Sabelis / Bruin Trends in Acarology

Proceedings of the 12th International Congress
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-9837-5
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 566 Seiten

Mites and ticks are everywhere and acarologists go after them - some explore their bewildering diversity, others try to understand their how and why. For the past 50 years, the International Congress of Acarology has been the forum for worldwide communication on the knowledge of Acari, helping researchers and students to look beyond their disciplines. Many mites and ticks are economic factors as they are pests of agricultural, veterinary and medical importance, and several species have become model organisms in modern biology. The 96 contributions to Trends in Acarology - reflecting fields as molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, pathology, ecology, evolutionary biology, systematic biology, soil biology, plant protection, pest control and epidemiology - have been reviewed and carefully edited. This volume contains a wealth of new information, that may stimulate research for many years to come.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bruin, Jan

Sabelis, Maurice W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;CONTENTS;6
2;Preface;14
3;Acknowledgements;14
4;Plenary Opening Lecture;16
4.1;From sequence to phoresy – molecular biology in acarology;17
4.1.1;POPULATIONS AND SPECIES;17
4.1.1.1;Dispersal;17
4.1.1.2;Development of host races and species limits;17
4.1.1.3;Mite associates;18
4.1.2;HIGHER-ORDER SYSTEMATICS;18
4.1.2.1;Parthenogenesis;19
4.1.2.2;Feeding modes;19
4.1.2.3;Coloration in water mites;19
4.1.2.4;Host-parasite associations;19
4.1.3;GENOMICS;19
4.1.4;CONCLUSION;20
4.1.5;REFERENCES;20
5;Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Acari;23
5.1;Systematic relationships of Lohmanniidae (Acari: Oribatida);24
5.1.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;25
5.1.1.1;Are Lohmanniidae members of Enarthronota?;26
5.1.1.2;Arborichthoniidae as an outgroup of Hypochthonioidea;26
5.1.1.3;Are Lohmanniidae members of Hypochthonioidea (clade I)?;26
5.1.1.4;Are Lohmanniidae members of Hypochthoniidae (clade III)?;27
5.1.1.5;Are Lohmanniidae and Nothrolohmanniinae sister-groups (clade V)?;28
5.1.1.6;Characters states incongruent with Figure 2;29
5.1.1.7;Conclusions;29
5.1.2;REFERENCES;30
5.2;Anomalies of notogastral structures in poronotic oribatid mites (Oribatida: Poronota) interpreted as cryptic ancestral characters modulated by regulatory genes;32
5.2.1;Abnormal patterns of notogastral setation and areae porosae in Phenopelopidae;32
5.2.1.1;Eupelops acromios;32
5.2.1.2;Eupelops occultus;33
5.2.2;Abnormal patterns of notogastral setation in Scheloribatidae;33
5.2.2.1;Abnormal appearance of a notogastral sacculus in Peloptulus;34
5.2.3;DISCUSSION;34
5.2.3.1;Sacculi or areae porosae in the octotaxic system of Poronota: A simple genetical switch?;35
5.2.3.2;A model of hierarchical control of gene expression: the example Scheloribates;35
5.2.3.3;A model of hierarchical control of gene expression: the example Phenopelopidae;36
5.2.3.4;Conclusions;36
5.2.4;REFERENCES;37
5.3;Phylogeny and host-parasite associations of feather mites of the Pteroherpus generic group (Astigmata: Pteronyssidae);38
5.3.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;38
5.3.1.1;Specimens;38
5.3.1.2;Phylogenetic analysis;38
5.3.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;39
5.3.2.1;Phylogeny;39
5.3.2.2;Host associations;43
5.3.2.3;Acknowledgements;45
5.3.3;REFERENCES;45
5.4;Ontogeny of the famulus in selected members of Damaeidae (Acari: Oribatida) and its suitability as a phylogenetic marker;46
5.4.1;Notes on the nomenclature;47
5.4.2;MATERIAL AND METHODS;47
5.4.2.1;Species studied and collection of specimens;47
5.4.2.2;Laboratory cultures;47
5.4.2.3;Sample preparation and SEM-observation;47
5.4.3;RESULTS;47
5.4.4;DISCUSSION;48
5.4.4.1;Acknowledgements;51
5.4.5;REFERENCES;51
5.5;Food competition and feeding behavior and its implications for the phylogeny of the Histiostomatidae (Astigmata);52
5.5.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;52
5.5.2;RESULTS;52
5.5.2.1;Habitats;52
5.5.2.2;Mouthparts and feeding behavior;53
5.5.2.3;Walking during the feeding process;55
5.5.3;DISCUSSION;55
5.5.3.1;Acknowledgements;55
5.5.4;REFERENCES;55
5.6;Assessment of the usefulness of eight DNA fragments for phylogenetic studies within the family Phytoseiidae;56
5.6.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;56
5.6.1.1;Markers used;56
5.6.1.2;Specimens studied;56
5.6.1.3;DNA extraction;56
5.6.1.4;DNA amplification and electrophoresis;56
5.6.1.5;DNA sequencing;57
5.6.1.6;Sequence alignment and distances;57
5.6.2;RESULTS;57
5.6.2.1;Nuclear fragments;57
5.6.3;DISCUSSION;59
5.6.4;REFERENCES;61
5.7;The genus Dermanyssus (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae): history and species characterization;63
5.7.1;GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF DERMANYSSUS SPECIES;63
5.7.2;HOST SPECIFICITY;65
5.7.3;RELIABILITY OF DISCRIMINANT SPECIES-SPECIFIC CHARACTERS;65
5.7.3.1;Traditional systematics;65
5.7.3.2;Major characters: dorsal shield chaetotaxy and relative length of peritreme;65
5.7.3.3;Other characters;67
5.7.3.4;A new character;68
5.7.4;DISCUSSION;68
5.7.4.1;Acknowledgements;68
5.7.5;REFERENCES;68
6;Morphology of Acari;70
6.1;First ultrastructural observations on a putative sperm access system in veigaiid females (Veigaiidae, Gamasida);71
6.1.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;71
6.1.2;RESULTS;72
6.1.3;DISCUSSION;74
6.1.3.1;Acknowledgements;75
6.1.4;LITERATURE;75
6.2;Comparative ultrastructure of the integument in adult mites of the Parasitengona and its phylogenetic implication;77
6.2.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;77
6.2.2;RESULTS;77
6.2.2.1;Soil mites;77
6.2.2.1.1;Trombiculidae;77
6.2.2.1.2;Microtrombidiidae;78
6.2.2.2;Water mites;78
6.2.2.2.1;Pionidae;78
6.2.3;DISCUSSION;79
6.2.3.1;Acknowledgements;79
6.2.4;REFERENCES;81
6.3;The water mite family Pontarachnidae, with new data on its peculiar morphological structures (Acari: Hydachnidia);82
6.3.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;82
6.3.2;SPECIES RICHNESS;82
6.3.3;PLACEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF WATER MITES;83
6.3.4;ECOLOGICAL AND LIFE CYCLE DATA;83
6.3.5;MORPHOLOGY AND FINE STRUCTURE;84
6.3.5.1;Cuticle;84
6.3.5.2;Wheel-like acetabula;85
6.3.5.3;Glandular systems;86
6.3.5.4;Digestive system;87
6.3.5.5;Excretory organ;88
6.3.5.6;Male genital system;88
6.3.6;DISCUSSION;89
6.3.6.1;Acknowledgements;89
6.3.7;REFERENCES;90
6.4;Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata);91
6.4.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;91
6.4.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;91
6.4.2.1;Acknowledgements;94
6.4.3;REFERENCES;94
6.5;‘Private matters’ of Sancassania berlesei (Acaridida, Acaridae): testes, receptaculum seminis, ovary and the location of sperm;95
6.5.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;95
6.5.2;RESULTS;95
6.5.2.1;Receptaculum seminis;96
6.5.2.2;Sperm;96
6.5.2.3;Ovary;96
6.5.2.4;Testes;97
6.5.3;DISCUSSION;97
6.5.3.1;Acknowledgements;98
6.5.4;REFERENCES;98
7;Biogeography and Biodiversity of Acari;100
7.1;Heterozerconidae: A comparison between a temperate and atropical species;101
7.1.1;METHODS;101
7.1.1.1;Temperate study;101
7.1.1.2;Tropical study;102
7.1.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;102
7.1.2.1;Field collection data;102
7.1.2.2;Temperate developmental biology;102
7.1.2.3;Feeding;103
7.1.2.4;Reproductive biology;103
7.1.2.5;Millipede defensive secretions;103
7.1.2.6;Conclusion;104
7.1.2.7;Acknowledgments;104
7.1.3;REFERENCES;104
7.2;Patterns of diversity in the Ceratozetoidea (Acari: Oribatida): a North American assessment;105
7.2.1;METHODS;105
7.2.2;RESULTS;106
7.2.2.1;Nature of the fauna;106
7.2.2.2;Biogeographic distribution;106
7.2.3;DISCUSSION;111
7.2.3.1;Acknowledgments;112
7.2.4;REFERENCES;112
7.3;Mites occurring in the canopy of Sitka spruce growing in Ireland;113
7.3.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;113
7.3.2;RESULTS;114
7.3.2.1;Tree canopy;114
7.3.2.2;Moss mats;115
7.3.3;DISCUSSION;116
7.3.3.1;Acknowledgements;116
7.3.4;REFERENCES;116
7.4;Changes of the oribatid community after a windthrow event;118
7.4.1;METHODS;118
7.4.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;118
7.4.2.1;General conclusion;122
7.4.2.2;Acknowledgements;122
7.4.3;REFERENCES;122
7.5;Effects of a windthrow event in the forest of the peninsula Darss on the gamasid fauna (Arachnida) and Collembola;123
7.5.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;123
7.5.1.1;Sites;123
7.5.1.2;Sampling and processing of predatory mites and Collembola;123
7.5.1.3;Statistical analysis;123
7.5.2;RESULTS;124
7.5.3;DISCUSSION;126
7.5.3.1;Acknowledgement;127
7.5.4;LITERATURE;127
7.6;Succession of oribatid fauna (Acari, Oribatida) in fallen spruce trees: Deadwood promotes species and functional diversity;128
7.6.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;128
7.6.1.1;Sampling site;128
7.6.2;RESULTS;129
7.6.3;DISCUSSION;131
7.6.4;REFERENCES;132
7.7;Effects of reforestation with conifers on the communities of mesostigmatic mites in northern Spain (Acari: Mesostigmata);134
7.7.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;134
7.7.1.1;Sampling sites;134
7.7.1.2;Sampling;134
7.7.1.3;Extraction;134
7.7.1.4;Data treatment and statistical analysis;134
7.7.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;135
7.7.2.1;Species composition and species density;135
7.7.2.1.1;Caparroso (Bardenas Reales);135
7.7.2.1.2;Sansoain;135
7.7.2.2;Effects of reforestation with conifer trees;135
7.7.2.3;Acknowledgements;138
7.7.3;REFERENCES;138
7.8;Actinedid mite community diversity in a succession gradient in continental sand-dune habitats of central Europe;139
7.8.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;139
7.8.2;RESULTS;140
7.8.3;DISCUSSION;142
7.8.3.1;Acknowledgements;143
7.8.4;REFERENCES;143
7.8.5;Appendix;145
7.9;Communities of Oribatida associated with litter input in western red cedar tree crowns: Are moss mats ‘magic carpets’ for oribatid mite dispersal?;147
7.9.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;148
7.9.2;RESULTS;148
7.9.3;DISCUSSION;150
7.9.3.1;Acknowledgements;151
7.9.4;REFERENCES;151
7.10;Oribatid communities (Acari: Oribatida) associated with bird’s nest ferns (Asplenium nidus complex) in a subtropical Japanese forest – a mini-review;153
7.10.1;Study site;153
7.10.2;Distributional pattern of bird’s nest ferns;153
7.10.3;Factors of litter accumulation in bird’s nest ferns;154
7.10.4;Effect of bird’s nest fern structure on the structure of oribatid communities in the ferns;154
7.10.5;Effect of spatial distribution of bird’s nest ferns on the structure of oribatid communities in the ferns;155
7.10.6;Species diversity of oribatid mites in bird’s nest ferns;155
7.10.7;Species composition of oribatid faunas in bird’s nest ferns;156
7.10.8;Effect of the presence of bird’s nest ferns on the species richness of oribatid communities in the forest;156
7.10.9;Acknowledgements;156
7.10.10;REFERENCES;157
7.11;Mites of the families Anystidae and Teneriffiidae from Baja California Sur, Mexico;158
7.11.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;158
7.11.1.1;Localities and abbreviations;158
7.11.2;RESULTS;158
7.11.3;ANYSTIDAE;159
7.11.3.1;Chaussieria capensis Meyer & Ryke;160
7.11.3.1.1;Diagnosis;160
7.11.3.1.2;Material examined;160
7.11.3.2;Tarsotomus Berlese;160
7.11.3.2.1;Diagnosis;160
7.11.3.2.2;Material examined;160
7.11.3.3;Erythracarus Berlese;160
7.11.3.3.1;Diagnosis;160
7.11.3.3.2;Material examined;160
7.11.3.4;Paratarsotomus Kuznetsov;160
7.11.3.4.1;Diagnosis;160
7.11.3.4.2;Material examined;160
7.11.3.5;New genus GN1;160
7.11.3.5.1;Diagnosis;160
7.11.3.5.2;Material examined;160
7.11.3.6;New genus GN2;160
7.11.3.6.1;Diagnosis;160
7.11.3.6.2;Material examined;160
7.11.4;TENERIFFIIDAE;160
7.11.4.1;Neoteneriffiola uta Tibbetts;160
7.11.4.1.1;Diagnosis;161
7.11.4.1.2;Comments;161
7.11.4.1.3;Material examined;161
7.11.5;DISCUSSION;161
7.11.5.1;Acknowledgements;161
7.11.6;REFERENCES;161
7.11.7;Appendix;162
7.12;Terrestrial species of the genus Nanorchestes (Endeostigmata: Nanorchestidae) in Europe;163
7.12.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;163
7.12.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;165
7.12.2.1;A key to the European taxa;165
7.12.2.1.1;Nanorchestes pulvinar Grandjean, 1942;165
7.12.2.1.1.1;Diagnosis;165
7.12.2.1.2;Nanorchestes cf. collinus Hirst, 1918;165
7.12.2.1.2.1;Diagnosis;165
7.12.2.1.3;Nanorchestes arboriger (Berlese, 1904);167
7.12.2.1.3.1;Diagnosis;167
7.12.2.1.4;Nanorchestes cf. antarcticus Strandtmann, 1963;167
7.12.2.1.4.1;Diagnosis;167
7.12.2.1.5;Nanorchestes cf. llanoi Strandtmann, 1982;167
7.12.2.1.5.1;Diagnosis;167
7.12.2.2;Conclusion;167
7.12.2.3;Acknowledgements;167
7.12.3;REFERENCES;167
7.13;Ptyctima (Acari, Oribatida) in various habitats in Finland;169
7.13.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;169
7.13.2;RESULTS;169
7.13.2.1;Numbers of specimens;169
7.13.2.2;Numbers of species;169
7.13.2.3;Communities of Ptyctima in habitat types;170
7.13.2.3.1;Dry coniferous forest (Fig. 4a);170
7.13.2.3.2;Mesic coniferous forest (Fig. 4b);170
7.13.2.3.3;Mesic deciduous forest (Fig. 4c);171
7.13.2.3.4;Marsh forest (Fig. 4d);171
7.13.2.3.5;Pine bog (Fig. 5a);171
7.13.2.3.6;Open bog (Fig. 5b);171
7.13.2.3.7;Eutrophic fen (Fig. 5c);171
7.13.2.3.8;Shore (Fig. 5d);171
7.13.2.4;Habitat preferences of the most common species (Fig. 6);171
7.13.2.5;Species with exclusive occurrences;171
7.13.3;DISCUSSION;171
7.13.3.1;Acknowledgments;172
7.13.4;REFERENCES;172
7.14;Distribution of Cosmochthonius species (Oribatida: Cosmochthoniidae) in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, Ukraine and Tajikistan;173
7.14.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;173
7.14.2;RESULTS;173
7.14.3;DISCUSSION;176
7.14.4;REFERENCES;176
7.15;An inventory of oribatid mites, the main decomposers in bogs of Colchic Lowland (Caucasus, Georgia);177
7.15.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;177
7.15.2;RESULTS;177
7.15.3;DISCUSSION;179
7.15.3.1;Acknowledgements;179
7.15.4;REFERENCES;179
7.16;The soil mites of buttongrass moorland (Tasmania) and their response to fire as a management tool;181
7.16.1;METHODS;182
7.16.1.1;Study areas;182
7.16.1.2;Experimental design;182
7.16.1.3;Sampling;182
7.16.1.4;Acari community data;182
7.16.1.5;Analysis;182
7.16.2;RESULTS;183
7.16.3;DISCUSSION;184
7.16.3.1;Acknowledgements;185
7.16.4;REFERENCES;185
7.17;The water mite genus Torrenticola (Hydrachnidia: Torrenticolidae) in Costa Rica – ecology, diversity, and bioindicator potential;186
7.17.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;186
7.17.2;RESULTS;187
7.17.2.1;Significance of ecological parameters;187
7.17.2.1.1;Habitats of the Costa Rican species;187
7.17.2.1.2;Elevation;188
7.17.2.1.3;Body size patterns;188
7.17.2.1.4;Naturalness of habitats;188
7.17.2.2;Shade;189
7.17.2.3;Pollution;189
7.17.2.3.1;Species assemblages;189
7.17.2.3.2;Patterns of diversity;190
7.17.2.3.2.1;a-Diversity;190
7.17.2.3.2.2;.-Diversity;190
7.17.3;DISCUSSION;191
7.17.3.1;Conclusions;191
7.17.3.2;Acknowledgements;191
7.17.4;REFERENCES;191
7.18;Stage distributions of cunaxids in soil and litter at Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico;193
7.18.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;193
7.18.2;RESULTS;194
7.18.2.1;Temporal variation;195
7.18.2.2;Ontogenetic development;195
7.18.3;DISCUSSION;196
7.18.3.1;Acknowledgements;197
7.18.4;REFERENCES;197
7.19;Mites (Mesostigmata) inhabiting bird nests in Slovakia (Western Carpathians);198
7.19.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;198
7.19.2;RESULTS;198
7.19.2.1;Avian ectoparasites;198
7.19.2.2;Nidofauna;203
7.19.3;DISCUSSION;204
7.19.3.1;Acknowledgements;204
7.19.4;REFERENCES;204
7.20;Ereynetid mites (Tydeoidea: Ereynetidae) associated with garlic crops in Guanajuato, Mexico;205
7.20.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;205
7.20.2;RESULTS;205
7.20.2.1;Ereynetes (Ereynetes) faini (Hunter) (Fig. 2A);205
7.20.2.1.1;Diagnosis;206
7.20.2.1.2;Material examined;206
7.20.2.2;Egg structure and genital opercula;206
7.20.2.3;Ereynetes (Ereynetes) amplectorus (Hunter) (Fig. 2B);207
7.20.2.3.1;Diagnosis;207
7.20.2.3.2;Material examined;207
7.20.2.4;Egg structure and genital opercula;208
7.20.3;DISCUSSION;208
7.20.4;REFERENCES;208
8;Physiological Acarology;209
8.1;Nutritional biology of oribatid mites from different microhabitats in the forest;210
8.1.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;210
8.1.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;211
8.1.2.1;Acknowledgements;212
8.1.3;REFERENCES;212
8.2;Enzyme activities and internal bacteria of saprophagous soil mites (Acari: Oribatida, Acaridida);214
8.2.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;214
8.2.2;RESULTS;215
8.2.2.1;Damaeus, Belba, Metabelba: mites from the forest, considered to be mycophages;215
8.2.2.2;Tyrophagus putrescentiae: the actual mycophagous mite reared in the laboratory;215
8.2.2.3;Archegozetes longisetosus and Scheloribates laevigatus reared in the laboratory;215
8.2.3;DISCUSSION;215
8.2.3.1;Ackowledgements;216
8.2.4;REFERENCES;216
8.3;Analysis of tissues for EcR and RXR nuclear receptor gene expression during vitellogenesis in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata;217
8.3.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;218
8.3.1.1;RNA extraction for mRNA quantification;218
8.3.1.2;Analysis of the sites of EcR and RXR expression by RT-PCR;218
8.3.1.3;Analysis of the sites of EcR and RXR expression by realtime PCR;218
8.3.2;RESULTS;218
8.3.3;DISCUSSION;219
8.3.3.1;Acknowledgements;220
8.3.4;REFERENCES;220
8.4;A cysteine protease inhibitor (cystatin) from the tick Haemaphys alislongicornis is involved in tick innate immunity;222
8.4.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;222
8.4.1.1;Ticks and tissue collection;222
8.4.1.2;Construction of the tick midgut full-length cDNA library by vector-capping and cDNA sequencing;222
8.4.1.3;Expression and purification of the cystatin in Escherichia coli;222
8.4.1.4;Enzymatic assays and analysis on non-denaturated poly acrylamidegel with gelatin;223
8.4.1.5;Real-time quantitative PCR;223
8.4.1.6;Expression analysis of cystatin in tick developmental stages and tissues;223
8.4.1.7;Induced expression of cystatin in the midgut by blood feeding;223
8.4.1.8;Induced expression of cystatin by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in adult ticks;223
8.4.1.9;Induced expression of cystatin by Babesia gibsoni infection in larval ticks;223
8.4.1.10;Growth-inhibitory assays of cystatin against Babesia bovis cultured in vitro;223
8.4.1.11;Nucleotide sequence accession number;224
8.4.2;RESULTS;224
8.4.2.1;Construction of a full-length cDNA library using total RNA;224
8.4.2.2;Cloning and sequence analysis of the full-length cDNA encoding Haemaphysalis longicornis cystatin;224
8.4.2.3;Expression of the cystatin in Escherichia coli;224
8.4.2.4;Inhibitory activity and heat stability of the recombinant cystatin;224
8.4.2.5;Expression analysis of cystatin in different tick stages and tissues;224
8.4.2.6;Induced expression of cystatin gene;224
8.4.2.7;Growth-inhibitory assay of cystatin against Babesia bovis cultured in vitro;224
8.4.3;DISCUSSION;225
8.4.4;REFERENCES;225
9;Chemical Acarology;227
9.1;Oil gland secretions in Oribatida (Acari);228
9.1.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;228
9.1.1.1;Oil gland secretion analysis: an overview;228
9.1.1.2;Extraction procedure;229
9.1.1.3;Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry;229
9.1.1.4;Scanning electron microscopy and histology;229
9.1.1.5;Bioassays;229
9.1.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;229
9.1.2.1;Oil gland morphology;229
9.1.2.2;Chemistry and evolution of oil gland secretion profiles;230
9.1.2.3;Biological significance of oribatid oil glands;231
9.1.2.4;Acknowledgements;231
9.1.3;REFERENCES;231
9.2;How astigmatic mites control the emission of two or even three types of pheromones from the same gland;233
9.2.1;GENERAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION PHEROMONES IN ASTIGMATA;233
9.2.2;ONE ACTIVE COMPOUND WITH TWO COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS;237
9.2.2.1;Sex-aggregation pheromone combination;237
9.2.2.2;Aggregation-alarm pheromone combination;237
9.2.2.3;Alarm-sex pheromone combination;237
9.2.3;TWO COMPOUNDS EACH WITH A DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION FUNCTION;237
9.2.3.1;Combination of a sex pheromone and an aggregation pheromone;237
9.2.3.2;Combination of an aggregation pheromone and an alarm pheromone;237
9.2.3.3;Combination of an alarm pheromone and a sex pheromone;237
9.2.3.4;Test to detect all three types of pheromones in a single species;237
9.2.4;CONCLUSION;238
9.2.5;REFERENCES;238
9.3;The role of infochemicals in the interaction between cassava green mite and its fungal pathogen Neozygites tanajoae;240
9.3.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;241
9.3.1.1;Effect of plant volatiles on Neozygites tanajoae;241
9.3.1.2;Avoidance study;241
9.3.1.3;Statistical analysis;241
9.3.2;RESULTS;241
9.3.2.1;GLV and HIPV studies;241
9.3.2.2;Avoidance study;242
9.3.3;DISCUSSION;243
9.3.3.1;Acknowledgements;244
9.3.4;REFERENCES;244
9.4;Herbivore-induced plant volatiles prime two indirect defences in lima bean;245
9.4.1;Experimental set-up to test plan-plant interactions;245
9.4.2;Predator attraction to HIPV;246
9.4.3;Extrafloral nectar secretion;246
9.4.4;DISCUSSION;247
9.4.4.1;Acknowledgements;247
9.4.5;REFERENCES;247
9.5;Differences in foraging strategies between populations of the predatory mite Neoseiulus womersleyi: correlation between olfactory response and dispersal tendency;249
9.5.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;249
9.5.1.1;Plants and mites;249
9.5.1.2;Geographical strains of Neoseiulus womersleyi;250
9.5.1.3;Isofemale strains of Neoseiulus womersleyi;250
9.5.1.4;Response to HIPV in Y-tube olfactometer;250
9.5.1.5;Patch-leaving tendency;250
9.5.1.6;Prey-consumption rate, fecundity, and developmental time;250
9.5.1.7;Statistical analysis;251
9.5.2;RESULTS;251
9.5.2.1;Olfactory response and patch-leaving tendency;251
9.5.2.2;Prey-consumption rate, fecundity, and developmental time;251
9.5.3;DISCUSSION;252
9.5.3.1;Acknowledgement;252
9.5.4;REFERENCES;253
10;Evolutionary and Ecological Acarology: Intraspecific Variation;254
10.1;Species or morphological variation? A multivariate morphometric analysis of Afroleius simplex (Acari, Oribatida, Haplozetidae);255
10.1.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;255
10.1.1.1;Data;256
10.1.1.2;Statistical procedures;256
10.1.2;RESULTS;256
10.1.2.1;Principal component analysis;256
10.1.2.2;Discriminant function analysis;256
10.1.2.3;Cluster analysis;257
10.1.3;DISCUSSION;257
10.1.3.1;Acknowledgments;257
10.1.4;REFERENCES;257
10.2;Assessment of morphological and molecular variation among strains of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae);258
10.2.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;258
10.2.1.1;Mite origin and rearing;258
10.2.1.2;Morphological parameters measured;258
10.2.1.3;Analysis of morphological data;259
10.2.1.4;Molecular markers used;259
10.2.1.5;DNA extraction;259
10.2.1.6;DNA amplification and electrophoresis;259
10.2.1.7;DNA sequencing;259
10.2.1.8;Sequence alignment and distances;259
10.2.2;RESULTS;259
10.2.2.1;Morphological study;259
10.2.2.2;Molecular study;262
10.2.3;DISCUSSION;263
10.2.3.1;Acknowledgements;264
10.2.4;REFERENCES;264
10.3;Identification of a drought-adapted Neoseiulus californicus strain: egg hatchability, juvenile survival and oviposition at low humidities;265
10.3.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;265
10.3.1.1;Strain origin and history, general methods;265
10.3.1.2;Egg hatch;266
10.3.1.3;Juvenile survival;266
10.3.1.4;Oviposition;266
10.3.1.5;Statistical analysis;266
10.3.2;RESULTS;267
10.3.2.1;Egg hatch;267
10.3.2.2;Juvenile survival;267
10.3.2.3;Oviposition;267
10.3.3;DISCUSSION;268
10.3.3.1;Strain ranking;268
10.3.3.2;Acknowledgements;268
10.3.4;REFERENCES;268
11;Evolutionary and Ecological Acarology: Reproductive Behaviour and Sociality;270
11.1;Spider mites as study objects for evolutionary biology;271
11.1.1;Diversity of spider mites: descriptive and comparative studies;271
11.1.2;Evolution of spider mite life types and behavioural traits: in search of the ultimate factors;272
11.1.2.1;Mite sociality;273
11.1.2.2;Speciation through predation pressure and host plant shift;274
11.1.2.3;Male aggression – as material for studying sexual selection and kin selection;274
11.1.2.4;Haplo-diploidy – as material for genetic and evolutionary studies;275
11.1.3;PROBLEMS AND FUTURE STUDIES;275
11.1.3.1;Acknowledgements;276
11.1.4;REFERENCES;276
11.2;The effect of a phosphogluconate dehydrogenase genotype on sperm competitiveness in the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini;278
11.2.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;278
11.2.2;RESULTS;279
11.2.3;DISCUSSION;279
11.2.4;REFERENCES;280
11.3;Population density and male polymorphism in the feather mite Falculifer rostratus (Acari: Falculiferidae);281
11.3.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;281
11.3.2;RESULTS;282
11.3.3;DISCUSSION;283
11.3.3.1;Acknowledgements;284
11.3.4;REFERENCES;284
11.4;Observations on reproduction, development, and sexual behaviour of stream-inhabiting water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia);285
11.4.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;285
11.4.2;RESULTS;286
11.4.2.1;Reproduction and development;286
11.4.2.2;Sexual behaviour;289
11.4.3;DISCUSSION;290
11.4.4;REFERENCES;293
11.5;Nest microflora in the social spider mite, Stigmaeopsis longus (Acari: Tetranychidae);295
11.5.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;295
11.5.2;RESULTS;296
11.5.3;DISCUSSION;296
11.5.4;REFERENCES;297
12;Evolutionary and Ecological Acarology: Demography, Diapause and Dispersal;298
12.1;Seasonal adaptations in the life cycles of mites and ticks: comparative and evolutionary aspects;299
12.1.1;A history of diapause research in insects and acarines;299
12.1.2;Comparative aspects in distribution of dormant stages in life cycles of the Acari;300
12.1.3;Two types of seasonal control systems in acarine life cycles;303
12.1.4;Evolutionary aspects of dormancy and life-cycle control in the Acari;303
12.1.5;Conclusion;304
12.1.6;Acknowledgements;305
12.1.7;REFERENCES;305
12.2;Embryonic diapause and cold hardiness of Ixodes ricinus eggs (Acari: Ixodidae);307
12.2.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;307
12.2.1.1;Ticks;307
12.2.1.2;Treatment of eggs;307
12.2.1.3;Influence of temperature and photoperiod on termination of diapause;307
12.2.1.4;Determination of cold hardiness;307
12.2.1.5;Determination of the supercooling point (SCP);308
12.2.1.6;Statistical analysis;308
12.2.2;RESULTS;308
12.2.2.1;Oviposition;308
12.2.2.2;Supercooling capacity;308
12.2.2.3;Cold hardiness;309
12.2.2.3.1;Lower lethal temperature;309
12.2.2.3.2;Lethal time;309
12.2.2.4;Occurrence of diapause;309
12.2.3;DISCUSSION;310
12.2.3.1;Egg development and diapause;310
12.2.3.2;Supercooling capacity and cold hardiness;310
12.2.4;REFERENCES;311
12.3;Phoresy revisited;312
12.3.1;PHORESY REDEFINED;313
12.3.2;TYPES OF PHORESY;313
12.3.2.1;Ecological phoretic relationships;313
12.3.2.2;Physiological phoretic relationships;314
12.3.2.3;Phoretic feeding relationships;314
12.3.3;REFERENCES;314
12.4;Pediculaster–host relationships (Acari: Siteroptidae);316
12.4.1;Morphological adaptations – polymorphy and physical adaptations;316
12.4.2;Behavioural adaptations;317
12.4.3;Life-cycle synchronization;317
12.4.4;Dispersal strategy;317
12.4.5;MATERIAL AND METHODS;317
12.4.5.1;Statistical analysis;318
12.4.6;RESULTS;319
12.4.6.1;Attachment sites;319
12.4.6.2;Pediculaster - host relationships;319
12.4.7;DISCUSSION;320
12.4.8;REFERENCES;321
12.5;Generalist and specialist strategies in macrochelid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) phoretically associated with dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae);322
12.5.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;322
12.5.1.1;Sampling method and laboratory breeding;322
12.5.1.2;Two-choice tests;323
12.5.1.3;Olfactometer studies;323
12.5.1.4;Body mite morphometry;323
12.5.1.5;Statistical analysis;323
12.5.2;RESULTS;323
12.5.2.1;Experiments with the opportunist Macrocheles perglaber;323
12.5.2.1.1;Two-choice tests;323
12.5.2.1.2;Olfactometer tests;323
12.5.2.1.3;Response time;323
12.5.2.2;Experiments with the specialist Macrocheles saceri;323
12.5.2.2.1;Two-choice tests;323
12.5.2.2.2;Olfactometer tests;324
12.5.2.2.3;Response time;324
12.5.2.3;Morphometric analysis;324
12.5.3;DISCUSSION;324
12.5.3.1;Acknowledgements;325
12.5.4;REFERENCES;326
12.6;Development of microsatellite markers for Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae) and analysis of spatio-temporal gene flow among populations on different host plants;327
12.6.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;327
12.6.1.1;Development of microsatellite markers;327
12.6.1.2;Segregation and linkage analyses;328
12.6.1.3;Genetic differentiation within and among field populations on different host plants;328
12.6.2;RESULTS;329
12.6.2.1;Segregation and linkage analyses;329
12.6.2.2;Genetic differentiation within and among field populations on different host plants;330
12.6.3;DISCUSSION;330
12.6.3.1;Acknowledgments;332
12.6.4;REFERENCES;332
12.7;Demographic and reproductive parameters of Polyphagotarsonemus latus in Carica papaya;334
12.7.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;334
12.7.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;334
12.7.2.1;Developmental time;334
12.7.2.2;Adult longevity;335
12.7.2.3;Demographic parameters;335
12.7.2.4;Reproductive parameters;335
12.7.2.5;Conclusion;336
12.7.3;REFERENCES;336
12.8;Effect of temperature on the life history of the old world date mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (Acari: Tetranychidae);338
12.8.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;338
12.8.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;339
12.8.3;REFERENCES;340
13;Ecological Acarology: Associations with Insects;341
13.1;Habitat selection in the bug Pyrrhocoris apterus: Does it minimize the risk of being parasitized by the ectoparasitic mite Hemipteroseius adleri?;342
13.1.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;342
13.1.1.1;Field study;342
13.1.1.2;Laboratory experiments;343
13.1.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;343
13.1.2.1;Acknowledgements;344
13.1.3;REFERENCES;344
13.2;Mites associated with concealed and open nests of Apis cerana indica in Kerala, South India;345
13.2.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;345
13.2.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;345
13.2.3;REFERENCES;346
14;Ecological Acarology: Invasive Species;347
14.1;Tracking the colonisation history of the invasive species Varroa destructor;348
14.1.1;Origin and spread of Varroa destructor, an almost cosmopolitan pest of Apis mellifera;348
14.1.2;Varroa destructor infesting Apis mellifera: a new species;349
14.1.3;Genetic variation of Varroa destructor infesting Apis mellifera;349
14.1.4;Genetic variation of Varroa destructor infesting Apis mellifera and Apis cerana in Asia;349
14.1.5;Loss of genetic diversity, founder effects, and host shifts;350
14.1.6;Invasion pathways;350
14.1.7;The Varroa destructor threat issues;350
14.1.8;Acknowledgements;350
14.1.9;REFERENCES;350
14.2;The rice mite Steneotarsonemus spinki, an invasive species in the Americas;352
14.2.1;REFERENCES;356
14.3;Importation of a New World tick, Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae), with a horse from the USA into Germany;358
14.3.1;REFERENCES;361
15;Agricultural Acarology: Biological Control;363
15.1;Concepts of classification of the Phytoseiidae: Relevance to biological control of mites;364
15.1.1;POSSIBLE PATHWAYS OF EVOLUTION IN THE PLANT ENVIRONMENT;364
15.1.2;CONSIDERATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL POTENTIALS ACCORDING TO LIFE STYLES, TRIBES, AND GENERA;365
15.1.2.1;General feeders (Type III);365
15.1.2.1.1;Typhlodrominae;365
15.1.2.1.2;Phytoseiinae;365
15.1.2.1.3;Amblyseiinae;365
15.1.2.2;Broadly specific spider mite predators (Type II);366
15.1.2.2.1;Typhlodrominae;366
15.1.2.2.2;Amblyseiinae;366
15.1.2.3;Specialized predators of Tetranychus spp. (Type I);366
15.1.2.4;Specialized pollen feeders (Type IV) ;366
15.1.2.4.1;Amblyseiinae;366
15.1.2.5;Other types?;366
15.1.3;SOME CHALLENGES AT THE SPECIES LEVEL;367
15.1.3.1;Conclusions;367
15.1.3.2;Acknowledgments;367
15.1.4;REFERENCES;367
15.2;Biological control of mites in European vineyards and the impact of natural vegetation;369
15.2.1;European vineyards are dominated by generalist phytoseiids;369
15.2.2;Evaluating Amblyseius andersoni, Kampimodromus aberrans, and Typhlodromus pyri in tetranychid control;369
15.2.3;Impact of Typhlodromus exhilaratus and Phytoseius finitimus on tetranychids in vineyards;370
15.2.4;Role of alternative prey for generalist phytoseiids;370
15.2.5;Factors affecting the persistence of phytoseiids when prey is scarce: windborne pollen and pathogenic fungi;370
15.2.6;Effect of non-prey food on phytoseiid coexistence;371
15.2.7;How can we manage alternative non-prey foods for generalist phytoseiids?;371
15.2.8;Interactions between pesticides and phytoseiids in vineyards;371
15.2.9;Should we release phytoseiids in vineyards?;372
15.2.10;Surrounding natural vegetation as a source of phytoseiids for dispersal into crops;372
15.2.11;Phytoseiid mite dispersal or the colonization processes of plots;373
15.2.12;Relationship between Kampimodromus aberrans populations in vineyards and natural vegetation?;374
15.2.13;Is settlement of migrants within plots always achieved?;375
15.2.14;REFERENCES;375
15.3;Does agroforestry affect phytoseiid mite communities in vineyards in the South of France?;378
15.3.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;378
15.3.1.1;The study site;378
15.3.1.2;Sampling;378
15.3.1.3;Mite identifications;378
15.3.1.4;Data analysis;379
15.3.2;RESULTS;379
15.3.2.1;Phytoseiid mite abundance in vine crops with and withouta groforestry management;379
15.3.2.2;Phytoseiid mite abundance on Sorbus domestica and Pinus pinea;379
15.3.2.3;Phytoseiid mite densities on Pinus pinea, Sorbus domestica and vine plants;379
15.3.2.4;Phytoseiid mite diversity;379
15.3.3;DISCUSSION;380
15.3.3.1;Acknowledgements;380
15.3.4;REFERENCES;380
15.4;Manipulating plant-arthropod conversations to improve conservation biological control of mites;382
15.4.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;383
15.4.1.1;Recruitment of mite predators to hop yards;383
15.4.1.2;Attraction of mite predators to hop plants sprayed with pesticide/MeSA formulations;383
15.4.2;RESULTS;383
15.4.2.1;Recruitment of mite predators to hop yards;383
15.4.2.2;Attraction of mite predators to hop plants sprayed with pesticide/HIPV formulations;384
15.4.3;DISCUSSION;385
15.4.3.1;Acknowledgements;386
15.4.4;REFERENCES;386
15.5;Status of coconut mite Aceria guerreronis and biological control research in Sri Lanka;387
15.5.1;Distribution of coconut mite in Sri Lanka ;387
15.5.1.1;Distribution pattern;387
15.5.1.2;Annual and seasonal population fluctuations;388
15.5.1.3;Biological control research;388
15.5.1.4;Predatory mites;388
15.5.1.5;Neoseiulus baraki as a prospective candidate;388
15.5.1.6;Mass rearing and field releases of Neoseiulus baraki;389
15.5.1.7;Hirsutella thompsonii as a prospective candidate;389
15.5.1.8;Determination of effective isolates and field studies;390
15.5.1.9;Future directions in biological control of coconut mite;390
15.5.2;REFERENCES;391
15.6;Development of an economic rearing and transport system for an arid-adapted strain of the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus, for spider mite control;392
15.6.1;OVERVIEW;392
15.6.1.1;Workpackage 1;392
15.6.1.2;Workpackage 2;393
15.6.1.3;Workpackage 3;393
15.6.1.4;Workpackage 4;394
15.6.1.5;Workpackage 5;394
15.6.1.6;Acknowledgements;394
15.6.2;REFERENCES;395
15.7;Host Range, distribution, and morphometrics of predatory mites associated with phytophagous mites of fruit crops in Himachal Pradesh, India;397
15.7.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;397
15.7.1.1;Survey;397
15.7.1.2;Sampling;397
15.7.1.3;Preservation;397
15.7.1.4;Morphological studies;398
15.7.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;398
15.7.2.1;Identifying features and morphometrics of predatory mites;398
15.7.2.2;Population density and distribution of mite species;398
15.7.2.3;Conclusion;400
15.7.3;REFERENCES;400
15.8;Winter survival and reproduction of Amblyseius longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a potential predator of spider mites on roses in Himachal Pradesh, India;401
15.8.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;401
15.8.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;402
15.8.2.1;Mating behaviour and mating period;402
15.8.2.2;Fecundity and oviposition behaviour;402
15.8.2.3;Juvenile development time;402
15.8.2.4;Adults;402
15.8.2.5;Moulting behaviour;402
15.8.2.6;Feeding behavior;402
15.8.2.7;Conclusion;402
15.8.2.8;Acknowledgments;402
15.8.3;REFERENCES;402
15.9;Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on three acarine pests;404
15.9.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;404
15.9.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;404
15.9.3;REFERENCES;405
15.10;Hirsutella thompsonii as a mycoacaricide for Aceria guerreronis on coconut in India: research, development, and other aspects;406
15.10.1;Basic research;406
15.10.2;Development of formulations;406
15.10.3;Field evaluation;407
15.10.3.1;Protocol 1;407
15.10.3.2;Protocol 2;407
15.10.4;Multilocation field trials;407
15.10.4.1;Short-term trials;408
15.10.4.2;Long-term trials;408
15.10.5;Government support;408
15.10.6;Commercial interest;408
15.10.7;Conclusion;408
15.10.8;Acknowledgements;408
15.10.9;REFERENCES;408
15.11;Fusarium species: acaropathogenic fungi as potential control agents against coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis;410
15.11.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;410
15.11.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;411
15.11.2.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;411
15.11.3;REFERENCES;411
16;Agricultural Acarology: Pesticides and Biological Control;413
16.1;Biocontrol of phytophagous mites in Quebec apple orchards;414
16.1.1;HISTORY OF MITE BIOCONTROL ON APPLE IN QUEBEC;414
16.1.1.1;Spray and count era (1945-1970);414
16.1.1.2;Count and spray era (1970-1990);414
16.1.1.3;Biocontrol by inoculation;414
16.1.1.3.1;Phase 1;415
16.1.1.3.2;Phase 2;415
16.1.1.3.3;Phase 3;415
16.1.1.3.4;Phase 4;416
16.1.1.4;Conservation and augmentation (1990 to date);416
16.1.1.5;Transfer of predacious mites from a donor to a recipient orchard;416
16.1.1.6;Conclusion;418
16.1.2;REFERENCES;418
16.2;Side effects of pesticides on phytoseiid mites in French vineyards and orchards: laboratory and field trials;419
16.2.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;419
16.2.1.1;Description of the AFPP/CEB official guideline 167, part ‘laboratory method’;419
16.2.1.2;Study of the side effects of mancozeb on Typhlodromus pyri;420
16.2.1.2.1;Field experiments;420
16.2.1.2.2;Laboratory experiment;420
16.2.1.2.3;Statistical analysis;420
16.2.1.3;Resistance of Typhlodromus pyri and Amblyseius andersoni populations to deltamethrin, .-cyhalothrin, and chlorpyrifos-ethyl;421
16.2.1.3.1;Predatory mite populations;421
16.2.1.3.2;Insecticides tested;421
16.2.1.3.3;Bioassays;421
16.2.1.3.4;Data analysis;421
16.2.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;421
16.2.2.1;General results obtained with the AFPP/CEB guideline 167, part ‘laboratory method’;421
16.2.2.2;Side effects of mancozeb on Typhlodromus pyri;421
16.2.2.2.1;Field experiment;421
16.2.2.2.2;Laboratory experiment;422
16.2.2.3;Resistance of Typhlodromus pyri and Amblyseius andersoni populations to deltamethrin, .-cyhalothrin, and chlorpyrifos-ethyl;423
16.2.2.3.1;Deltamethrin;423
16.2.2.3.2;.-cyhalothrin;423
16.2.2.3.3;Chlorpyriphos-ethyl;423
16.2.3;DISCUSSION;424
16.2.3.1;Conclusion;425
16.2.4;REFERENCES;425
16.3;Pesticide side-effects on predatory mites: the role of trophic interactions;427
16.3.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;427
16.3.1.1;Effects of pesticides on Phytoseiulus persimilis in the laboratory;427
16.3.1.1.1;Stock cultures;427
16.3.1.1.2;Toxicological tests;428
16.3.1.1.3;Pesticides used;428
16.3.1.2;Interactions among Amblyseius andersoni, pyrethrins, and GDM in vineyards;428
16.3.1.3;Data analysis;428
16.3.2;RESULTS;429
16.3.2.1;Effects of pyrethrins on Phytoseiulus persimilis;429
16.3.2.2;Effects of Beauveria bassiana on Phytoseiulus persimilis;429
16.3.2.3;Interactions among Amblyseius andersoni, pyrethrins, and GDM in vineyards;429
16.3.3;DISCUSSION;430
16.3.3.1;Acknowledgements;431
16.3.4;REFERENCES;431
16.4;Integrating pesticides and biocontrol of mites in agricultural systems;432
16.4.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;434
16.4.1.1;Contact and residual bioassays with Galendromus occidentalis;434
16.4.1.2;Statistical analysis;435
16.4.2;RESULTS;435
16.4.2.1;Acaricide dose responses of Phytoseiulus persimilis, Chrysoperla carnea, and Orius tristicolor;435
16.4.2.2;Contact and residual bioassays with Galendromus occidentalis;435
16.4.3;DISCUSSION;436
16.4.4;REFERENCES;436
16.5;The impact of sulfur on biological control of spider mites in Washington State vineyards and hop yards;438
16.5.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;438
16.5.1.1;Surveys of spider mite and predatory mite populations in Washington State vineyards with high, low, or no pesticide inputs;438
16.5.1.2;Field experiment on the impact of sulfur and chlorpyrifos on spider mites and their natural enemies in a vineyard;438
16.5.1.3;Field experiment on the impact of sulfur on spider mites and their natural enemies in a hop yard;438
16.5.2;RESULTS;439
16.5.2.1;Surveys of mite populations in Washington State vineyards with high, low, or no pesticide inputs;439
16.5.2.2;Field experiment on the impact of sulfur on spider mites and their natural enemies in a vineyard;441
16.5.2.3;Field experiment on the impact of sulfur on spider mites and their natural enemies in a hop yard;441
16.5.3;DISCUSSION;441
16.5.3.1;Acknowledgments;442
16.5.4;REFERENCES;442
16.6;Impact of new pesticide chemistry on acarine communities in apple orchards;444
16.6.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;445
16.6.1.1;RAMP study in North Carolina;445
16.6.1.2;Surround® effects on mites;445
16.6.2;RESULTS;446
16.6.2.1;RAMP study in North Carolina;446
16.6.2.2;Surround® effects on mites;447
16.6.3;DISCUSSION;447
16.6.3.1;Acknowledgment;448
16.6.4;REFERENCES;448
16.7;Effect of monocrotophos and the acaropathogen, Fusarium semitectum, on the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, and its predator Amblyseius ovalis in the field;449
16.7.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;449
16.7.1.1;Polyphagotarsonemus latus;450
16.7.1.2;Amblyseius ovalis;450
16.7.1.3;Damage index;450
16.7.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;450
16.7.2.1;Acknowledgement;452
16.7.3;REFERENCES;452
16.8;Compatibility of pesticides with the acaropathogenic fungus, Fusarium semitectum;453
16.8.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;453
16.8.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;453
16.8.2.1;Acknowlegement;454
16.8.3;REFERENCES;454
16.9;Pesticide-induced mortality and prey-dependent life history of the predatory mite Neoseiulus longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae);455
16.9.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;455
16.9.1.1;Stock cultures;455
16.9.1.2;Life history of Neoseiulus longispinosus;455
16.9.1.3;Longevity and fecundity of mated Neoseiulus longispinosus;456
16.9.1.4;Effect of pesticides on mortality of Neoseiulus longispinosus;456
16.9.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;456
16.9.2.1;Development of Neoseiulus longispinosus;456
16.9.2.2;Longevity and fecundity of mated Neoseiulus longispinosus;457
16.9.2.3;Effect of pesticides on mortality of Neoseiulus longispinosus;457
16.9.2.4;Acknowledgements;457
16.9.3;REFERENCES;457
17;Agricultural Acarology: Host Plant Effects and Damage;459
17.1;Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash levels on population fluctuation of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi, on apple;460
17.1.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;460
17.1.2;RESULTS;461
17.1.2.1;Adults;461
17.1.2.2;Immatures;462
17.1.2.3;Eggs;462
17.1.3;DISCUSSION;462
17.1.4;REFERENCES;462
17.2;Resistance of strawberry plants against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae);463
17.2.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;463
17.2.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;464
17.2.3;REFERENCES;465
17.3;Weight loss of copra due to infestation by Aceria guerreronis;466
17.3.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;466
17.3.2;RESULTS;466
17.3.3;DISCUSSION;466
17.3.4;REFERENCES;467
18;Veterinary Acarology;468
18.1;Dermanyssus gallinae in Dutch poultry farms: Results of a questionnaire on severity, control treatments, cleaning, and biosecurity;469
18.1.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;469
18.1.2;RESULTS;469
18.1.2.1;Severity of the PRM infestation;470
18.1.2.2;Treatments;470
18.1.2.3;Prevention;471
18.1.2.4;Costs;471
18.1.3;DISCUSSION;471
18.1.4;REFERENCES;472
18.2;A bioassay to assess the activity of repellent substances on Ixodesricinus nymphs;473
18.2.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;473
18.2.1.1;Bioassay;473
18.2.1.2;Ticks used in the bioassay;473
18.2.1.3;Stimuli tested in the bioassay;474
18.2.1.4;Extraction and chromatographic analysis;474
18.2.1.5;Statistical analysis;474
18.2.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;474
18.2.3;REFERENCES;475
18.3;Experimental studies on the potential role of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, as a vector of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis;476
18.3.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;476
18.3.1.1;Infection of mites;476
18.3.1.2;Survival and multiplication of Salmonella in mites;477
18.3.1.3;Effect of Salmonella on mite oviposition and on transovarialand transstadial passages;477
18.3.1.4;Retransmission of Salmonella;477
18.3.1.5;Oral inoculation of chicks with contaminated mites;477
18.3.1.6;Statistical analysis;477
18.3.2;RESULTS;477
18.3.2.1;Success of experimental infection of mites;477
18.3.2.2;Survival and multiplication of SE within mites;477
18.3.2.3;Effect on mite oviposition and transovarial and transstadial passages;478
18.3.2.4;Contamination of blood by infected mites;478
18.3.2.5;Infection of chicks after oral inoculation with contaminated mites;478
18.3.3;DISCUSSION;479
18.3.3.1;Acknowledgments;480
18.3.4;REFERENCES;480
18.4;‘Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii’, formerly IricES1, a symbiont of the tick Ixodes ricinus that resides in the host mitochondria;481
18.4.1;ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES;481
18.4.2;MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION;482
18.4.3;TRANSMISSION AND PREVALENCE;483
18.4.4;RELATIONSHIP WITH THE HOST;483
18.4.4.1;Parasitism;484
18.4.4.2;Reproductive parasitism;484
18.4.4.3;Commensalism;484
18.4.4.4;Mutualism;484
18.4.5;REFERENCES;484
18.5;The tick Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) is a vector of various disease agents in the Cisural region, Russia;486
18.5.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;486
18.5.1.1;Ticks;486
18.5.1.2;Sample processing for PCR analysis;486
18.5.1.3;DNA amplification and analysis;486
18.5.2;RESULTS;487
18.5.3;DISCUSSION;487
18.5.3.1;Acknowledgements;488
18.5.4;REFERENCES;488
18.6;Seasonality of Megninia ginglymura: a one-year study in a hen farm in Yucatan, Mexico;489
18.6.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;490
18.6.2;RESULTS;490
18.6.3;DISCUSSION;490
18.6.4;REFERENCES;490
19;Acaricides;491
19.1;Acaricidal activity of some essential oils and their monoterpenoidal constituents against the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae);492
19.1.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;492
19.1.1.1;Stock culture of house dust mite;492
19.1.1.2;Plant essential oils;492
19.1.1.3;Monoterpenoids;492
19.1.1.4;Experimental treatments;493
19.1.2;RESULTS;493
19.1.3;DISCUSSION;493
19.1.4;REFERENCES;494
19.2;A gel formulation of formic acid for control of Varroa destructor;495
19.2.1;MATERIALS AND METHODS;495
19.2.1.1;Preparation of the gel device;495
19.2.1.2;Evaporation of formic acid under laboratory conditions;495
19.2.1.3;Evaporation of formic acid under field conditions;496
19.2.1.4;Effectiveness of formic acid under field conditions;496
19.2.2;RESULTS;496
19.2.2.1;Evaporation of formic acid under laboratory hive conditions;496
19.2.2.2;Evaporation of formic acid under field conditions;497
19.2.2.3;General condition of the colonies;498
19.2.2.4;Efficacy of treatments in the field test;498
19.2.3;DISCUSSION;498
19.2.4;REFERENCES;498
20;Acarological Tools;500
20.1;Effect of eight storage modes on DNA preservation;501
20.1.1;MATERIAL AND METHODS;502
20.1.1.1;Collection and storage;502
20.1.1.2;Extraction;502
20.1.1.3;PCR;502
20.1.1.4;Comparison;503
20.1.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;503
20.1.3;REFERENCES;504
20.2;Spider Mites Web: A comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae;505
20.2.1;DATA SOURCE AND DATABASE;505
20.2.2;THE DATA;506
20.2.2.1;References;506
20.2.2.2;Nomenclatural information;506
20.2.2.3;Geographical distribution;506
20.2.2.4;Host plants;507
20.2.3;THE USER INTERFACE;507
20.2.3.1;Search by species;507
20.2.3.2;Advanced search;507
20.2.3.3;Bibliographic search;507
20.2.4;RESULTS;507
20.2.4.1;Species page;507
20.2.4.2;Reference page;508
20.2.4.3;Add-ons;508
20.2.4.4;CONCLUSION;508
20.2.5;REFERENCES;508
21;Author index;509
22;Subject and organism index;511