Roy Scaling Physiological Processes

Leaf to Globe
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-0-323-13957-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 388 Seiten

Reihe: Physiological Ecology

Traditional plant physiological ecology is organism centered and provides a useful framework for understanding the interactions between plants and their environment and for identifying characteristics likely to result in plant success in a particular habitat. This book focuses on extending concepts from plant physiological ecology as a basis for understanding carbon, energy, and biogeochemical cycles at ecosystem, regional, and global levels. This will be a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in ecology, plant ecophysiology, ecosystem research, biometerology, earth system science, and remote sensing. - The integration of metabolic activities across spatial scales, from leaf to ecosystem - Global constraints and regional processes - Functional units in ecological scaling - Models and technologies for scaling

Autoren/Hrsg.

Roy, Jacques

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Contributors;14
6;Chapter 1. Introduction: Questions of Scale;18
6.1;I. Scaling from Ecophysiology;18
6.2;II. The Art of Scaling;19
6.3;III. Some New Dimensions;20
6.4;References;21
7;Part I: Integrating Spatial Patterns;22
7.1;Chapter 2. Concepts of Scale at the Local Level;24
7.1.1;I. Introduction;24
7.1.2;II. The Ecosystem as an Abstraction;24
7.1.3;III. There Is No Correct Scale, but There May Be Scaling Laws;28
7.1.4;IV. Relevance to Ecological Problems;29
7.1.5;V. Theories and Bases for Scaling;30
7.1.6;VI. Program for Research on Scaling in Terrestrial Systems;35
7.1.7;Acknowledgments;35
7.1.8;References;35
7.2;Chapter 3. Spatial Information for Extrapolation of Canopy Processes: Examples from FIFE;38
7.2.1;I. Introduction;38
7.2.2;II. Experiment Overview;39
7.2.3;III. A Priori Stratification;40
7.2.4;IV. Digital Elevation Model-Based a Priori Stratification;43
7.2.5;V. Regression-Tree Stratification;45
7.2.6;VI. Scale Dependence in GVI and Terrain Variables;49
7.2.7;VII. Spatial Analysis of Flux Measurements;50
7.2.8;VIII. Lessons for Physiological Ecology;52
7.2.9;IX. Conclusion;54
7.2.10;X. Summary;54
7.2.11;Acknowledgments;55
7.2.12;References;55
8;Part II: Leaf to Ecosystem Level Integration;58
8.1;Chapter 4. Scaling Processes between Leaf and Canopy Levels;60
8.1.1;I. Introduction;60
8.1.2;II. What Is Scaling and Why Do It?;61
8.1.3;III. Issues in Scaling from Leaf to Canopy;62
8.1.4;IV. Can an Investigative Paradigm from Physics Be Applied Directly to Biology?;63
8.1.5;V. Scaling in Fluid Dynamics;64
8.1.6;VI. Comprehensive Plant—Environment Models;66
8.1.7;VII. Examples of Scaling Leaf Photosynthesis to Canopy Photosynthesis;70
8.1.8;VIII. Summary;92
8.1.9;References;93
8.2;Chapter 5. Scaling Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide Exchange from Leaves to a Canopy: Rules and Tools;96
8.2.1;I. Introduction;96
8.2.2;II. Literature Overview;97
8.2.3;III. Basic Scaling Rules;98
8.2.4;IV. Leaf to Canopy Scaling: Linking Transpiration and Photosynthesis with Their Microenvironment;99
8.2.5;V. What Information Is Needed to Scale CO2 and Water Vapor Exchange from a Leaf to a Canopy?;110
8.2.6;VI. Can Information on Leaf CO2 and Water Vapor Exchange Be Extended to the Canopy Scale?;114
8.2.7;VII. Concluding Comments;125
8.2.8;Acknowledgments;126
8.2.9;References;127
8.3;Chapter 6. Prospects for Bottom-Up Models;134
8.3.1;I. What Are Bottom-Up Models?;136
8.3.2;II. Problems;139
8.3.3;III. Top-Down Models: An Alternative Approach;140
8.3.4;IV. Bottom-Up Models and Scaling;142
8.3.5;V. Conclusions;143
8.3.6;References;144
8.4;Chapter 7. Scaling Ecophysiology from the Plant to the Ecosystem: A Conceptual Framework;146
8.4.1;I. Introduction;146
8.4.2;II. Role of Modeling;147
8.4.3;III. Scaling Issues and Hierarchy Theory;148
8.4.4;IV. Examples of Model Aggregation;153
8.4.5;V. Summary;157
8.4.6;References;158
8.5;Chapter 8. Generalization of a Forest Ecosystem Process Model for Other Biomes, BIOME-BGC, and an Application for Global-Scale Models;160
8.5.1;I. Introduction;160
8.5.2;II. Lessons Learned in the Evolution of Forest-BGC and RESSys;161
8.5.3;III. BIOME-BGC Development;165
8.5.4;IV. Global Scale Application Using BIOME-BGC;171
8.5.5;V. Conclusions;174
8.5.6;Acknowledgments;175
8.5.7;References;175
8.6;Chapter 9. How Ecophysiologists Can Help Scale from Leaves to Landscapes;178
8.6.1;I. Role of Ecophysiologists;178
8.6.2;II. Promising Research Areas;179
8.6.3;III. Landscape Ecology;181
8.6.4;IV. Challenges for the Future;182
8.6.5;Acknowledgments;183
8.6.6;References;183
9;Part III: Global Constraints and Regional Processes;186
9.1;Chapter 10. Global Dynamics and Ecosystem Processes: Scaling Up or Scaling Down?;188
9.1.1;I. Introduction;188
9.1.2;II. From Physiology to Ecosystem;189
9.1.3;III. From Ecosystem to Global Scale;191
9.1.4;IV. Global Measurements to Ecosystem Mechanisms;193
9.1.5;V. Conclusions;195
9.1.6;Acknowledgment;195
9.1.7;References;195
9.2;Chapter 11. Observational Strategy for Assessing the Role of Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Globa' Carbon Cycle: Scaling Down to Regional Levels;198
9.2.1;I. Introduction;198
9.2.2;II. Atmospheric Concentration Gradients and Transport Modeling;199
9.2.3;III. General Requirements for Measurements;203
9.2.4;IV. Methods for Monitoring the Carbon Cycle on the Continents;204
9.2.5;V. Summary;207
9.2.6;Acknowledgments;208
9.2.7;References;208
9.3;Chapter 12. Forests in the Global Carbon Balance: From Stand to Region;210
9.3.1;I. Introduction;210
9.3.2;II. Carbon Balance Concept;212
9.3.3;III. Methodology for Determining Enhanced Sources and Sinks;216
9.3.4;IV. Current Enhanced Sources;221
9.3.5;V. Current Enhanced Sinks;223
9.3.6;VI. Historical Trend of the Global Terrestrial Sink;227
9.3.7;VII. Carbon Dioxide Fertilization;228
9.3.8;VIII. Moving Forward;231
9.3.9;IX. Conclusions;236
9.3.10;Acknowledgments;236
9.3.11;References;237
9.4;Chapter 13. Prospects for Scaling;242
9.4.1;I. Introduction;242
9.4.2;II. Approaches and Guidelines;243
9.4.3;References;248
10;Part IV: Functional Units in Ecology;250
10.1;Chapter 14. Scaling in Biological Systems: Population and Community Perspectives;252
10.1.1;I. Introduction;252
10.1.2;II. Individual Plants as Members of Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems;253
10.1.3;III. Global Change, Resource Augmentation, and the Response of Individuals and Populations: Are There General Patterns?;257
10.1.4;IV. Models as Tools for Scaling: Single Individual and Single Species Models without Competition;260
10.1.5;V. Models with Competition and among Neighbors: A Step closer to Natural Ecosystems;261
10.1.6;VI. Factors That Can Compromise the Simplicity of Models;264
10.1.7;Acknowledgments;270
10.1.8;References;270
10.2;Chapter 15. Scaling at the Population Level: Effects of Species Composition and Population Structure;274
10.2.1;I. Introduction;274
10.2.2;II. When to Consider the Population Level in the Context of Scaling;276
10.2.3;III. Patchiness and the Gap Paradigm;279
10.2.4;IV. Why Simplify?;282
10.2.5;V. How to Simplify;282
10.2.6;VI. Spatial and Temporal Dependencies;288
10.2.7;VII. Future Directions;299
10.2.8;Acknowledgments;300
10.2.9;References;300
10.3;Chapter 16. Functional Role of Growth Forms in Ecosystem and Global Processes;306
10.3.1;I. Introduction;306
10.3.2;II. Physiological Basis of Adaptive Strategies;307
10.3.3;III. Ecological Controls over Adaptive Strategies;311
10.3.4;IV. Ecosystem Consequences of Growth Forms;313
10.3.5;V. Growth Form-Ecosystem Feedbacks;322
10.3.6;VI. Remote Sensing of Growth Forms and Ecosystem Function;324
10.3.7;VII. Conclusions;325
10.3.8;Acknowledgments;327
10.3.9;References;327
10.4;Chapter 17. Grouping Plants by Their Form-Function Characteristics as an Avenue for Simplification in Scaling between Leaves and Landscapes;332
10.4.1;I. Introduction;332
10.4.2;II. Form-Function Relationship in Plants;333
10.4.3;III. Grouping Rationale;335
10.4.4;IV. Grouping Criteria;335
10.4.5;V. Concluding Remarks;337
10.4.6;References;338
11;Part V: Integrating Technologies for Scaling;340
11.1;Chapter 18. Applications of Stable Isotopes to Scaling Biospheric Photosynthetic Activities;342
11.1.1;I. Introduction;342
11.1.2;II. Sources: The Importance of Isotopic Composition of Water in the Metabolic Compartments of Leaves;343
11.1.3;III. Gradients: The Interpretation of Gradients in Isotopic Composition and Their Value as Integrators of Photosynthetic Fluxes;348
11.1.4;IV. Partitioning: Evaluating Photosynthetic Pathways within Ecosystems, Carbon Allocation below Ground, and Integration with Nitrogen Fixation;350
11.1.5;V. Summary;353
11.1.6;Acknowledgments;354
11.1.7;References;354
11.2;Chapter 19. Remote Sensing of Ecological Processes: A Strategy for Developing and Testing Ecological Models Using Spectral Mixture Analysis;358
11.2.1;I. Introduction;358
11.2.2;II. Relevant Ecological Measurements;361
11.2.3;III. Current Approaches to Remote Sensing;363
11.2.4;IV. Conclusions;373
11.2.5;V. Summary;375
11.2.6;Acknowledgment;375
11.2.7;References;376
11.3;Chapter 20. New Technologies for Physiological Ecology;380
11.3.1;I. Introduction;380
11.3.2;II. Discussion;380
11.3.3;References;386
12;Index;388
13;Physiological Ecology;410