.4;REFERENCES;79
7.2;CHAPTER 8. LOCALIZED POSITIVE CHARGES CAN BEND DOUBLE HELICAL NUCLEIC ACID;82
7.2.1;Spermine and tRNA conformation;82
7.2.2;Folding of double helical DNA;88
7.2.3;Acknowledgment;90
7.2.4;REFERENCES;91
7.3;CHAPTER 9. RECOGNITION OF THE DNA DOUBLE - HELIX BY MODEL OLIGOPEPTIDES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PROTEIN INTERACTIONS;94
7.3.1;ABSTRACT;94
7.3.2;INTRODUCTION;94
7.3.3;RESULTS;95
7.3.4;dA . dT Base Pair Recognition;96
7.3.5;Conformational factors governing recognition;97
7.3.6;dG . dC Base Pair Recognition;101
7.3.7;Implications for DNA Protein Interactions;102
7.3.8;REFERENCES;103
7.4;CHAPTER 10. ON THE INTERACTIONS OF GENOME-REGULATORY PROTEINS WITH DNA;106
7.4.1;Introduction;106
7.4.2;Recognition of Specific Base-Pair Sequences;106
7.4.3;Lac Repressor Interactions;107
7.4.4;An Equilibrium Model for the Specific Repression of the Lac Operon;110
7.4.5;In Vivo Measurements;114
7.4.6;Non-Equilibrium Aspects;115
7.4.7;Other Systems;117
7.4.8;Acknowledgments;117
7.4.9;References;118
7.5;CHAPTER 11. NATURE OF PROTEIN - DNA INTERACTIONS REVEALED BY MODEL POLYPEPTIDE COMPLEXES;120
7.5.1;INTRODUCTION;120
7.5.2;MODEL POLYPEPTIDES;121
7.5.3;POLYPEPTIDE - DNA COMPLEXES;122
7.5.4;Binding of Structural Probes;125
7.5.5;Model Building Studies;126
7.5.6;CONCLUSIONS;128
7.5.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;128
7.5.8;REFERENCES;128
8;PART III: ROLE OF DNA SEQUENCE IN THE RECOGNITION OF RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES AND MODIFICATION ENZYMES;130
8.1;CHAPTER 12. THE CYTOPLASMIC "PETITE" MUTATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;132
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;132
8.1.2;RESULTS;133
8.1.3;DISCUSSION;137
8.1.4;REFERENCES;138
8.2;CHAPTER 13. COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF SV40
DNA;140
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;140
8.2.2;THE EARLY REGION;142
8.2.3;THE LATE REGION;142
8.2.4;CONCLUSION;143
8.2.5;REFERENCES;144
8.3;CHAPTER 14. RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES AS TOOLS IN PHYSICAL MAPPING AND RESTRUCTURING OF BACTERIAL DNA;148
8.3.1;ABSTRACT;148
8.3.2;INTRODUCTION;148
8.3.3;RESULTS;149
8.3.4;1. Properties of the restriction endonuclease from B. sphaericus (Bsp);149
8.3.5;2. Mapping and cloning of bacterial rRNA genes;151
8.3.6;REFERENCES;156
8.4;CHAPTER 15. ON THE CLEAVAGE OF VIRUS DNA BY RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE Eco RI;158
8.4.1;ABSTRACT;158
8.4.2;INTRODUCTION;158
8.4.3;QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DNA FRAGMENTS;159
8.4.4;THE KINETICS OF CLEAVAGE;163
8.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;167
8.4.6;REFERENCES;167
8.5;CHAPTER 16. S-ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE-DEPENDENT DEOXYRIBONUCLEASES OF EUKARYOTIC ORIGIN;170
8.5.1;ABSTRACT;170
8.5.2;INTRODUCTION;170
8.5.3;RESULTS;171
8.5.4;DISCUSSION;176
8.5.5;REFERENCES;177
8.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;179
9;PART IV: FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF CHROMATIN;180
9.1;Chapter 16. The Structure of Chromatin Core Particles and the Higher Order Structure of Chromatin;182
9.1.1;ABSTRACT;182
9.1.2;INTRODUCTION;183
9.1.3;Neutron Scattering from Particles in Solution;184
9.1.4;Neutron Scattering studies of Chromatin Core Particles;187
9.1.5;High Resolution Proton Magnetic Resonance Studies of Chromatin Core Particles;188
9.1.6;Neutron Scattering Studies of Chromatin Multimers;190
9.1.7;DISCUSSION;192
9.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;193
9.1.9;REFERENCES;193
9.2;CHAPTER 17. X-RAY AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON THE NUCLEOSOME STRUCTURE;204
9.2.1;REFERENCES;208
9.3;CHAPTER 18. ARC-LIKE AND HELICAL ARRANGEMENTS OF NUCLEOSOME CORES;210
9.3.1;ABSTRACT;210
9.3.2;INTRODUCTION;210
9.3.3;NUCLEOSOME ARCS;212
9.3.4;NUCLEOSOME CYLINDERS;212
9.3.5;CONFORMATIONAL VARIABILITY;215
9.3.6;BINDING BETWEEN NUCLEOSOME CORES;217
9.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;218
9.3.8;REFERENCES;218
9.4;CHAPTER 19. PROPERTIES OF SOLUBLE UNSHEARED CHROMATIN;220
9.4.1;ABSTRACT;220
9.4.2;INTRODUCTION;220
9.4.3;METHODS;221
9.4.4;RESULTS;222
9.4.5;DISCUSSION;228
9.4.6;REFERENCES;229
9.5;CHAPTER 20. USE OF RESTRICTION NUCLEASES IN THE ANALYSIS OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE;230
9.5.1;ABSTRACT;230
9.5.2;INTRODUCTION;230
9.5.3;Structural Studies on Rat Liver Chromatin;232
9.5.4;Satellite DNA Containing Chromatin from Rat Liver;236
9.5.5;Concluding Remarks;238
9.5.6;References;238
10;PART V: GENE EXPRESSION;242
10.1;CHAPTER 21. CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION DURING CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION;244
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;244
10.1.2;Mouse Genomic DNA Transcribed into Cellular RNA;244
10.1.3;Changes in the mRNA Populations;246
10.1.4;Polysomal Sequences Expressed at the Nuclear Level;249
10.1.5;CONCLUSION;251
10.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;252
10.1.7;REFERENCES;253
10.2;Chapter 22. The Spliced Messenger RNAs of Adenovirus-2;256
10.2.1;Abstract;256
10.2.2;Introduction;256
10.2.3;Results;258
10.2.4;Discussion;261
10.2.5;Acknowledgements;262
10.2.6;References;262
10.3;CHAPTER 23. SYNTHESIS AND EXPRESSION, OF CHIRONOMUS THUMMI BALBIANI RING RNA;266
10.3.1;ABSTRACT;266
10.3.2;INTRODUCTION;266
10.3.3;RESULTS;267
10.3.4;1. Transcription of Balbiani ring RNA;267
10.3.5;2. Nuoleo-cytoplasmic transport and cytoplasmic localization of BR RNA;268
10.3.6;3. Serological and gel electrophoretic analysis of secretory proteins;268
10.3.7;4. The Balbiani ring genes;269
10.3.8;DISCUSSION;269
10.3.9;REFERENCES;270
10.4;CHAPTER 24. GENE EXPRESSION IN LAMPBRUSH CHROMOSOMES;276
10.4.1;ABSTRACT;276
10.4.2;LOOPS AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY;276
10.4.3;STRUCTURE OF PRIMARY TRANSCRIPT RNP;277
10.4.4;EXPRESSION OF HISTONE GENES;278
10.4.5;ARRANGEMENT OF GENES ON LOOPS;284
10.4.6;REFERENCES;286
11;PART VI: PROCESSING AND MODIFICATION OF RNA;288
11.1;CHAPTER 26. A NOVEL TYPE OF GENE ORGANIZATION IN EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES;290
11.1.1;REFERENCES;295
11.2;CHAPTER 27. ENZYMES AND MECHANISMS IN RNA PROCESSING;296
11.2.1;STUDIES ON THE CLEAVAGE OF BACTERIOPHAGE f2 dsRNA;297
11.2.2;MOLECULAR MODEL OF A BACTERIOPHAGE T7 EARLY mRNA PRECURSOR CLEAVAGE SITE;298
11.2.3;ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE RNase III PROCESSING SITES FROM E. COLI RNase III MUTANTS;302
11.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;304
11.2.5;REFERENCES;305
11.3;CHAPTER 28. 5'-TERMINAL CAPS IN EUKARYOTIC mRNAS;308
11.3.1;References;316
11.4;CHAPTER 29. POLYADENYLATION AND PROCESSING OF PRE-mRNA;318
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;318
11.4.2;METHODS;319
11.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;319
11.4.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;326
11.4.5;REFERENCES;326
11.5;CHAPTER 30. CONTROL OF RIBOSOMAL RNA PROCESSING IN EUKARYOTES;330
11.5.1;ABSTRACT;330
11.5.2;Processing Starts after Transcription of rRNA Genes is Completed;331
11.5.3;Processing is independent of continuous transcription;333
11.5.4;Multiple Pathways in Pre-rRNA Processing;334
11.5.5;Shortage of Proteins Causes Initially Alterations in Pre-rRNA Processing;335
11.5.6;Concluding Remarks;337
11.5.7;REFERENCES;338
12;PART VII: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF BACTERIOPHAGES T3 and T7;340
12.1;CHAPTER 31. T7 DNA REPLICATION - A BRIEF INTRODUCTION -;342
12.1.1;Proteins required for T7 DNA replication;342
12.1.2;Stages of T7 DNA replication;344
12.1.3;REFERENCES;345
12.2;CHAPTER 32. VIRUS T7: A PROBE OF CELLULAR CONTROL MECHANISMS;348
12.2.1;A SURVEY OF THE INTRACELLULAR CONTROL PROCESSES;348
12.2.2;THE PROCESS OF INFECTION;351
12.2.3;REFERENCES;355
12.3;CHAPTER 33. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF BACTERIOPHAGES T3 AND T7: ROLE OF EARLY PHAGE GENES FOR VIRUS-HOST INTERACTIONS;358
12.3.1;References;360
13;PART VIII: RIBOSOMES;364
13.1;CHAPTER 34. THE ESCHERICHIA COLI RIBOSOME;366
13.1.1;RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS;366
13.1.2;ARCHITECTURE;367
13.1.3;RECONSTITUTION;371
13.1.4;MUTANTS;372
13.1.5;REFERENCES;373
13.2;CHAPTER 35. PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF RIBOSOMES;376
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;376
13.2.2;SPECIFIC SELF-PACKING OF RNA;376
13.2.3;FORMATION OF PARTICLE CORE BY RNA;380
13.2.4;GLOBULAR CONFORMATION OF RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS;383
13.2.5;CONCLUSION;387
13.2.6;REFERENCES;387
13.3;CHAPTER 36. AN ALLOSTERIC RIBOSOME DOMAIN;390
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION;390
13.3.2;AGGREGATE STATES IN SOLUTION;390
13.3.3;FUNCTIONS IN ELONGATION;391
13.3.4;SUBUNIT INTERFACE;393
13.3.5;REFERENCES;395
13.4;CHAPTER 37. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOME;398
13.4.1;INTRODUCTION;398
13.4.2;SEPARATION, ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS;399
13.4.3;Separation and Number of Ribosomal Proteins;399
13.4.4;Isolation of Ribosomal Proteins;400
13.4.5;Properties of Isolated Proteins;400
13.4.6;PRESUMPTIVE LOCALIZATION OF PROTEINS IN RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS;401
13.4.7;PROTEINS IN FUNCTIONAL SITES OF RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS;403
13.4.8;SYNOPSIS;408
13.4.9;REFERENCES;408
13.5;CHAPTER 38. ORGANIZATION AND TRANSCRIPTION OF GENES CODING FOR RIBOSOMAL COMPONENTS IN EUKARYOTES;412
13.5.1;INTRODUCTION;412
13.5.2;ORGANIZATION OF THE RIBOSOMAL REPEATING UNITS IN YEAST;413
13.5.3;GENETIC MAP OF THE RIBOSOMAL REPEATING UNIT OF YEAST;416
13.5.4;ORGANIZATION OF RIBOSOMAL DNA IN VARIOUS EUKARYOTES;418
13.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;420
13.5.6;REFERENCES;421
14;PART IX: CONTROL OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS;424
14.1;CHAPTER 39. THE REGULATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY INTERFERON;426
14.1.1;I. The protein kinase (PK-i) phosphorylating eIF-2;426
14.1.2;II. Oligo-isoadenylate synthesis and activation of nuclease F;431
14.1.3;III. Elongation block reversed by tRNA;434
14.1.4;IV. The "multiphase antiviral state" hypothesis;435
14.1.5;Acknowledgements;435
14.1.6;REFERENCES;436
14.2;CHAPTER 40. ROLE OF THE POLYADENYLATE SEGMENT IN THE STABILITY OF EUKARYOTIC MESSENGER RNAs;438
14.2.1;I. Introduction;438
14.2.2;II. Role of the 3'-OH poly (A) Segment on the Stability of Rabbit Globin mRNA injected into Frog Oocytes;439
14.2.3;III. Functional Stabilisation of HeLa cells Histone Messenger RNAs injected into Xenopus Oocytes by 3'-OH Polyadenylation;441
14.2.4;IV. Degradation of the 3'-OH Poly (A) Segment of Globin mRNA injectedinto Frog Oocytes;442
14.2.5;V. Poly (A)-free Globin mRNA Degradation is linked to its Translation;443
14.2.6;VI. Conclusions and discussion;444
14.2.7;VII. Acknowledgements;445
14.2.8;VIII. References;445
14.3;CHAPTER 41. RECOGNITION BETWEEN CODON ANE ANTICODON· THE LIMITS OF OUR KNOWLEDGE;448
14.3.1;INTRODUCTION;448
14.3.2;Patterns of reading or misreading;449
14.3.3;Quantitative Aspects;451
14.3.4;REFERENCES;454
15;PART X. ISOLATION AND SYNTHESIS OF GENES;456
15.1;CHAPTER 42. SYNTHESIS AND CLONING OF LACTOSE OPERATOR DNA OF;458
15.1.1;ABSTRACT;458
15.1.2;INTRODUCTION;458
15.1.3;CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF LAC OPERATOR;459
15.1.4;CLONING OF SYNTHETIC LAC OPERATOR DNA;459
15.1.5;I. By the Synthesis of lac Operator Containing Eco RI Cohesive Ends;460
15.1.6;II. Use of Synthetic Adaptors;460
15.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;464
15.1.8;REFERENCES;464
15.2;CHAPTER 43. PROCEDURES FOR THE ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF SPECIFIC GENES FROM ANIMAL CELLS;474
15.2.1;ABSTRACT;474
15.2.2;KEY WORDS;474
15.3;CHAPTER 44. STRUCTURE OF A CLONED tDNA REPEAT UNIT FROM XENOPUS LAEVIS;484
15.3.1;Isolation and Arrangement of tRNAmet1 Genes;484
15.3.2;Organization of the Repeat Unit;485
15.3.3;The Genes and their Flanking Sequences;486
15.3.4;Transcription of the Repeat Unit;488
15.3.5;Acknowledgements;488
15.3.6;References;488
15.4;CHAPTER 45. THE STRUCTURE OF CLONED RABBIT AND MOUSE ß-GLOBIN GENES;492
15.4.1;ABSTRACT;492
15.4.2;INTRODUCTION;492
15.4.3;Preparation and Characterization of a Hybrid Plasmid containing the Rabbit ß-Globin Gene and neighboring Regions;493
15.4.4;Comparison of the cloned Rabbit and Mouse ß-Globin chromosomal DNA Fragments by Restriction mapping;495
15.4.5;Comparison of Nucleotide Sequences of Rabbit and Mouse ß-Globin DNA;499
15.4.6;DISCUSSION;500
15.4.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;504
15.4.8;REFERENCES;504
16;PART-XI: CONSTRUCTION OF HYBRID VECTORS AND TRANSFER OF GENES;508
16.1;CHAPTER 46. PLASMID VECTORS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THEIR CONSTRUCTION;510
16.1.1;REFERENCES;516
16.2;CHAPTER 47. MAMMALIAN VIRUSES AS VECTORS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF FOREIGN GENES INTO MAMMALIAN CELLS;520
16.2.1;ABSTRACT;520
16.2.2;INTRODUCTION;520
16.2.3;PROBLEMS IN CLONING GENES IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS;521
16.2.4;FUTURE PROSPECTS;522
16.2.5;Permissive infections: Virions or DNA as vector;523
16.2.6;Non-permissive infections: Virions or DNA as vector;525
16.2.7;REFERENCES;528
16.3;CHAPTER 48. TRANSFER OF GENES INTO PLANTS VIA THE Ti-PLASMID OF A. TUMEFACIENS;532
16.3.1;INTRODUCTION;532
16.3.2;GENETIC AND PHYSICAL DEMONSTRATION OF DNA TRANSFER;534
16.3.3;THE GENETIC AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANISATION OF A Ti-PLASMID;538
16.3.4;GENETIC ENGINEERING WITH Ti-PLASMIDS;542
16.3.5;References;544
16.4;CHAPTER 49. BENEFITS AND POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING - REPORT OF A ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION;548
16.4.1;Economic use;551
16.4.2;Application in medicine;553
16.4.3;Guide lines and national safety committees;554
17;AUTHOR INDEX;556
18;SUBJECT INDEX;560