Rycroft COSPAR: Space Research

Proceedings of the Open Meetings of the Working Groups on Physical Sciences of the Twenty-First Plenary Meeting of COSPAR, Innsbruck, Austria, 29 May - 10 June 1978
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5607-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 634 Seiten, Web PDF

Cospar Space Research, Volume XIX covers the proceedings of the Open Meetings of the Working Groups on Physical Sciences of the 21st Plenary Meeting of COSPAR, held in Innsbruck, Austria, from May 29 to June 10, 1978, focusing on the developments in space research. The contributions concentrate on remote sensing, middle atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, and materials science in space. The selection first offers information on global development of space research, including weather and climate, material sciences in space, planets, sun, stars, magnetosphere, and high energy astrophysics. The book then takes a look at the spectral characteristics of surface phenomena and their impact on the design of an optoelectronic multispectral system; use of weather satellite data in the evaluation of water resources; and atmospheric and surface radiation balance as identified from satellite data. The compilation discusses the assimilation of non-simultaneous satellite and conventional meteorological data using statistical weights; annual variation and variability of meteorological parameters in the stratosphere and mesosphere; and physical properties affecting the existence of small particles in the mesosphere. The book also focuses on the determination of density scale-height profiles, geomagnetic effects in the exosphere, and gravity waves and tidal winds in the equatorial thermosphere. The selection is a dependable source of data for readers interested in space research.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rycroft, M. J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Cospar Space Research;3
3;Copyright Page;4
4;Table of Contents;5
5;FOREWORD;15
6;PREFACE;17
7;PART 1: HIGHLIGHTS OF RECENT SPACE RESEARCH;19
7.1;CHAPTER 1. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE RESEARCH, 1977-1978;21
7.1.1;1. Material Sciences in Space;21
7.1.2;2. Life Sciences;22
7.1.3;3. Measuring the Earth;22
7.1.4;4. The Wealths of the Earth;24
7.1.5;5. Weather and Climate;25
7.1.6;6. The Magnetosphere;27
7.1.7;7. The Solar Wind and its Interactions;35
7.1.8;8. The Sun;39
7.1.9;9. The Planets;42
7.1.10;10. The Stars;42
7.1.11;11. High Energy Astrophysics;43
8;PART 2: REMOTE SENSING;45
8.1;CHAPTER 2. THE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED SURFACE PHENOMENA AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE DESIGN OF AN OPTOELECTRONIC MULTISPECTRAL SYSTEM;47
8.1.1;1) INTRODUCTION;47
8.1.2;2) TUSCANY, ITALY;48
8.1.3;3) GORNER GRAT, THE SWISS - ITALIAN ALPS;49
8.1.4;4) REQUIREMENTS FOR ADVANCED MULTISPECTRAL SYSTEMS;49
8.2;CHAPTER 3. PHOTOINTERPRETATION OF COMPUTER ENHANCED LANDSAT IMAGES OF SERBIA (YUGOSLAVIA);53
8.2.1;Introduction;53
8.2.2;LANDSAT Imagery Digital Processing;53
8.2.3;Results of Tectonic-Structural Analysis;54
8.2.4;Qualitative Analysis of the Imagery by an Electronic Analyzer "ISI VP-8";55
8.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;55
8.3;CHAPTER 4. THE USE OF WEATHER SATELLITE DATA IN THE EVALUATION OF NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SULTANATE OF OMAN;59
8.3.1;ABSTRACT;59
8.3.2;WATER : A VITAL NATIONAL RESOURCE;59
8.3.3;WEATHER SATELLITE DATA IN THE EVALUATION OF RAINFALL;59
8.3.4;RAINFALL EVALUATION IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN;60
8.3.5;GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS;64
8.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;64
8.3.7;REFERENCES;64
8.4;CHAPTER 5. THE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING EXPERIMENT IN THE FIRST SPACELAB PAYLOAD AND PLANS FOR FURTHER SPACELAB INSTRUMENTATION;65
8.4.1;ABSTRACT;65
8.4.2;INTRODUCTION;65
8.4.3;THE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING EXPERIMENT;65
8.4.4;SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR FACILITY FOR SPACELAB DEMONSTRATION MISSION 2;70
8.4.5;REFERENCES;70
8.5;CHAPTER 6. ATMOSPHERIC AND SURFACE RADIATION BALANCE AS DETERMINED FROM SATELLITE DATA;73
8.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;73
8.5.2;2. METHODS AND DATA;74
8.5.3;3. RESULTS;74
8.5.4;4.CONCLUSIONS;75
8.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;75
8.5.6;REFERENCES;75
8.6;CHAPTER 7. ANALYSIS OF CLOUD AND PRECIPITATION FIELDS FROM SATELLITE IR AND MICROWAVE PICTURES;77
8.6.1;REFERENCES;85
8.7;CHAPTER 8. PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE FIRST EUROPEAN GEOSTATIONARY METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE METEOSAT;87
8.8;CHAPTER 9. DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION OF METEOSAT IMAGERY;91
8.8.1;REFERENCES;94
8.9;CHAPTER 10. STANDARDIZATION OF SATELLITE IMAGES OF THE NOAA SCANNING RADIOMETER SIGNALS FOR AN OBJECTIVE CLOUD CLASSIFICATION;95
8.9.1;REFERENCES;98
8.10;CHAPTER 11. DYNAMIC CLASSIFICATION OF MESOSCALE CLOUD PATTERNS;99
8.10.1;ABSTRACT;99
8.10.2;INTRODUCTION;99
8.10.3;DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD;99
8.10.4;AN EXAMPLE OF CLOUD EVOLUTION;100
8.10.5;DEFINITION OF A CLOUD EVOLUTION INDEX;100
8.10.6;DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;102
8.10.7;CONCLUSION;103
8.10.8;REFERENCES;104
8.11;CHAPTER 12. INFRARED MEASUREMENTS OVER CIRRUS CLOUDS IN THE 6.5 AND 11.5 µM REGIONS;105
8.11.1;ABSTRACT;105
8.11.2;OBSERVATIONS;105
8.11.3;COMPARISON BETWEEN EQUIVALENT BLACKBODY TEMPERATURES IN BOTH CHANNELS;106
8.11.4;FIRST METEOSAT OBSERVATIONS;107
8.11.5;CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK;107
8.11.6;REFERENCES;108
8.12;CHAPTER 13. ON THE ASSIMILATION OF NON-SIMULTANEOUS SATELLITE AND CONVENTIONAL METEOROLOGICAL DATA USING STATISTICAL WEIGHTS;109
8.12.1;ABSTRACT;109
8.12.2;REFERENCE;110
9;PART 3: THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE;113
9.1;CHAPTER 14. REVIEW OF CLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING OF THE STRATOSPHERE AND MESOSPHERE;115
9.1.1;ABSTRACT;115
9.1.2;INTRODUCTION;115
9.1.3;DATA;115
9.1.4;MONTHLY MEAN RADIANCE MAPS;116
9.1.5;ZONAL MEAN TEMPERATURE CROSS SECTIONS AND THEIR DEVIATIONS FROM CIRA 1972;117
9.1.6;CONCLUSIONS;118
9.1.7;REFERENCES;118
9.2;CHAPTER 15. WATER VAPOUR AND OZONE IN THE MESOSPHERE OBSERVED FROM "SALYUT-5";125
9.2.1;REFERENCES;128
9.3;CHAPTER 16. COMPARISONS OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURES DERIVED FROM FALLING SPHERE AND GRENADE EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED AT WALLOPS ISLAND IN 1975;129
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;129
9.3.2;DISCUSSION;129
9.3.3;SUMMARY;131
9.3.4;REFERENCES;132
9.4;CHAPTER 17. SUMMARY OF ATMOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS IN THE ALTITUDE REGION FROM 20 TO 80 KM;133
9.4.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;138
9.4.2;REFERENCES;139
9.5;CHAPTER 18. PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE INTERCOMPARISON |TEST OF US AND USSR METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEMS AT WALLOPS ISLAND AUGUST 1977;145
9.5.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;148
9.5.2;REFERENCES;148
9.6;CHAPTER 19. PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE US-USSR METEOROLOGICAL ROCKETSONDE INTERCOMPARISON HELD AT WALLOPS ISLAND, AUGUST 1977;149
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;149
9.6.2;INTERCOMPARISON PLAN;149
9.6.3;RESULTS;150
9.6.4;SUMMARY;151
9.6.5;REFERENCES;152
9.7;CHAPTER 20. ANNUAL VARIATION AND VARIABILITY OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE STRATOSPHERE AND MESOSPHERE;153
9.7.1;REFERENCES;157
9.8;CHAPTER 21. STRATOSPHERIC MOTIONS AS NOTED FROM DAILY ROCKET SOUNDINGS;159
9.8.1;ABSTRACT;159
9.8.2;INTRODUCTION;159
9.8.3;RESULTS;160
9.8.4;CONCLUSIONS;164
9.8.5;REFERENCES;164
9.9;CHAPTER 22. EQUATORIAL STRATOSPHERIC AND MESOSPHERIC STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS DURING THE YEARS 1971-74;165
9.9.1;REFERENCES;170
9.10;CHAPTER 23. REVIEW OF DATA AND MODELS OF THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE;171
9.10.1;ABSTRACT;171
9.10.2;INTRODUCTION;171
9.10.3;OBSERVATIONS;171
9.10.4;REFERENCE ATMOSPHERES;175
9.10.5;SPATIAL VARIABILITY;175
9.10.6;EXTREME VARIATIONS;178
9.10.7;REFERENCES;181
9.11;CHAPTER 24. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING THE EXISTENCE OF SMALL ICE PARTICLES IN THE MESOSPHERE;183
9.11.1;1. MESOSPHERIC PARTICLES;183
9.11.2;2. RESULTS;184
9.11.3;3. CONCLUSIONS;186
9.11.4;4. REFERENCES;186
9.11.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;186
9.12;CHAPTER 25. THE VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF PLANETARY WAVES AND ASSOCIATED MERIDIONAL TRANSPORTS OF MOMENTUM AND HEAT IN THE STRATOSPHERE AND MESOSPHERE;187
9.12.1;ABSTRACT;187
9.12.2;REFERENCES;190
9.13;CHAPTER 26. VARIATION OF THE TURBOPAUSE LEVEL IN THE POLAR REGIONS;191
9.13.1;REFERENCES;193
10;PART 4: THE THERMOSPHERE;195
10.1;CHAPTER 27. CIRA 1972, RECENT ATMOSPHERIC MODELS, AND IMPROVEMENTS IN PROGRESS;197
10.1.1;ABSTRACT;197
10.1.2;REFERENCES;207
10.2;CHAPTER 28. VARIABILITY OF SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET FLUX AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO MODELS OF THE NEUTRAL UPPER ATMOSPHERE;211
10.2.1;ABSTRACT;211
10.2.2;INTRODUCTION;211
10.2.3;REPRESENTATION OF THE SOLAR EUV FLUX IN ATMOSPHERIC MODELS;212
10.2.4;SOLAR EUV AND F10.7 INDICES;213
10.2.5;APPARENT PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION OF THERMOSPHERIC RESPONSE TO SOLAR EUV FLUX;214
10.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;216
10.2.7;REFERENCES;216
10.3;CHAPTER 29. SOME FEATURES OF EUV SOLAR ACTIVITY INDICES;217
10.3.1;REFERENCES;220
10.4;CHAPTER 30. COMPARISON OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURES ACCORDING TO CIRA-72 AND NIGHTGLOW DATA;221
10.4.1;1. THERMOSPHERE; 6300 A EMISSION;221
10.4.2;2. MESOPAUSE: HYDROXYL EMISSIONS;222
10.4.3;3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;224
10.4.4;REFERENCES;224
10.5;CHAPTER 31. INVESTIGATION OF THE 27-DAY PERIODICITY IN THERMOSPHERIC DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS;225
10.5.1;REFERENCES;228
10.6;CHAPTER 32. INCOHERENT SCATTER DATA RELATED TO THERMOSPHERIC MODELLING;229
10.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;230
10.6.2;2. UPPER THERMOSPHERE MODELLING;233
10.6.3;3. LOWER THERMOSPHERE MODELLING;237
10.6.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;245
10.6.5;REFERENCES;246
10.7;CHAPTER 33. ANALYSIS OF PERTURBATIONS OF THE TOTAL DENSITY DETERMINED BY THE LOW-G ACCELEROMETER CACTUS;249
10.7.1;ABSTRACT;249
10.7.2;INTRODUCTION;249
10.7.3;I. FILTERING OF THE PRIMARY DATA;249
10.7.4;II. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISTURBANCES;250
10.7.5;REFERENCES;252
10.8;CHAPTER 34. DETERMINATION OF DENSITY SCALE HEIGHT PROFILES;253
10.8.1;INTRODUCTION;253
10.8.2;METHOD;253
10.8.3;RESULTS;254
10.8.4;CONCLUSIONS;256
10.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;256
10.8.6;REFERENCES;256
10.9;CHAPTER 35. GEOMAGNETIC EFFECTS IN THE EXOSPHERE;257
10.9.1;REFERENCES;259
10.10;CHAPTER 36. HEAO-1 OBSERVATIONS OF X-RAY FLUORESCENT EMISSION LINES FROM THE EARTH'S SUNLIT ATMOSPHERE;261
10.10.1;ABSTRACT;261
10.10.2;1. EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION;261
10.10.3;2. ALBEDO X-RAY OBSERVATIONS;262
10.10.4;3. POSSIBLE ALBEDO X-RAY APPLICATIONS;263
10.10.5;REFERENCES;264
10.11;CHAPTER 37. GAS DENSITIES NEAR 230 KM FROM ORBITAL DRAG AND MASS SPECTROMETER MEASUREMENTS - A COMPARISON;265
10.11.1;CONCEPT OF THE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE;266
10.11.2;CONCLUSIONS;268
10.11.3;REFERENCES;268
10.12;CHAPTER 38. AEROS-B: ANNUAL VARIATIONS OF He,N,O,N2, AND Ar DURING LOW SOLAR ACTIVITY AT 4 AND 16 HOURS LOCAL TIME;269
10.12.1;ABSTRACT;269
10.12.2;INTRODUCTION;269
10.12.3;DATA;270
10.12.4;ANALYTICAL FORMULATION;270
10.12.5;NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS;271
10.12.6;CONCLUSIONS;272
10.12.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;272
10.12.8;REFERENCES;272
10.13;CHAPTER 39. U.V. EXTINCTION AND MASS SPECTROMETER ROCKET MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION OVER WOOMERA;273
10.13.1;ABSTRACT;273
10.13.2;ROCKET INSTRUMENTATION;273
10.13.3;U.V. DETECTORS AND MOLECULAR OXYGEN DENSITIES;273
10.13.4;MASS SPECTROMETER NEUTRAL AND ION DENSITIES;274
10.13.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;276
10.13.6;REFERENCES;276
10.14;CHAPTER 40. THERMOSPHERIC VARIATIONS AS AN INDICATOR OF MAGNETIC STORM HEATING AND CIRCULATION;277
10.14.1;DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT AND DATA;277
10.14.2;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;280
10.14.3;REFERENCES;280
10.15;CHAPTER 41. GRAVITY WAVES AND TIDAL WINDS IN THE EQUATORIAL THERMOSPHERE;281
10.15.1;1. INTRODUCTION;281
10.15.2;2. OBSERVATIONS;282
10.15.3;3 · CONCLUSIONS;284
10.15.4;4. REFERENCES;284
11;PART 5: THE IONOSPHERE;285
11.1;CHAPTER 42. A GLOBAL MODEL OF D-REGION IONIZATION;287
11.1.1;INPUT PARAMETERS;287
11.1.2;COMPARISON OF ELECTRON DENSITY PROFILES AT DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS;288
11.1.3;AN EXAMINATION OF THE FLIGHT OF MARCH 26, 1976;289
11.1.4;ELECTRON DENSITY MODELS;290
11.1.5;REFERENCES;291
11.2;CHAPTER 43. PLASMA IRREGULARITIES AND SOFT ENERGY ELECTRON FLUXES IN THE EQUATORIAL E REGION;293
11.2.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;294
11.2.2;REFERENCES;294
11.3;CHAPTER 44. ELECTRIC FIELDS IN THE E REGION DURING THE COUNTER ELECTROJET;297
11.3.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;300
11.3.2;REFERENCES;300
11.4;CHAPTER 45. EFFECTS OF VERTICAL SHEARS IN THE ZONAL WINDS ON THE ELECTROJET;301
11.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;301
11.4.2;2· ELECTROJET MODEL;301
11.4.3;3· RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;302
11.4.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;304
11.4.5;REFERENCES;304
11.5;CHAPTER 46. AN INVESTIGATION OF VARIATIONS OF ION COMPOSITION AND DYNAMICS OF THE TOPSIDE IONOSPHERE FROM THE METEOR SATELLITE;305
11.5.1;1. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT;305
11.5.2;2. THE MIDDLE LATITUDE IONOSPHERE;305
11.5.3;3. THE EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE;305
11.5.4;4. THE HIGH LATITUDE IONOSPHERE;307
11.5.5;REFERENCES;308
11.6;CHAPTER 47. BREAKDOWN OF THE POLAR MESOSPHERIC VORTEX IN WINTER AS THE CAUSE OF MIDLATITUDE WINTER ANOMALY;315
11.6.1;REFERENCES;318
11.7;CHAPTER 48. STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE NEUTRAL THERMOSPHERE DURING THE D-REGION WINTER ANOMALY;319
11.7.1;References;320
11.8;CHAPTER 49. A SOUNDING ROCKET CAMPAIGN FOR STUDYING HEAT DEPOSITION INTO THE IONOSPHERE DURING SUBSTORM EVENTS;323
11.8.1;1 . Introduction;323
11.8.2;2. Scientific objectives;323
11.8.3;3. Launch conditions;324
11.8.4;Acknowledgements;326
11.8.5;References;326
11.9;CHAPTER 50. HIGH LATITUDE IONOSPHERIC STRUCTURES;331
11.9.1;REFERENCES;334
11.10;CHAPTER 51. AURORAL EUV EMISSIONS (50-132 nm);335
11.10.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;338
11.10.2;REFERENCES;338
11.11;CHAPTER 52. RESULTS FROM A ROCKET MEASUREMENT OF THE NEUTRAL AND IONIZED LOWER F-REGION COMPOSITION IN ASSOCIATION WITH AN AURORAL ARC;339
11.11.1;INTRODUCTION;339
11.11.2;FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS;339
11.11.3;POSITIVE ION MEASUREMENTS;341
11.11.4;DISCUSSION;342
11.11.5;REFERENCES;342
11.12;CHAPTER 53. ELECTRON DENSITY VARIATIONS IN THE POLAR REGION FROM 70 TO 210 KM;343
11.12.1;REFERENCES;346
12;PART 6: THE MAGNETOSPHERE;347
12.1;CHAPTER 54. THERMAL PLASMA AND FIELD ALIGNED ION DRIFT AT THE BEGINNING OF AN AURORAL DISTURBANCE;349
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;349
12.1.2;RESULTS;349
12.1.3;CONCLUSIONS;351
12.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;352
12.1.5;REFERENCES;352
12.2;CHAPTER 55. INTERPRETATION OF COORDINATED ELECTRON DENSITY, TEMPERATURE, AND VLF-MEASUREMENTS ON BOARD INTERCOSMOS-10;353
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;353
12.2.2;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;353
12.2.3;DISCUSSION;354
12.2.4;REFERENCES;356
12.3;CHAPTER 56. ELF-VLF EMISSIONS, ION DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS AND ELECTRON TEMPERATURE IN THE IONOSPHERIC TROUGH;357
12.3.1;INTRODUCTION;357
12.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;357
12.3.3;REFERENCES;360
12.4;CHAPTER 57. ELECTRIC FIELDS AT HIGH LATITUDES IN THE TOPSIDE IONOSPHERE NEAR THE DAWN-DUSK MERIDIAN;361
12.4.1;REFERENCES;364
12.5;CHAPTER 58. LONGITUDINAL VARIATION OF THE HIGHALTITUDE X-RAY FLUX DURING QUIET GEOMAGNETIC CONDITIONS;365
12.5.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;368
12.5.2;REFERENCES;368
12.6;CHAPTER 60. PSE MORPHOLOGY AND MEDIUM LATITUDE RADIATION BELT ELECTRON PITCH-ANGLE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS: A TEST OF THE PSE-MODEL;369
12.6.1;ABSTRACT;369
12.6.2;INTRODUCTION;369
12.6.3;MORPHOLOGICAL SCHEME OF PSE;369
12.6.4;DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS;371
12.6.5;CONCLUSIONS;372
12.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;373
12.6.7;REFERENCES;373
12.7;CHAPTER 61. HIGH AND LOW LATITUDE ENERGY SPECTRA OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS PRECIPITATING INTO THE IONOSPHERE OBSERVED WITH THE SATELLITE "COSMOS-900";375
12.7.1;Introduction;375
12.7.2;Experimental Results;375
12.7.3;Discussion and Conclusions;376
12.7.4;REFERENCES;377
12.8;CHAPTER 62. THE RELATION BETWEEN 10 TO 80 keV ELECTRON PRECIPITATION OBSERVED AT GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT AND AURORAL RADIO ABSORPTION OBSERVED WITH RIOMETERS;381
12.8.1;Acknowledgement;384
12.8.2;References;384
12.9;CHAPTER 63. THE BARIUM ION JET EXPERIMENT OF PORCUPINE 2;385
12.9.1;ABSTRACT;385
12.9.2;INTRODUCTION;385
12.9.3;EXPERIMENT AND OBSERVATION;385
12.9.4;RESULTS;386
12.9.5;PERTURBATIONS OF THE GROUND MAGNETIC FIELD;388
12.9.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;389
12.9.7;REFERENCES;390
13;PART 7: THE SUN AND THE INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM;391
13.1;CHAPTER 64. SOLAR X-RAY FLARES OBSERVED WITH THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY INSTRUMENT ON OSO-8;393
13.1.1;1. Introduction;393
13.1.2;2. Observations with the Graphite Spectrometer;393
13.1.3;3. The Temperature Dependence of Satellite Lines;394
13.1.4;4· The Density Dependence of He-like Ions;397
13.1.5;5. Conclusions;397
13.1.6;References;397
13.2;CHAPTER 65. OBSERVATION OF SOLAR X-RADIATION ON BOARD "PROGNOZ-6";399
13.2.1;RESULTS;399
13.2.2;REFERENCES;401
13.3;CHAPTER 66. SPECTRUM AND ANISOTROPY OF HARD FLARE X-RAYS ON THE BASIS OF MULTIPLE ELECTRON SCATTERING;403
13.3.1;ABSTRACT;403
13.3.2;Acknowledgements;405
13.3.3;References;405
13.4;CHAPTER 67. A COMPARISON OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR PROTON EVENTS FOR THE LAST TWO SOLAR MINIMA;409
13.4.1;ABSTRACT;409
13.4.2;INTRODUCTION;409
13.4.3;SOLAR MINIMUM BETWEEN THE 19TH AND 20TH SOLAR CYCLES;409
13.4.4;SOLAR MINIMUM BETWEEN THE 20TH AND 21ST SOLAR CYCLES;411
13.4.5;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION;411
13.4.6;REFERENCES;412
13.5;CHAPTER 68. CURRENT STATUS OF SHORT-TERM SOLAR PROTON PREDICTIONS;413
13.5.1;INTRODUCTION;413
13.5.2;SOLAR PROTON RELEASE SIGNATURE;413
13.5.3;PEAK FLUX PREDICTION;413
13.5.4;PREDICTION CRITERIA;414
13.5.5;SOLAR PROTON FORECASTING PROCEDURES;414
13.5.6;REFERENCES;416
13.6;CHAPTER 69. SEPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN THE APRIL 10, 1969 SOLAR FLARE PARTICLE EVENT;417
13.6.1;INTRODUCTION;417
13.6.2;SEPARATION OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN THE TIME INTENSITY PROFILES;418
13.6.3;CORONAL PROPAGATION AND ESCAPE;419
13.6.4;REFERENCES;420
13.7;CHAPTER 70. INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE INTENSITIES AND ANISOTROPIES OBSERVED ABOARD HELIOS 2 ON 28 MARCH 1976;421
13.7.1;ABSTRACT;421
13.7.2;INTRODUCTION;421
13.7.3;THE MODEL;422
13.7.4;RESULTS;422
13.7.5;DISCUSSION;424
13.7.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;424
13.7.7;REFERENCES;424
13.8;CHAPTER 71. CHARGED PARTICLES PRODUCED IN SMALL SOLAR FLARES OBSERVED AT 1 AU;425
13.8.1;REFERENCES;427
13.9;CHAPTER 72. ANALYSIS OF ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENTS FOLLOWING SOLAR FLARES OF SEPTEMBER 24 AND NOVEMBER 22, 1977;431
13.9.1;INTRODUCTION;431
13.9.2;THE INSTRUMENTATION;431
13.9.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;432
13.9.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;434
13.9.5;REFERENCES;434
13.10;CHAPTER 73. SIMULTANEOUS H(1216Å) AND He(584Å) OBSERVATIONS OF THE INTERSTELLAR WIND BY MARINER 10;435
13.10.1;INTRODUCTION;435
13.10.2;RESULTS - SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC RADIATION MODEL;435
13.10.3;RESULTS - SOLAR WIND ASYMMETRIC MODEL;436
13.10.4;CONCLUSIONS;437
13.10.5;REFERENCES;437
14;PART 8: COSMIC DUST;439
14.1;CHAPTER 74. DUST-MAGNETOSPHERIC INTERACTIONS;441
14.1.1;ABSTRACT;441
14.1.2;INTRODUCTION;441
14.1.3;CHARGINC OF DUST GRAINS;441
14.1.4;PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF CHARGING;445
14.1.5;ORBITAL DYNAMICS OF CHARGED GRAINS;447
14.1.6;CONCLUSION;450
14.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;451
14.1.8;REFERENCES;451
14.2;CHAPTER 75. THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE POTENTIAL SOURCES OF INTERPLANETARY DUST;453
14.2.1;REFERENCES;456
14.3;CHAPTER 76. THE DISTRIBUTION OF ORBITAL ELEMENTS OF INTERPLANETARY DUST IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM AS DETECTED BY THE HELIOS SPACE PROBE;457
14.3.1;INTRODUCTION;457
14.3.2;PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF ORBITAL ELEMENTS OF A PARTICLE;457
14.3.3;ORBITAL ELEMENTS OF GROUPS OF PARTICLES;458
14.3.4;REFERENCES;459
14.4;CHAPTER 77. THE ACTION OF THE POYNTING-ROBERTSON EFFECT AND RADIATION PRESSURE ON THE MASS DISTRIBUTION INDEX OF MICROMETEOROIDS;461
14.5;CHAPTER 78. THE BRIGHTNESS/UNIT VOLUME OF THE ZODIACAL LIGHT AS DETERMINED FROM PIONEER 10;465
14.5.1;REFERENCES;468
14.6;CHAPTER 79. INVERSION OF THE ZODIACAL BRIGHTNESS INTEGRAL FOR AN OUT-OF-ECLIPTIC PHOTOMETER;469
14.6.1;Introduction;469
14.6.2;Rigourous Inversion without any Assumptions;469
14.6.3;Inversion assuming only Rotational Symmetry;470
14.6.4;Practical Inversion of Out-Of-Ecliptic Data;471
14.6.5;REFERENCES;472
14.7;CHAPTER 80. LUNAR SURFACE GRAIN MOTION: ELECTROSTATIC CHARGING, SUPERCHARGING (ELECTRET EFFECTS) AND MECHANICAL BONDING;473
14.7.1;1. Electrostatic Charging and (Electret) Supercharging;473
14.7.2;2. Mechanical Bonding;474
14.7.3;Acknowledgements;475
14.7.4;References;475
14.8;CHAPTER 81. TERTIARY, SECONDARY AND PRIMARY IMPACT CRATER POPULATIONS ON LUNAR ROCKS: CONFIGURATIONS WHERE POPULATION INVERSION OCCURS;477
14.8.1;REFERENCES;479
14.9;CHAPTER 82. LUNAR EJECTA IN HELIOCENTRIC SPACE;481
14.9.1;ABSTRACT;481
14.9.2;RECAP OF MARINER IV AND LUNAR EXPLORER 35 DATA;481
14.9.3;SUMMARY OF MICROPARTICLE HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT STUDIES;481
14.9.4;EVOLUTION OF HELIOCENTRIC ORBITS OF MICRON SIZE LUNAR EJECTA;482
14.9.5;CONTRIBUTION OF LUNAR EJECTA TO THE SPATIAL DENSITY OF INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES BETWEEN 1 AND 5 AU;482
14.9.6;CONCLUDING REMARKS: GEGENSCHEIN, MARINER IV AND LUNAR EXPLORER 35;483
14.9.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;484
14.9.8;REFERENCES;484
14.10;CHAPTER 83. LUNAR LIBRATION REGION L4 PHOTOMETRY;485
14.10.1;DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES AND CONDITIONS;485
14.10.2;CALIBRATION AND PRELIMINARY DATA REDUCTION;485
14.10.3;IMAGE CONVERSION AND PROCESSING;486
14.10.4;RESULTS;487
14.10.5;REFERENCES;488
14.11;CHAPTER 84. FLYBY- AND RENDEZVOUS-TYPE COMET MISSIONS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF LARGEPARTICLE DUST EXPERIMENTS;489
14.11.1;SIGNIFICANCE OF LARGE-PARTICLE EXPERIMENTS;489
14.11.2;THE IMPACT RATE;489
14.11.3;RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS;490
14.11.4;REFERENCES;492
14.12;CHAPTER 85. A CONCEPT FOR ANALYSIS OF COMETARY DUST BY LIGHT SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS ON FUTURE COMETARY PROBES;493
14.12.1;INTRODUCTION;493
14.12.2;LIGHT SCATTERING BY SINGLE PARTICLES;493
14.12.3;CONCEPT OT THE INSTRUMENT;494
14.12.4;PROBABILITY OF EVENTS;494
14.12.5;REFERENCES;495
14.13;CHAPTER 86. DUST EXPERIMENT FOR A RENDEZVOUS-COMETARY-MISSION;497
14.13.1;Abstract;497
14.13.2;Introduction;497
14.13.3;The experimental arrangement;497
14.13.4;Conclusions;498
14.13.5;References;498
15;PART 9: MATERIALS SCIENCES IN SPACE;501
15.1;CHAPTER 87. POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITE MATERIALS EXPERIMENT TO BE FLOWN ON THE SPACE SHUTTLE LDEF MISSION;503
15.1.1;REFERENCES;504
15.2;CHAPTER 88. MATERIALS PROCESSING IN SPACE-AN OVERVIEW OF STUDIES IN THE U.S.A.;507
15.2.1;ABSTRACT;507
15.2.2;1. EVOLUTION OF THE U.S. MATERIALS PROCESSING IN SPACE PROGRAM;507
15.2.3;2. CURRENT MATERIALS PROCESSING IN SPACE PROGRAM;508
15.2.4;3. FUTURE PROGRAMS;517
15.2.5;References;519
15.3;CHAPTER 89. CRYSTAL GROWTH AND SEGREGATION IN SPACE: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT BASED ON RESULTS OBTAINED DURING THE ASTP MISSION;521
15.3.1;ABSTRACT;521
15.3.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;521
15.3.3;CONCLUSIONS;524
15.3.4;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;524
15.3.5;REFERENCES;524
15.4;CHAPTER 90. TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS INMICROGRAVITY - TEXUS I AND II;525
15.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;525
15.4.2;2. TEXUS I;525
15.4.3;3. TEXUS I EXPERIMENTS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE;526
15.4.4;4. TEXUS II;528
15.4.5;5. OUTLOOK;528
15.5;CHAPTER 91. INTERFIACIAL CONVECTION OBSERVED UNDER MICROGRAVITY CONDITIONS DURING THETEXUS + I EXPERIMENT;529
15.5.1;THE AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT;529
15.5.2;APPARATUS;529
15.5.3;DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT;530
15.5.4;CONCLUSION;532
15.5.5;REFERENCES;532
15.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;532
15.6;CHAPTER 92. POSSIBILITIES FOR PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE USING NEAR ZERO-g-CONDITIONS;533
15.7;CHAPTER 93. A TELEVISION PICTURE PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF CRYSTAL GROWTH PROCESSES;537
15.7.1;ABSTRACT;537
15.7.2;INTRODUCTION;537
15.7.3;SYSTEM DESIGN;537
15.7.4;APPLICATION FOR CRYSTAL-GROWTH RESEARCH;538
15.7.5;DETERMINATION OF THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE BY TELEVISION;539
15.7.6;MEASUREMENTS IN THE NEAR INFRARED;540
15.7.7;SUMMARY;540
15.7.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;541
15.7.9;REFERENCES;541
15.8;CHAPTER 94. MULTIPHASE DISPERSIONS BY CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSING;543
15.8.1;GROUND-BASED EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;544
15.8.2;PHYSICAL BASIS OF THE PHENOMENA;545
15.8.3;SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS;546
15.8.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;547
15.8.5;REFERENCES;547
15.9;CHAPTER 95. VAPOUR GROWTH OF Hgl2 IN SEALED AMPOULES;549
15.9.1;ABSTRACT;549
15.9.2;INTRODUCTION;549
15.9.3;GROWTH SET UP;550
15.9.4;UNSEEDED GROWTH EXPERIMENTS;550
15.9.5;ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;551
15.9.6;REFERENCES;552
15.10;CHAPTER 96. THE THERMAL INVESTIGATION OF SOLIDIFICATIONS CARRIED OUT IN A CARTRIDGE FURNACE IN SPACE;553
15.10.1;ABSTRACT;553
15.10.2;INTRODUCTION;553
15.10.3;EXPERIMENTAL - DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP;554
15.10.4;THERMAL ANALYSIS OF THE CARTRIDGE;554
15.10.5;DISCUSSION;556
15.10.6;CONCLUSION;558
15.10.7;REFERENCES;558
15.11;CHAPTER 97. CONVECTION UNDER NORMAL AND REDUCED GRAVITY;563
15.11.1;ABSTRACT;563
15.11.2;1. INTRODUCTION;563
15.11.3;2. NORMAL GRAVITY CONVECTION;565
15.11.4;3. REDUCED GRAVITY CONVECTION;568
15.11.5;4. CONCLUSION;570
15.11.6;REFERENCES;571
15.12;CHAPTER 98. EXPERIMENTS ON THE RELEVANCE OF MARANGONI CONVECTION FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE IN SPACE;573
15.12.1;Abstract;573
15.12.2;Introduction;573
15.12.3;Marangoni Convection in a NaNO3 Floating Zone;573
15.12.4;Marangoni Convection in a Concentration Gradient;574
15.12.5;Oscillatory Marangoni Convection;575
15.12.6;References;576
15.13;CHAPTER 99. THERMAL MARANGONI CONVECTION;577
15.13.1;ABSTRACT;577
15.13.2;INTRODUCTION;577
15.13.3;REGULAR THERMAL MARANGONI CONVECTION;577
15.13.4;OSCILLATORY MARANGONI CONVECTION;578
15.13.5;SUPERPOSITION OF MARANGONI CONVECTION AND ROTATIONAL FLOW;578
15.13.6;SUPERPOSITION OF MARANGONI CONVECTION AND ELECTRIC OR ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS;579
15.13.7;REFERENCES;579
15.14;CHAPTER 99. CONVECTION DUE TO SURFACE-TENSION GRADIENTS;581
15.14.1;INTRODUCTION;581
15.14.2;DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS;582
15.14.3;THERMO AND DIFFUSOCAPILLARY FLOWS;587
15.14.4;CONCLUDING REMARKS;587
15.14.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;587
15.14.6;REFERENCES;588
15.15;CHAPTER 100. EFFECTS OF CONVECTION ON CRYSTAL GROWTH UNDER TERRESTRIAL AND SPACE CONDITIONS;589
15.15.1;Summary;589
15.15.2;Introduction;589
15.15.3;Convection due to a Horizontal Temperature Gradient;590
15.15.4;Temperature Oscillations;590
15.15.5;Maximum Growth Rate;591
15.15.6;Convection under Zero Gravity;592
15.15.7;References;592
15.16;CHAPTER 101. MARANGONI CONVECTION IN A FLUID LAYER UNDER THE ACTION OF A TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD;593
15.16.1;INTRODUCTION;593
15.16.2;FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM;593
15.16.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;594
15.16.4;CONCLUSIONS;595
15.16.5;REFERENCES;595
15.17;CHAPTER 102. A MECHANISM FOR MACROSCOPIC PHASE SEPARATION IN EMULGATED LIQUID SYSTEMS;597
15.17.1;References;600
15.18;CHAPTER 103. FLUID MECHANICS OF CONTINUOUS FLOWEL ECTROPHORESIS;601
15.18.1;ABSTRACT;601
15.18.2;I. INTRODUCTION;601
15.18.3;II. FLOW AND TEMPERATURE FIELD;601
15.18.4;III. HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY;612
15.18.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;614
15.18.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;615
15.19;CHAPTER 104. ELECTROFLUID DYNAMICS OF INTERFACES;617
15.19.1;ABSTRACT;617
15.19.2;INTRODUCTION;617
15.19.3;ASSUMPTIONS AND NOTATION;618
15.19.4;EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS;618
15.19.5;VOLUME-PHASE FIELD EQUATIONS;619
15.19.6;SURFACE FIELD EQUATIONS;621
15.19.7;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS;627
15.19.8;REFERENCES;629
16;AUTHOR INDEX;631