Rossi Toward a Structural Theory of Action

Network Models of Social Structure, Perception and Action
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8827-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 381 Seiten, Web PDF

Toward a Structural Theory of Action: Network Models of Social Structure, Perception, and Action centers on the concept of social structure, perceptions, and actions, as well as the strategies through which these concepts guide empirical research. This book also proposes a model of status/role-sets as patterns of relationships defining positions in the social topology. This text consists of nine chapters separated into three parts. Chapter 1 introduces the goals and organization of the book. Chapters 2-4 provide analytical synopsis of available network models of social differentiation, and then use these models in describing actual stratification. Chapter 5 presents a model in which actor interests are captured. Subsequent chapter assesses the empirical adequacy of the two predictions described in this book. Then, other chapters provide a network model of constraint and its empirical adequacy. This book will be valuable to anthropologists, economists, political scientists, and psychologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rossi, Peter H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;History of International Law: Foundations and Principles of International Law: Sources of International Law: Law of Treaties;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;INTRODUCTORY NOTE;6
6;LIST OF ENTRIES;10
7;LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS;14
8;CHAPTER 1.
ABUSE OF RIGHTS;18
8.1;1. Notion;18
8.2;2. Prohibition of Abuse of Rights;18
8.3;3. Implementation of the Prohibition;21
8.4;4. Conclusion;21
9;CHAPTER 2. ACQUIESCENCE;22
9.1;1. Notion;22
9.2;2. Case Law;22
9.3;3. Acquiescence, Estoppel and Prescription;23
10;CHAPTER 3. AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, CONGRESS
OF (1818);24
11;CHAPTER 4. ALGECIRAS CONFERENCE (1906);25
11.1;1. Background;25
11.2;2. The Algeciras Conference;26
11.3;3. Subsequent Developments;26
12;CHAPTER 5. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR;28
13;CHAPTER 6. BALANCE OF POWER;30
13.1;1. Notion;30
13.2;2. Historical Evolution of Concept;30
13.3;3. Current Status of the Concept;32
14;CHAPTER 7. BALKAN WARS (1912/1913);32
14.1;1. Balkan Alliance;32
14.2;2. First Balkan War;33
14.3;3. Peace Treaty of London;33
14.4;4. Second Balkan War;33
14.5;5. Treaty of Bucharest;33
14.6;6. Further Developments;34
14.7;7. Violations of the Laws of War;34
14.8;8. Subsequent Events;34
14.9;9. End of the European Concert;35
15;CHAPTER 8. BERLIN CONGRESS (1878);35
15.1;1. The Balkans before 1878;35
15.2;2. The War of 1877 to 1878;35
15.3;3. Congress Negotiations;36
15.4;4. The Treaty of Berlin;36
15.5;5. Implementation of the Berlin Treaty;37
15.6;6. Subsequent Developments; Evaluation;37
16;CHAPTER
9. BERLIN WEST AFRICA CONFERENCE (1884/1885);38
17;CHAPTER 10. CLAUSULA REBUS SIC STANTIBUS;39
17.1;1. A Working Hypothesis;39
17.2;2. The clausula and Customary International Law;40
17.3;3. The clausula and the General Principles of Law;43
17.4;4. The clausula and Treaty Law;43
17.5;5. The clausula and the Subsidiary Sources of Law;44
17.6;6. The clausula in Perspective;45
18;CHAPTER 11. CODES OF CONDUCT;45
18.1;1. History and Notion;45
18.2;2. Legal Nature and Effects;47
18.3;3. Common Regulatory Problems;48
18.4;4. Legal Significance;50
19;CHAPTER 12. CODIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW;51
19.1;1. Notion and Methods;51
19.2;2. History;53
19.3;3. Evaluation;57
20;CHAPTER 13. COMITY;58
21;CHAPTER 14. CONCORDATS;61
21.1;1. Notion;61
21.2;2. Historical Background;61
21.3;3. Current Legal Situation;63
21.4;4. Special Legal Problems;63
21.5;5. Evaluation;64
22;CHAPTER 15. CONFERENCES OF AMBASSADORS;65
23;CHAPTER 16. CONSENSUS;66
23.1;1. Notion;66
23.2;2. Origin;67
23.3;3. Technique;67
23.4;4. Special Legal Aspects;67
24;CHAPTER 17. CONTRACTS BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND PRIVATE LAW PERSONS;69
25;CHAPTER 18. CONTRACTS BETWEEN STATES AND FOREIGN PRIVATE LAW PERSONS;71
25.1;1. Applicable Law;71
25.2;2. Settlement of Disputes;72
25.3;3. Responsibility of States;72
25.4;4. Risk of Unilateral Change of Applicable Law;73
25.5;5. Internationalizing the Contract;74
25.6;6. List of Arbitral Awards;75
26;CHAPTER 19. COURTOISIE see Comity CRIMEAN WAR;76
27;CHAPTER 20. CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL
LAW;78
27.1;1. Customary Law as One of the Primary Sources of International Law;78
27.2;2. Notion and Construction of Customary Law;79
27.3;3. The Time Factor;81
27.4;4. Other Problems;82
28;CHAPTER 21. DECLARATION;84
29;CHAPTER 22. DEPOSITARY;85
29.1;1. Notion;85
29.2;2. Functions and Competence;85
30;CHAPTER 23. EFFECTIVENESS;87
30.1;1. The Legal Nature of the Notion of Effectiveness;87
30.2;2. Effectiveness of Subjects of International Law;88
30.3;3. Effectiveness as a Pre-condition of the Creation of Rights;89
30.4;4. Effectiveness and Recognition;90
31;CHAPTER 24. EQUITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW;91
31.1;1. The Concept and its Evolution;91
31.2;2. Current Usages and Problems;93
31.3;3. The Role of Equity in International Law;95
32;CHAPTER 25. ESTOPPEL;95
32.1;1. Concepts of Estoppel;95
32.2;2. Evolution of the Doctrine;96
32.3;3. Foundations;97
32.4;4. Perspectives;97
33;CHAPTER 26. EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS;98
33.1;1. Significance;98
33.2;2. Codification Attempts;98
33.3;3. Binding Character;99
33.4;4. Definition;99
33.5;5. Executive Agreements in the United States of America;101
33.6;6. Validity;102
34;CHAPTER 27. FASHODA INCIDENT;103
35;CHAPTER 28. FRANKFURT PEACE TREATY (1871);104
35.1;1. Historical Background;104
35.2;2. The Treaty and its Effects;105
36;CHAPTER 29. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW;106
36.1;A. Notion;107
36.2;B. General Principles relevant to International
Law;110
36.3;C. General Principles Applicable in International
Law, Particularly by the International Judiciary;114
37;CHAPTER 30. GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT;122
37.1;1. Notion and Historical Background;122
37.2;2. New Developments;123
37.3;3. Significance;123
38;CHAPTER 31. GOOD FAITH;124
38.1;1. Notion;124
38.2;2. Historical Evolutionof the Concept;124
38.3;3. Relation to Abuse of Rights;125
38.4;4. Application;125
38.5;5. Significance;126
39;CHAPTER 32. GUARANTEE;126
39.1;1. Notion;126
39.2;2. Forms;127
39.3;3. Establishment;127
39.4;4. Means;127
39.5;5. Subject-Matter;128
39.6;6. Guarantee of Peace;131
39.7;7. The Relevance of Guarantee Today;132
40;CHAPTER 33. GUARANTEE TREATIES;134
40.1;1. Notion;134
40.2;2. Substance;134
40.3;3. Delimitation from Other Treaties;135
40.4;4. The Means of Guarantee;137
40.5;5. The Problem of Guarantee Treaties;137
41;CHAPTER 34. HISTORIC RIGHTS;137
41.1;A. Historic Rights in General;137
41.2;B. Maritime Historic Rights;141
42;CHAPTER 35. HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS;143
43;CHAPTER 36. BASIC QUESTIONS AND PRINCIPLES;143
43.1;1. The Subject of the History;143
43.2;2. The Importance of the History of Ideas for the
History of International Law;146
44;CHAPTER 37. HISTORY OF
THE LAW OF NATIONS ANCIENT TIMES TO 1648;149
44.1;A. Introduction;149
44.2;B. Ancient Times (3000 B.C. to A.D. 400;150
44.3;C. Transition from Antiquity to
Middle Ages (A.D. 400 to 800);156
44.4;D. Early and High Middle
Ages (800 to 1300);160
44.5;E. Late Middle Ages (1300 to 1500);164
44.6;F. The "Spanish Age" (1500 to 1648);166
45;CHAPTER 38. HISTORY OF THE LAW
OF NATIONS 1648 TO 1815;177
45.1;A. Introduction;177
45.2;B. Europe;177
45.3;C. The Ottoman Empire and Europe;185
45.4;D. International Law in South and South-East Asia;187
45.5;E. International Relations in the Far East;188
45.6;F. The European Doctrine of International Law;190
46;CHAPTER 39. HISTORY
OF THE LAW OF NATIONS 1815 TO WORLD WAR I;196
46.1;A. Creation of Rules of International Law by the Congress of Vienna and the Subsequent
Treaties;196
46.2;B. From the Law of the Western Hemisphere to the International Law of the
World;201
46.3;C. Extension and Development of the Law of the Sea;204
46.4;D. International Law and the Idea of the Nation State;206
46.5;E. International Organizations;208
46.6;F. Settlement of Conflicting Interests by Treaties, Conventions and Arbitration Treaties;210
46.7;G. Growth of Multilateral Conventions;212
46.8;H. Development of International Law in the Authors of the Late Classical Period;213
46.9;I. The Hague Peace Conferences as the Close of the Period of Classical International Law;216
47;CHAPTER 40. HISTORY OF THE
LAW OF NATIONS REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS: AFRICA;222
47.1;A. Introduction;222
47.2;B. Ancient and Pre-medieval Africa;223
47.3;C. The Indigenous African States (A.D. 300-1500);224
47.4;D. Beginnings of European Trade
and Colonization;228
47.5;E. The Period of Colonial Rule;230
48;CHAPTER 41. HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS:
FAR EAST;232
48.1;A. China before 221 B.C.;232
48.2;B. Relations between States in Ancient and Medieval Times;233
48.3;C. Contacts between Europe and the Far East;233
48.4;D. Introduction of the Western Law of Nations into East Asia;235
48.5;E. Application
of the Western Law of Nations to East Asia;237
49;CHAPTER 42. HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS:
ISLAM;239
49.1;A. Introduction;239
49.2;B. The Formative Era of the Islamic System;239
49.3;C. The
Formulation of Doctrine already Bypassed in Practice;241
49.4;D. The Search for a New Equilibrium;242
49.5;E. The Contemporary Dilemmas;244
49.6;F. Conclusion;246
50;CHAPTER 43. HISTORY OF THE LAW OF
NATIONS REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS: LATIN AMERICA;248
50.1;A. Pre-Colombian Period;248
50.2;B. Discovery and Colonial Period;248
50.3;C. Independent Latin America;250
51;CHAPTER 44. HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS: SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA;254
51.1;A. Foundations and Principles of International Law in the Ancient Period (Earliest Times
to A.D. 7th Century);254
51.2;B. The Impact of Islam and the Development ofInter-State Law Concepts in the Middle Ages
(7th Century to 18th Century);261
51.3;C. The Colonial Era (1707 to 1947) and the
Development of International Law Concepts;267
52;CHAPTER 45. HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS WORLD WAR I
TO WORLD WAR II;269
53;CHAPTER 46. HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS SINCE WORLD WAR II;279
54;CHAPTER 47. HOLY ALLIANCE;290
54.1;1. Background;290
54.2;2. Substance of the Treaty;291
54.3;3. Evaluation, Relevance;291
55;CHAPTER 48. INTERDEPENDENCE;292
55.1;1. Definition;292
55.2;2. Development;293
55.3;3. Modern Interdependence;294
56;CHAPTER 49. INTERNATIONAL LAW;295
56.1;Part I : The Position of States in International Law;305
56.2;Part II: The Law relating to International Peace and Security;306
56.3;Part III: The Law relating to Economic Development;306
56.4;Part IV: State Responsibility;307
56.5;Part V: Succession of States and Governments;307
56.6;Part VI: Diplomatic and Consular Law;308
56.7;Part VII : The Law of Treaties;308
56.8;Part VIII: Unilateral Acts;308
56.9;Part IX: The Law relating to International
Watercourses;308
56.10;Part X: The Law of the Sea;308
56.11;Part XI: The Law of the Air;309
56.12;Part XII: The Law of Outer Space;309
56.13;Part XIII: The Law relating to the
Environment;309
56.14;Part XIV: The Law relating to International Organizations;310
56.15;Part XV: International Law relating to
Individuals;311
56.16;Part XVI: The Law Relating to
Armed Conflicts;312
56.17;Part XVII: International Criminal Law;313
57;CHAPTER 50. INTERNATIONAL LAW, DOCTRINE AND SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY;314
57.1;A. Introduction;314
57.2;B. Doctrinal Change;315
57.3;C. Modes of Doctrinal Change and Argument;320
57.4;D. Schools of Thought;322
57.5;E. Concluding Remarks;325
58;CHAPTER 51. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COMMUNITY;326
58.1;1. Notion; Characteristic Features;326
58.2;2. Historical Evolution;327
58.3;3. Current Situation;327
58.4;4. Significance;328
59;CHAPTER 52. INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS, IMPLIED POWERS;329
59.1;1. Notion;329
59.2;2. Historical Evolution;329
59.3;3. Current Legal Situation;330
59.4;4. Special Legal Problems;331
60;CHAPTER 53. INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC ORDER;331
61;CHAPTER 54. INTERPRETATION
IN INTERNATIONAL LAW;335
61.1;A. Notion; Basic Questions;335
61.2;B. Treaty Interpretation;337
61.3;C. Special Problems;341
62;CHAPTER 55. JUS COGENS;344
62.1;1. Notion;344
62.2;2. Development;345
62.3;3. Rules having the Character of
jus cogens;345
62.4;4. Legal Consequences of jus cogens;346
62.5;5. Evaluation;347
63;CHAPTER 56. LOCARNO TREATIES
(1925);347
63.1;1. The Treaties and Conventions;347
63.2;2. Historical Background;347
63.3;3. Summary of Contents;348
63.4;4. Evaluation;349
63.5;5. Termination;350
64;CHAPTER 57. METHODOLOGY OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW;351
64.1;1. Definition;351
64.2;2. The Global Scientific Approach;351
64.3;3. Methodology in the Narrow
Sense;351
64.4;4. Outline of Methods Proposed
by Authors;352
64.5;5. Relation between Methodology and Sources;353
64.6;6. Rules "Laid Down";353
64.7;7. Norms Spontaneously Created;354
64.8;8. Principles of Law;354
64.9;9. International Legal Rules and
their Application;355
64.10;10. Conclusions;356
65;CHAPTER 58. MONROE DOCTRINE;356
65.1;1. Notion; Origin;356
65.2;2. Developments and Corollaries;357
65.3;3. Present Significance;359
66;CHAPTER 59. NATURAL LAW;361
66.1;1. Notion;361
66.2;2. History;361
66.3;3. Natural Law and International Law;363
66.4;4. The Situation at Present;364
67;CHAPTER 60. NEW STATES AND INTERNATIONAL LAW;366
67.1;A. Historical Development;366
67.2;B. Patterns of Creation;367
67.3;C. New States and International Law;367
68;CHAPTER 61. NON-BINDING AGREEMENTS;370
68.1;1. Notional Difficulties;370
68.2;2. The Case-Law;371
68.3;3. Non-Binding Character Agreed;371
68.4;4. Historical Precedents;372
68.5;5. Modem Disputed Cases;372
68.6;6. Non-Binding Agreements in International
Organizations;373
68.7;7. Theory;373
68.8;8. Restricted Binding Force;374
68.9;9. War Aims Agreements;374
68.10;10. Implemented Non-Binding Agreements;374
69;CHAPTER 62. NON-INTERVENTION, PRINCIPLE OF;375
69.1;1. Notion and Delimitation;375
69.2;2. Historical Evolution;375
69.3;3. Current Legal Situation;376
70;CHAPTER 63. NULLITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW;378
70.1;1. Notions;378
70.2;2. Development of Rules on Nullity in International Law;378
70.3;3. Nullity in Regard to Specific Acts;378
70.4;4. Consequences of Nullity;379
70.5;5. Procedures to Establish Nullity;380
70.6;6. Obligation to Recognize Nullity;380
70.7;7. Evaluation;380
71;CHAPTER 64. PACTA SUNT SERVANDA;381
71.1;1. Notion;381
71.2;2. Historical Evolution;381
71.3;3. Current Legal Situation;384
71.4;4. Special Legal Problems;385
71.5;5. Significance;387
72;CHAPTER 65. PACTUM DE CONTRAHENDO, PACTUM DE NEGOTIANDO;388
72.1;1. Notion;388
72.2;2. Common Legal Characteristics;389
72.3;3. Legal Obligations Flowingfrom the pacta;391
73;CHAPTER 66. PARIS PEACE TREATY (1856);393
73.1;1. Background;393
74;CHAPTER 67. PEACEFUL CHANGE;395
74.1;1. Terminology and Definition;395
74.2;2. Place in Legal System;396
74.3;3. Historical and Political Background;396
74.4;4. Area of Application;397
74.5;5. Methods;397
74.6;6. Future Prospects;401
75;CHAPTER 68. POSITIVISM;402
76;CHAPTER 69. PREAMBLE;410
77;CHAPTER 70. PROCÈS-VERB AL;411
77.1;1. Notion;411
77.2;2. Historical Evolution and Usage;411
77.3;3. Other Questions;412
78;CHAPTER 71. PROPORTIONALITY;413
78.1;1. Notion and Historical Development;413
78.2;2. Proportionality in Present-Day International Law;413
78.3;3. Significance and Future Development;416
79;CHAPTER 72. RECIPROCITY;417
79.1;1. Notion;417
79.2;2. Role in the Creation of International Law;417
79.3;3. Role in the Observance of International Law;418
79.4;4. Reciprocity and the Sanctions of International Law;419
79.5;5. An International Law of Reciprocity?;420
80;CHAPTER 73. REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL LAW;421
80.1;1. Notion;421
80.2;2. Historical Evolution;422
80.3;3. Sources;423
80.4;4. Universal and Regional International Law;424
80.5;5. Regional International Law an Autonomous
Legal Order?;424
80.6;6. Subject Matter;425
80.7;7. Conclusions;425
81;CHAPTER 74. REINSURANCE TREATY
BETWEEN GERMANY AND RUSSIA (1887);426
82;CHAPTER 75. SELF-EXECUTING TREATY PROVISIONS;431
82.1;1. Historical Overview;431
82.2;2. Notion;431
82.3;3. Establishing the Notion via International Law or National Constitutional Law;431
82.4;4. Prerequisites for Direct Applicability;431
82.5;5. Exclusion of Direct Applicability by the Treaty Itself;432
82.6;6. Exclusion of Direct Applicability by the Law providing Parliamentary Consent;432
82.7;7. Extent of Direct Applicability for traités-contrats;432
82.8;8. The Degree of Direct Applicability for Treaties;432
82.9;9. Treaty Prerequisites for Acts of Implementation;432
82.10;10. The Principle of Certainty;433
82.11;11. Political Treaties;433
82.12;12. Individual Treaty Clauses;433
82.13;13. Cases where Direct Applicability is not Required;433
83;CHAPTER 76. SOCIALIST CONCEPTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW;434
83.1;1. Definition;434
83.2;2. Historical Background;434
83.3;3. The Doctrinal Position of Socialist International Legal Scholarship;434
83.4;4. The Sources of International Law and the Basis of its Binding Force;435
83.5;5. Particular Characteristics of International Law;437
83.6;6. The Universality of International Law;439
83.7;7. Subjects of International Law;439
84;CHAPTER 77. SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW;441
84.1;A. Introduction;442
84.2;B. Sources of International Law;443
84.3;C. Priority among the Sources;449
84.4;D. Final Considerations;450
85;CHAPTER 78. SPANISH CIVIL WAR;451
85.1;1. Historical Background;451
85.2;2. Role of the League of Nations;452
85.3;3. Non-Intervention Agreement;452
85.4;4. Recognition by Foreign States;453
85.5;5. Diplomatic Agents and Missions; Diplomatic Asylum;454
85.6;6. Humanitarian Law;455
85.7;7. Conclusion;455
86;CHAPTER 79. STATUS QUO;455
86.1;1. Historical Background;455
86.2;2. Legal Significance of the Term;458
87;CHAPTER 80. SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW;459
87.1;A. Concept and Basic Problems;459
87.2;B. Historical Development;465
87.3;C. Categories of Subjects;466
88;CHAPTER 81. TREATIES;476
88.1;1. The Law öf Treaties Codified;476
88.2;2. Notion and Delimitation;477
88.3;3. Categories of Treaties;478
88.4;4. Some Central Problems of the Law of Treaties;478
88.5;5. Concluding Remarks;479
89;CHAPTER 82. TREATIES, CONCLUSION AND ENTRY INTO FORCE;481
89.1;1. Background;481
89.2;2. Conclusion of Treaties;482
89.3;3. Entry into Force;484
90;CHAPTER 83. TREATIES, CONFLICTS BETWEEN;484
90.1;1. Notion of Conflict;484
90.2;2. Evolution of Legal Rules;485
90.3;3. Current Legal Situation;487
90.4;4. Special Legal Problems;489
90.5;5. Evaluation;489
91;CHAPTER 84. TREATIES, EFFECT OF TERRITORIAL CHANGES;490
91.1;1. The Problem;490
91.2;2. The Moving Treaty Frontiers Rule;490
91.3;3. Qualifications;492
92;CHAPTER 85. TREATIES, EFFECT ON THIRD STATES;493
92.1;1. Notion;493
92.2;2. Treaties According Rights to Third States;493
92.3;3. Treaties Imposing Obligations on Third States;494
92.4;4. Codification in the Law of Treaties Convention;494
92.5;5. The Problem of Treaties Providing for Objective Régimes;495
92.6;6. Evaluation;497
93;CHAPTER 86. TREATIES, MULTILATERAL;497
93.1;1. Notion;497
93.2;2. History;497
93.3;3. Classification Attempts;498
93.4;4. Rules Specific to Multilateral Treaties;499
93.5;5. Multilateral Treaties and Customary International Law;500
93.6;6. Multilateral Treaties and International Quasi-Legislation;500
94;CHAPTER 87. TREATIES OF FRIENDSHIP, COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION;501
94.1;1. Background;501
94.2;2. Significance of the Treaties;502
94.3;3. Aims and Purposes;502
94.4;4. The Terms "National Treatment" and "Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment;502
94.5;5. Basic Rights Guarantees;502
94.6;6. Economic Activities;503
94.7;7. Acquisition of Property;503
94.8;8. Disposal of Property;504
94.9;9. Protection of Property and Expropriation;504
94.10;10. Taxation;505
94.11;11. Competition;505
94.12;12. Transfer of Payments;505
94.13;13. Shipping;506
94.14;14. Social Security;506
94.15;15. Prevention and Settlement of Disputes;506
94.16;16. Significance;506
95;CHAPTER 88. TREATIES, REGISTRATION AND PUBLICATION;507
95.1;1. Definition and Historical Development;507
95.2;2. Registration and Publication in the United Nations;508
95.3;3. Other International Organizations;511
95.4;4. Publication Elsewhere;512
96;CHAPTER 89. TREATIES, RESERVATIONS;513
96.1;1. Notion;513
96.2;2. Current Legal Situation;514
96.3;3. Aim; Evaluation;515
97;CHAPTER 90. TREATIES, REVISION;516
97.1;1. Revision as a Method of Peaceful Change;516
97.2;2. Types of Treaty Revision in Modern State
Practice;516
97.3;3. Terminology;518
97.4;4. Legal Nature of Revision;518
97.5;5. Legal and Political Grounds for Revision;518
97.6;6. Revision Clauses;519
97.7;7. Procedures;519
97.8;8. Special Problems;521
98;CHAPTER 91. TREATIES, SECRET;522
98.1;1. Definition;522
98.2;2. History;522
98.3;3. Current Legal Situation and Evaluation;523
99;CHAPTER 92. TREATIES, TERMINATION;524
99.1;1. General Considerations;524
99.2;2. Termination in Accordance with the Provisions of a Treaty;524
99.3;3. Termination by Consent of the Parties;524
99.4;4. Implied Right of Denunciation or Withdrawal;524
99.5;5. Termination of a Treaty as a Consequence of its Breach;525
99.6;6. Supervening Impossibility of Performance;525
99.7;7. Fundamental Change of Circumstances;525
99.8;8. Extinction of a Party;526
99.9;9. Emergence of a New Peremptory Norm;526
99.10;10. Outbreak of War;526
99.11;11. Consequences of the Termination of a Treaty;526
99.12;12. Settlement of Disputes;526
100;CHAPTER 93. TREATIES, TERRITORIAL APPLICATION;527
101;CHAPTER 94. TREATIES, VALIDITY;528
101.1;1. Concept;528
101.2;2. Evolution of Rules;529
101.3;3. Current Legal Situation;529
102;CHAPTER 95. UNEQUAL TREATIES;531
102.1;1. Notion;531
102.2;2. Historical Description;531
102.3;3. Significance;533
103;CHAPTER 96. UNILATERAL ACTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW;534
103.1;1. Notion and Types;534
103.2;2. Judicial and State Practice;536
103.3;3. Unilateral Nature;536
103.4;4. Binding Force;537
103.5;5. Elements of Binding Force;538
103.6;6. Effects;539
104;CHAPTER 97. VIENNA CONGRESS (1815);539
104.1;1. Convocation;539
104.2;2. Negotiations;540
104.3;3. The Final Act of Vienna;540
104.4;4. Territorial Arrangements;540
104.5;5. Questions of General Interest;541
104.6;6. Complementation of the Vienna Arrangements;541
104.7;7. The New European System;541
104.8;8. Evaluation;542
105;CHAPTER 98. VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES;542
105.1;1. Historical Background;542
105.2;2. Principal Provisions;544
105.3;3. Special Legal Problems;547
105.4;4. Evaluation;548
106;CHAPTER 99. WAIVER;550
106.1;1. Notion;550
106.2;2. Application;550
106.3;3. Manner of Expression;551
106.4;4. Effects;552
106.5;5. Conclusion;553
107;CHAPTER 100. WESTPHALIA, PEACE OF (1648);553
107.1;1. Historical Background;553
107.2;2. The Peace Treaties;554
107.3;3. Significance;556
108;CHAPTER 101. WILSON'S FOURTEEN POINTS;556
108.1;1. Historical Context;556
108.2;2. The Fourteen Points;557
108.3;3. Paris Peace Conference;558
108.4;4. Post-1919 Influence;558
109;CHAPTER 102. ZOLLVEREIN (GERMAN CUSTOMS UNION);559
110;LIST OF ARTICLES FOR THE ENTIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA;562