Routes to Cellulosic Ethanol

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-387-92740-4
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 270 Seiten

The perception that civilization is crossing a period of Global Climatic Changes that can seriously threaten our lifestyle, along with energy security and the search for prosperity, are the main drivers that are pushing men to use more biomass as a source of energy. It will be crucial that such intent will include a large parcel of sustainability so that more renewable energy becomes available for populations. Because large amounts of energy are 'hidden' in carbon polymers made by plants, notably carbohydrates, it is obvious that if technologies are developed to produce liquid fuels such as ethanol from carbohydrate polymers such as cellulose, men could significantly increase energy sustainability . This book reviews general aspects of biomass utilization for bioenergy production as well as strategies using biochemistry, molecular biology, chemistry and physics to disassemble plant cell walls. Recent discoveries of basic science under development in several laboratories in the world are reviewed by experts that have been intensively working with many aspects that will impact the development of the technology of production of cellulosic ethanol.

Marcos S. Buckeridge, is a biologist who worked for more than 20 years with the structure and function of plant cell walls. After many years at the Botanical Garden of São Paulo, he moved to the University of São Paulo where incorporated in his lines of research investigation of sugarcane cell walls and sugarcane physiology. At the same time he founded the Laboratory or Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO) dedicated exclusively to study the effects of the global climate changes on crop and native rain forest species. He will be one of the lead authors of the IPCC report for 2014. Buckeridge helped to found the BioEn-FAPESP, one or the most important research programs in bioenergy in Brazil. More recently he became coordinator of the National Institute of Science and Technology of Bioethanol, and is now the scientific director of the Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology National Laboratory (CTBE) at Campinas, Brazil. He is communicating editor for the journals Trees: structure and function, Global Change Biology Bioenergy and Bioenergy Research. Gustavo H. Goldman is a biologist, Professor of Molecular Biology at the Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, Researcher of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, Brazil, and a former fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, USA. He is also an Associate Researcher at the Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology National Laboratory (CTBE) at Campinas, Brazil, and Visiting Professor at the Universidade do Minho, Portugal. His expertise is on the molecular genetics of fungi mainly working on the molecular biology of Aspergilli. Goldman has been working with fungal genomics for many years and has several collaborations with the JCVI and the Brod Institute-MIT, both at USA. He is currently Associate Editor of PLoS One, Fungal Genetics and Biology, and BMC Genomics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Introduction;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Part I:Bioenergy;14
4.1;Chapter 1: The Role of Biomass in the World’s Energy System;15
4.1.1;1 Introduction;15
4.1.2;2 Energy and Transportation;17
4.1.3;3 Environmental Impacts;17
4.1.4;4 Strategies to Face the Impacts of Transportation;20
4.1.5;5 Biodiesel and Ethanol;21
4.1.6;6 Second Generation Technologies;24
4.1.7;References;26
4.2;Chapter 2: Bioenergy and the Sustainable Revolution;27
4.2.1;1 Introduction;27
4.2.2;2 Energy Revolution;28
4.2.2.1;2.1 Mitochondrial Revolution;28
4.2.2.2;2.2 Modern Bioenergy: A Sustainable Revolution;29
4.2.3;3 Choices for Renewable Fuels;30
4.2.3.1;3.1 Biodiesel from Plant Sources;31
4.2.3.2;3.2 Bioethanol;32
4.2.3.3;3.3 Biochemical Conversion;33
4.2.3.4;3.4 Thermochemical Conversion;34
4.2.3.5;3.5 Comparison of Thermochemical and Biochemical Routes;36
4.2.4;4 Concluding Remarks;36
4.2.5;References;38
4.3;Chapter 3: Biomass Gasification for Ethanol Production;39
4.3.1;1 Introduction;39
4.3.2;2 Gasification of Biomass for Biofuels Production;40
4.3.3;3 Synthesizing Biofuels from Syngas;45
4.3.3.1;3.2 Chemical Synthesis;46
4.3.3.2;3.3 Biochemical Synthesis;48
4.3.4;4 Current Development of Ethanol Production by Biomass Gasification;49
4.3.5;5 Final Comments;51
4.3.6;References;52
5;Part II:Plant Cell Walls, Enzymes,and Metabolism;54
5.1;Chapter 4: Hemicelluloses as Recalcitrant Components for Saccharification in Wood;55
5.1.1;1 Introduction;55
5.1.2;2 Crystal Regions and the Presence of Lignin;56
5.1.3;3 Xylan;58
5.1.4;4 Xyloglucan;59
5.1.5;5 Glucomannan;60
5.1.6;6 Conclusion;60
5.1.7;References;61
5.2;Chapter 5: Topochemistry, Porosity and Chemical Composition Affecting Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials;63
5.2.1;1 Introduction;63
5.2.2;2 Cell Wall in Lignified Plants: Structure, Chemical Composition, and Recalcitrance to Natural Decay;64
5.2.3;3 Topochemistry, Porosity, and Chemical Composition Determining Successful Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials;67
5.2.4;4 Lignocellulose Pretreatment by Dilute Acid Hydrolysis and Analogous Technologies;70
5.2.5;5 Lignin-Depleted Plants for Improved Enzymatic Hydrolysis;71
5.2.6;6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials;72
5.2.7;7 Final Remarks;76
5.2.8;References;78
5.3;Chapter 6: Enzymology of Plant Cell Wall Breakdown: An Update;83
5.3.1;1 Introduction;83
5.3.2;2 Cellulases;84
5.3.2.1;2.1 Cellobiose Dehydrogenase;86
5.3.3;3 Hemicellulases;86
5.3.3.1;3.1 Xylanases;87
5.3.3.2;3.2 Arabinofuranosidases;87
5.3.3.3;3.3 Feruloyl esterase;88
5.3.3.4;3.4 Coumaroyl Esterase;90
5.3.3.5;3.5 Xyloglucanases;91
5.3.3.6;3.6 Mannanases;91
5.3.4;4 Glucuronidases;92
5.3.5;5 Pectinases;93
5.3.5.1;5.1 Protopectinases;93
5.3.5.2;5.2 Polygalacturonase;93
5.3.5.3;5.3 Lyases;94
5.3.6;6 Swollenin;94
5.3.7;7 GH 61;95
5.3.8;8 Laccase;96
5.3.9;9 Industrial Application of Enzymes;97
5.3.10;10 Conclusions;100
5.3.11;References;101
5.4;Chapter 7: Enzymes in Bioenergy;107
5.4.1;1 Introduction;107
5.4.2;2 Cellulose;108
5.4.3;3 Hemicellulose;115
5.4.4;4 Lignin;117
5.4.5;References;119
5.5;Chapter 8: Hydrolases from Microorganisms used for Degradation of Plant Cell Wall and Bioenergy;124
5.5.1;1 Introduction;124
5.5.2;2 Biomass and Biofuels;125
5.5.3;3 Sugarcane and Bioemass;126
5.5.4;4 Sugarcane Bagasse and Energy Production;127
5.5.5;5 Component of Sugarcane Bagasse;127
5.5.6;6 Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes;131
5.5.7;7 Microbial Cellulose Degradation;132
5.5.8;8 Microbial Hemicellulose Degradation;133
5.5.9;9 Microbial Lignin Enzymes;137
5.5.10;10 Microbial Enzymes and Thermophile;137
5.5.11;11 Perspectives;138
5.5.12;References;139
5.6;Chapter 9: Cellulase Engineering for Biomass Saccharification;144
5.6.1;1 Introduction;144
5.6.2;2 Cellulose and Cellulases;144
5.6.3;3 Protein Engineering Strategies;146
5.6.3.1;3.1 Cellulase Engineering by Rational Design;146
5.6.3.2;3.2 Random Mutagenesis – Directed Evolution;147
5.6.3.3;3.3 In Vitro Recombination – DNA Shuffling;148
5.6.3.4;3.4 Screening Randomized DNA Libraries;149
5.6.4;4 Engineering of Cellulase Properties;149
5.6.4.1;4.1 Cellulases Contain Substrate Binding and Catalytic Domains;149
5.6.4.2;4.2 The Cellulose-Binding Domain – An Example of a Carbohydrate-Binding Module;150
5.6.4.3;4.3 Binding Models – What Type of Intermolecular Interaction is Important?;151
5.6.4.4;4.4 Cellulose (Substrate) Binding to the Catalytic Domain;152
5.6.4.5;4.5 Engineering the Catalytic Mechanism of Cellulases;153
5.6.5;5 Enzyme Chimeras;154
5.6.5.1;5.1 CBM/Catalytic Domain Fusions;154
5.6.5.2;5.2 Multifunctional Enzymes;155
5.6.6;6 Perspectives;156
5.6.7;References;156
5.7;Chapter 10: Genetic Improvement of Xylose Utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae;161
5.7.1;1 Introduction;161
5.7.2;2 Ethanol Production by Xylose-Fermenting Yeasts;162
5.7.3;3 Factors Limiting Xylose Metabolism in S. cerevisiae;163
5.7.3.1;3.1 Xylose Uptake;164
5.7.3.2;3.2 Xylose Isomerase (XI);165
5.7.3.3;3.3 Redox Imbalance from Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase and Xylulokinase;165
5.7.3.4;3.4 The Nonoxidative PPP Enzymes: Transaldolase and Transketolase;167
5.7.4;4 Adaptation of S. cerevisiae Strains for Efficient Xylose Metabolism;167
5.7.5;5 Concluding Remarks;168
5.7.6;References;168
6;Part III:Plant Cell Wall Genetics;172
6.1;Chapter 11: Tropical Maize: Exploiting Maize Genetic Diversity to Develop a Novel Annual Cropfor Lignocellulosic Biomass and SugarProduction;173
6.1.1;1 Introduction;173
6.1.2;2 Advantages of Tropical Maize as Comparedwith Other Biofuel Crops;175
6.1.3;3 Tropical Maize as a Flexible Biofuel Feedstock;178
6.1.4;4 Biological Properties Driving Superior Sugar Productionand Biomass in Tropical Maize;179
6.1.4.1;4.1 Tropical Maize as a Sugar Crop;179
6.1.4.2;4.2 Tropical Maize as a Lignocellulosic Crop;180
6.1.4.2.1;4.2.1 Chemical Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass;181
6.1.4.2.2;4.2.2 Genetic Improvement of Lignocellulosic Biomass in Tropical Maize;182
6.1.5;5 Conclusion;183
6.1.6;References;184
6.2;Chapter 12: Improving Efficiency of Cellulosic Fermentation via Genetic Engineering to Create “Smart Plants” for Biofuel Production;186
6.2.1;1 Introduction;186
6.2.1.1;1.1 Biofuels as Green Alternatives to Fossil Fuels: Considerations and Current Status;186
6.2.1.2;1.2 General Strategies for Improving Biomass Deconstruction Efficiency Through Feedstock Alteration;189
6.2.2;2 Genetic Engineering Approaches to Improve Biomass Fermentability;190
6.2.2.1;2.1 Overexpressing Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in Plants: Tapping the Plant’s Own Machinery for Deconstruction;190
6.2.2.2;2.2 Tools for Engineering Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in Feedstocks;191
6.2.2.3;2.3 Approaches to Enhance Protein Expression of CellWall-Degrading Enzymes in Transgenic Plants;192
6.2.2.4;2.4 Contrasting Nuclear and Plastid Transformation Strategies:The Mix-Stock Approach;195
6.2.2.5;2.5 Modifying the Lignin Content in Lignocellulose Through Genetic Engineering;197
6.2.3;3 Future Perspective;199
6.2.4;References;199
6.3;Chapter 13: Sugarcane Breeding and Selection for more Efficient Biomass Conversion in Cellulosic Ethanol;203
6.3.1;1 Introduction;203
6.3.2;2 Characterization and Use of Biodiversity in Sugarcane Breeding;204
6.3.2.1;2.1 Interspecific Cross;205
6.3.2.2;2.2 Intergeneric Crosses;206
6.3.3;3 Breeding of Sugarcane in Brazil;207
6.3.4;4 Sugarcane Breeding: Flowering and Crossing;209
6.3.5;5 Common Crossing Strategies;210
6.3.6;6 Biparental Cross;211
6.3.7;7 Multiparental Cross;211
6.3.8;8 Recurrent Selection and Crossing Planning;212
6.3.9;9 Heritance of Principal Characters;214
6.3.10;10 Stages for the Development of a New Sugarcane Cultivar;216
6.3.11;11 Selection in Original Seedlings on FT-1;218
6.3.12;12 FT2;218
6.3.13;13 FT3;219
6.3.14;14 FT4;219
6.3.15;15 FT5 and FT6;219
6.3.16;16 FT7;219
6.3.17;17 FT8;220
6.3.18;18 Active Clone Exchange Between Breeder Teams;220
6.3.19;19 Cultivar Launching Phase;220
6.3.20;20 Breeding for Physiological Traits that Affect Biomass Production;221
6.3.21;21 Limitations of Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Sugarcane Bagasse;223
6.3.22;22 Breeding Sugarcane for Better Efficiency of Cellulosic Ethanol Production;224
6.3.23;24 Development of High-throughput Methods for Characterization of Cell Wall Traits Important for Cellulosic Ethanol Production;229
6.3.24;25 Tools Needed to Speed up Sugarcane Breeding;232
6.3.25;26 Coproducts from Cellulosic Ethanol Production;233
6.3.26;27 Transgenic Plants and Mutants and its Potential to Contribute to Better Effiency of Cellulosic Ethanol Production;233
6.3.27;28 Emerging New Market for Energy and Sugarcane Bagasse Use;234
6.3.28;29 Conclusions;236
6.3.29;References;237
6.4;Chapter 14: Cell Wall Genomics in the Recombinogenic Moss Physcomitrella patens;244
6.4.1;1 Introduction;244
6.4.2;2 Identifying Genes and Gene Function;246
6.4.2.1;2.1 Approaches for Forward and Reverse Genetics;247
6.4.3;3 Functional Genomics in Physcomitrella patens;249
6.4.4;4 Physcomitrella Growth and Development;251
6.4.5;5 Features of the Physcomitrella Plant Cell Wall;252
6.4.6;6 Target Identification and Functional Assay;258
6.4.7;7 Prospects and Outlook;261
6.4.8;References;262
7;Index;265