Saito / Ito / Nakamura Progress in Scale Modeling, Volume II

Selections from the International Symposia on Scale Modeling, ISSM VI (2009) and ISSM VII (2013)
2015
ISBN: 978-3-319-10308-2
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 315 Seiten

This volume thoroughly covers scale modeling and serves as the definitive source of information on scale modeling as a powerful simplifying and clarifying tool used by scientists and engineers across many disciplines. The bookelucidates techniques used when it would be too expensive, or too difficult, to test a system of interest in the field. Topics addressed in the current edition include scale modeling to study weather systems, diffusion of pollution in air or water, chemical process in 3-D turbulent flow, multiphase combustion, flame propagation, biological systems, behavior of materials at nano- and micro-scales, and many more. This is an ideal book for students, both graduate and undergraduate, as well as engineers and scientists interested in the latest developments in scale modeling.This book also:Enables readers to evaluate essential and salient aspects of profoundly complex systems, mechanisms, and phenomena at scaleOffers engineers and designers a new point of view, liberating creative and innovative ideas and solutionsServes the widest range of readers across the engineering disciplines and in science and medicine

Dr. Kozo Saito is affiliated with the University of Kentucky. Dr. Akihiko Ito is affiliated with Hirosaki University. Dr. Kazunori Kuwana is affiliated with Yamagata University. Dr. Yuji Nakamura is affiliated with Toyohashi University of Technology.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Saito, Kozo

Ito, Akihiko

Nakamura, Yuji

Kuwana, Kazunori

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Scale Modeling in the Age of High-Speed Computation;11
3.1;Introduction;11
3.2;Scale Modeling and the Law Approach;14
3.3;Relaxation and Partial Scaling;18
3.4;Kufu and Kufu Eyes;20
3.5;Relationships Among Scale Modeling, Numerical Modeling, and Full-Scale Experiments;22
3.6;Investigation of the 1966 Breakup of a British Jetliner in the Air Near Mt. Fuji [16];23
3.7;Investigation of the Collapse of The World Trade Center in a Terrorist Attack [17, 18];26
3.8;A Concluding Comment;27
3.9;References;27
4;Part I: Natural Disasters and Structural Failures;29
4.1;Summary of Part I;29
4.1.1;Natural Disasters and Structural Failures;29
5;Section A: Earthquake - Scale Modeling in the Geotechnical Engineering Field;31
5.1;Introduction;31
5.2;Targets of Geotechnical Engineering;32
5.3;Basics of Geotechnical Engineering;34
5.4;Scale Modeling in Geotechnical Engineering;40
5.4.1;Scaling Law;40
5.4.2;Centrifuge Test;41
5.5;Examples of Scale Modeling in Geotechnical Engineering;43
5.5.1;Seismic Performance of a Seawall Model;43
5.5.2;Seismic Performance of Underground Structures;45
5.5.3;Seismic Stabilities of Model Slopes;49
5.6;Summary;50
5.7;References;51
6;Section A: Earthquake - Supercomputing and Scale Modeling the Effect of Flotsam Mixed Tsunami: Implications for Tsunami Genera...;54
6.1;Introduction;54
6.2;Coupled Computation (ALE-FEM) of Tsunami-Vehicle Drifting Behavior;55
6.3;The Lumber Mixed Tsunami´s Hydrodynamic Impact Behavior for a Water Gate;56
6.4;Computation of a Flotsam Mixed Tsunami Behavior by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Method;58
6.5;Scale Modeling the Effect of Flotsam Mixing on Tsunami Damage;61
6.6;Experimental Approach for Tsunami Scale Modeling;62
6.7;Conclusions;63
6.8;References;63
7;Section B: Fire and Explosion - Scale Modeling of Biomass Fire Associated with Hydrogen-Producing Bacteria;65
7.1;Introduction;66
7.2;Plausible Mechanism of Microorganism-Derived Explosions in Storage Facilities;67
7.3;Experimental Apparatus and Procedures;68
7.3.1;Hydrogen Gas Production Apparatuses and Procedures [28];68
7.3.2;Microbial Colony Count and Metagenomic Analysis Procedures [29, 30];68
7.3.3;Scale Modeling Experimental Apparatuses and Procedures;70
7.4;Results and Discussion;70
7.4.1;The Effect of Environmental Conditions on Hydrogen Gas Production;70
7.4.2;Microbial Colony Count and Metagenomic Analysis;71
7.4.3;The Scale Effects on the Temperature Rise Due to Biological Activities;75
7.5;Conclusions;75
7.6;References;77
8;Section B: Fire and Explosion - A Study of Flame Spread in Engineered Cardboard Fuel Beds Part I: Correlations and Observation...;79
8.1;Introduction;80
8.2;Methods;80
8.3;Results and Discussion;86
8.4;References;89
9;Section B: Fire and Explosion - A Study of Flame Spread in Engineered Cardboard Fuel Beds Part II: Scaling Law Approach;92
9.1;Introduction;93
9.2;Scale Modeling;94
9.3;Discussion;98
9.4;Conclusion;100
9.5;References;101
10;Section B: Fire and Explosion - Application of Pressure Fire Modeling Under Low Pressure;103
10.1;Introduction;104
10.2;Experimental Design;105
10.3;Results and Discussions;106
10.3.1;Burning Intensity;106
10.3.2;Assessment of Pressure Fire Modeling;106
10.3.3;Flame Appearance;108
10.4;Conclusion;109
10.5;References;109
11;Section B: Fire and Explosion - Observation of Confined Deflagration Phenomena of Flammable Gas Mixtures Under Elevated Gravity;111
11.1;Introduction;111
11.2;Experimental Setup and Procedure;112
11.3;Results and Discussion;114
11.3.1;Flammability Limits;114
11.3.2;Flame Kernel Growth, Flame Spread, and Maximum Explosion Pressure;115
11.3.3;Similarity of Flame Spreading Influenced by Buoyancy Between Large- and Small-Scale-Confined Deflagrations;116
11.4;Conclusions;119
11.5;References;120
12;Section B: Fire and Explosion - Extinguishment Characteristics of a Jet Diffusion Flame with Inert-Gas Vortex Ring;121
12.1;Introduction;122
12.2;Experimental Setup and Method;123
12.3;Results and Discussion;126
12.3.1;Extinguishment Process of Jet Diffusion Flame with Inert-Gas Vortex Ring;126
12.3.2;Distribution of Extinguishment Probability and Extinguishing Velocity Limit;127
12.3.3;Scaling of the Extinguishing Velocity Limit of Inert-Gas Vortex Ring;129
12.4;Conclusion;130
12.5;References;131
13;Section B: Fire and Explosion - Effect of Gravity on Flame Spread Along a Thin Combustible Solid for Different Sample Orientat...;132
13.1;Introduction;133
13.2;Experimental Apparatus and Method;134
13.3;Results and Discussion;136
13.3.1;Flame Spread in Low-Oxygen Gas Flow Under Microgravity;136
13.3.2;Flame Spread in Airflow Under Supergravity;137
13.4;Relation of Non-dimensional Flame Spread Rate to Rayleigh Number;139
13.5;Conclusions;141
13.6;References;142
14;Section B: Fire and Explosion - Scale Effects on Consequence Analysis of Accidental Explosions;143
14.1;Introduction;143
14.2;Conventional Models;144
14.2.1;Conventional Models for Evaluating Blast Wave;144
14.2.2;The Comparisons with the Results of Large-Scale Experiments;145
14.3;New Model Based on Gaseous Deflagration Analysis;147
14.3.1;Theoretical Analysis;147
14.3.2;Consideration of the Flame Front Instabilities;148
14.4;Scaling Analysis;151
14.4.1;Modification to the Conventional Models;151
14.4.2;New Scaling Law;152
14.5;Summary;153
14.6;References;154
15;Section B: Fire and Explosion - Preliminary Reduced Scale Experimental Study on Pool Fires in Tunnels;155
15.1;Introduction;156
15.2;Theoretical Analysis;157
15.2.1;Dimensionless Governing Equations;157
15.2.2;Heat Feedback of Fire Plume;158
15.2.3;Flow Time Scale;159
15.3;Experimental Setup;160
15.3.1;Full-Scale Experiments;160
15.3.2;Small-Scale Experiments;161
15.4;Results and Discussion;161
15.5;Conclusions;168
15.6;References;168
16;Section B: Fire and Explosion - Scale-Model Experiment of Wind-Generated Fire Whirls;170
16.1;Introduction;170
16.2;Wind-Tunnel Experiment;171
16.2.1;Experimental Setup;171
16.2.2;Scaling Consideration;172
16.3;Results and Discussion;173
16.3.1;Fire Whirls Observed;173
16.3.2;Plate-Heater Experiment;175
16.4;Conclusions;176
16.5;References;176
17;Section C: Structures - Seismic Behavior of Batter-Pile Foundation Based on Centrifuge Tests;177
17.1;Introduction;177
17.2;Centrifuge Tests;178
17.3;Seismic Behavior of Batter-Pile Foundations;180
17.3.1;Dynamic Behavior of the Ground;180
17.3.2;Rotational Characteristics of the Footing;182
17.3.3;Bending and Axial Strains of the Piles;186
17.3.4;Maximum Responses of the Footing, the Ground Surface, and the Bending and Axial Strains at the Pile Head;187
17.3.5;Aseismicity of Batter Pile;188
17.4;Conclusions;192
17.5;References;193
18;Section C: Structures - Characteristics of the Windmill Structural Fatigue Load in Natural Wind;194
18.1;Introduction;194
18.2;Experimental Apparatus and Experimental Methods;195
18.2.1;Experimental Setup;195
18.2.2;Blockage Ratio;196
18.3;Scale Modeling;197
18.4;Results and Discussion;199
18.5;Conclusion;202
18.6;References;203
19;Part II: Engineering Design Performance Evaluation and Fundamental Understanding Using Scale Models;204
19.1;Summary of Part II;204
19.1.1;Engineering Design Performance Evaluation and Fundamental Understanding Using Scale Models;204
20;Characteristics of Temperature Fields and Flow Fields in a Heated Street Canyon by Scale Modeling;206
20.1;Introduction;206
20.2;Experimental Apparatus;207
20.2.1;Multiple-Fan Wind Tunnel;207
20.2.2;Scale Modeling;208
20.2.3;Street Canyon Model;209
20.3;Experimental Results and Discussion;210
20.3.1;Steady Experiment;210
20.3.2;Turbulence Experiment;213
20.4;Conclusion;214
20.5;References;215
21;A Study of the Transition from Natural Convection to Force Convection in Plain and Louvered Fins with Scaling Simulations;216
21.1;Introduction;217
21.2;Numerical Method;218
21.3;Results and Discussion;219
21.3.1;General Observations;219
21.3.2;Pressure Drops;220
21.3.3;Heat Transfer Rates;220
21.3.4;Flow Direction;222
21.4;Conclusions;223
21.5;References;224
22;Scale and Numerical Modeling of an Air-Based Density Separator;225
22.1;Introduction;226
22.2;Process Description;227
22.3;Scaling Laws;229
22.3.1;Z direction;229
22.3.2;X Direction;230
22.3.3;Y Direction;230
22.4;Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation;231
22.5;Validation of the Scaling Laws;232
22.6;Conclusion;236
22.7;References;236
23;Scale-Up of Chemical Looping Combustion;239
23.1;Introduction;240
23.2;Scaling Laws;242
23.2.1;Governing Equations;242
23.3;Experimental;244
23.4;Results and Discussion;245
23.5;Summary;247
23.6;References;247
24;Scale Effect on Solid Fuel Regression in CAMUI-Type Hybrid Rocket Motor;249
24.1;Introduction;250
24.2;Scale Effect;252
24.3;Similarity Conditions;254
24.4;Static Firing Tests;255
24.5;Radiation Effect;259
24.6;Effect of Chemical Reaction;260
24.7;Conclusion;263
24.8;References;263
25;Scale Effect Analysis for Locomotion Systems in Different Gravity Fields;264
25.1;Introduction;264
25.2;Hayabusa and Minerva;265
25.3;Design of Future Asteroid Exploration Rovers;266
25.3.1;Surface Mobility in a Different Gravitational Field;266
25.3.2;The Cliff Hanger, Rock Climber Rover;268
25.4;Grabbing Forces;269
25.4.1;Candidates for the Grabbing Sticker;269
25.4.2;Scale Effect Analysis;270
25.5;Conclusions;272
25.6;References;273
26;Scale Modeling of Flame Spread Over PE-Coated Electric Wires;274
26.1;Introduction;275
26.1.1;Background of ``Wire Combustion´´;275
26.1.2;What Should We Consider to Model the Wire Burning?;276
26.1.3;Brief Review of the Previous Work;277
26.1.4;Target and Objective of the Present Study;277
26.2;Experiment;278
26.2.1;Test Facility;278
26.2.2;Tested Sample;279
26.3;Results and Discussion;280
26.3.1;Flame Shape Formed over the Various Types of Wire in Subatmospheric Pressure;280
26.3.2;Flame Spread Rate;282
26.3.3;1-D Heat Conduction Model;283
26.3.4;Burning Behavior of the Practical Cable/Wire;285
26.3.5;Validity of Pe-Lambda Correlation: Can We Predict the Burning Behavior of the Electric Wire?;286
26.4;Concluding Remarks;289
26.5;References;290
27;Scale Modeling of Air-Dropped Water for Aerial Firefighting Against Urban Fire;292
27.1;Introduction;292
27.2;Experimental Method;293
27.2.1;Scale Modeling;294
27.2.2;Experiment for Behavior of Air-Dropped Water;296
27.2.3;Experiment for Crashed Water Impact;297
27.3;Results and Discussion;298
27.3.1;Experiment for Behavior of Air-Dropped Water;298
27.3.2;Experiment for Crashed Water Impact;299
27.4;Conclusions;300
27.5;References;301
28;Effect of Porosity on Flame Spread Along a Thin Combustible Solid with Randomly Distributed Pores;302
28.1;Introduction;303
28.2;Experimental Apparatus and Procedure;304
28.3;Size of Pore;305
28.4;Porosity Rate and Flame Spread Probability;305
28.5;Results and Discussion;306
28.5.1;Flame Spread Rate;306
28.5.2;Cluster Distribution and Flame Spread Trajectory;307
28.5.3;Effect of Characteristic Length of Thermal Boundary Layer on Flame Spread Probability;307
28.6;Conclusions;313
28.7;References;313
29;Epilogue: Scale Modeling and Meditation;314