Salam Internet of Things for Sustainable Community Development

Wireless Communications, Sensing, and Systems
1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-35291-2
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 347 Seiten

Reihe: Internet of Things

This book covers how Internet of Things (IoT) has a role in shaping the future of our communities. The author shows how the research and education ecosystem promoting impactful solutions-oriented science can help citizenry, government, industry, and other stakeholders to work collaboratively in order to make informed, socially-responsible, science-based decisions. Accordingly, he shows how communities can address complex, interconnected socio-environmental challenges. This book addresses the key inter-related challenges in areas such as the environment, climate change, mining, energy, agro-economic, water, and forestry that are limiting the development of a sustainable and resilient society -- each of these challenges are tied back to IoT based solutions.

• Presents research into sustainable IoT with respect to wireless communications, sensing, and systems
• Provides coverage of IoT technologies in sustainability, health, agriculture, climate change, mining, energy, water management, and forestry
• Relevant for academics, researchers, policy makers, city planners and managers, technicians, and industry professionals in IoT and sustainability 

Dr. Abdul Salam received the B.Sc. and M.S. degrees in computer science from Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, in 2001 and 2004, respectively, the M.S. degree in computer engineering from UET, Taxila, Pakistan, in 2012, and the Ph.D. degree in computer engineering from the Cyber-Physical Networking Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA, under the supervision of Prof. M. C. Vuran. He was a Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, and the Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the Department of Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. His current research interests include underground soil sensing, wireless communications, Internet of underground things in digital agriculture, sensor-guided irrigation systems, and vehicular communications. Professor Salam is a Member of the Realizing the Digital Enterprise research group and Center for the Environment (C4E), a Purdue's initiative for interdisciplinary, problem-driven research and teaching. He was a recipient of the ICCCN 2016 Best Student Paper Award, the Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Institute Fellowship, the Gold Medal MS (CS) on securing first position in order of merit, and the 2016-2017 Outstanding Graduate Student Research Award from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He served the Pakistan Army for 9 years in a number of command, staff, and field roles. He held the principal position at the Army Public School and College, Thal Cantonment. He is the Director of the Environmental Networking Technology Laboratory. He has served as an Associate Editor for the IEEE GRSS Remote Sensing Code Library from 2016 to 2018. He is an Associate Editor of the Advanced Electromagnetics Journal.  

Autoren/Hrsg.

Salam, Abdul

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Acknowledgements;10
3;Contents;11
4;About the Author;19
5;1 Internet of Things for Sustainable Community Development: Introduction and Overview;20
5.1;1.1 Introduction;20
5.1.1;1.1.1 Global Efforts to Address Sustainability;21
5.1.2;1.1.2 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs);22
5.1.3;1.1.3 Sustainability Indicators;22
5.2;1.2 IoT as Enabling Paradigm for Sustainability;23
5.3;1.3 SDG Goals and Sustainable IoT Systems;24
5.4;1.4 Examples from Developing Countries;24
5.4.1;1.4.1 Examples from Advanced Countries;26
5.5;1.5 IoT Challenges for Sustainability;26
5.6;1.6 IoT Definitions;27
5.6.1;1.6.1 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers;27
5.6.2;1.6.2 International Telecommunication Union;27
5.6.3;1.6.3 Internet Engineering Task Force;28
5.6.4;1.6.4 National Institute of Standards and Technology;29
5.7;1.7 Architecture of IoT Paradigm for Sustainability;29
5.7.1;1.7.1 IoT Elements;30
5.7.2;1.7.2 IoT Functions;30
5.8;1.8 Networking for Sustainability IoT Paradigm;32
5.8.1;1.8.1 Five-Tier Network;32
5.8.1.1;1.8.1.1 Terrestrial Network Tier;32
5.8.1.2;1.8.1.2 Space-Based Wireless Network Tier;34
5.8.1.3;1.8.1.3 Aerial Network Tier;35
5.8.1.4;1.8.1.4 Underwater Network Tier;35
5.8.1.5;1.8.1.5 Underground Network Tier;35
5.9;1.9 Wireless Communications for Sustainability IoT;36
5.9.1;1.9.1 Key Drivers for Next-Generation Wireless Systems in Sustainability IoT;36
5.9.2;1.9.2 Wireless Requirements for Sustainability IoT;37
5.9.3;1.9.3 Wireless Standard Applications to Sustainability IoT;38
5.9.3.1;1.9.3.1 RF Wireless Modem Chipset;38
5.9.4;1.9.4 Standardization for Sustainability IoT;38
5.9.4.1;1.9.4.1 Long-Term Evolution (LTE) IoT;38
5.9.4.2;1.9.4.2 802 Wi-Fi Standards;39
5.9.4.3;1.9.4.3 5G and 6G Wireless Communications;39
5.9.5;1.9.5 Artificial Intelligence and Wireless;41
5.9.6;1.9.6 Wireless Spectrum Paucity;41
5.9.7;1.9.7 Rural Broadband Telecommunications;43
5.9.8;1.9.8 Satellite Communications;43
5.10;1.10 Organization of the Book;43
5.11;References;47
6;2 Internet of Things for Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change;51
6.1;2.1 Introduction;51
6.2;2.2 Climate Change IoT Things for Environmental Sustainability;53
6.3;2.3 Climate IoT as the Sustainability Enabler Framework;54
6.3.1;2.3.1 Holistic System;54
6.3.2;2.3.2 Novel Sensing Methods;55
6.3.3;2.3.3 Solar Radiation and Soil Moisture Data;55
6.3.4;2.3.4 Forecasting Models;56
6.3.5;2.3.5 Emissions Monitoring;56
6.4;2.4 Climate Communication Technologies and Systems;58
6.4.1;2.4.1 Doppler Radar;58
6.4.2;2.4.2 Wind Profiling Radars;58
6.4.2.1;2.4.2.1 Types of Wind Profiling Radars;58
6.4.2.2;2.4.2.2 Sonic Detection and Ranging (SODAR);60
6.4.2.3;2.4.2.3 Wind Profiling LiDARs;60
6.4.3;2.4.3 Microwave Radiometers;61
6.4.3.1;2.4.3.1 Longwave Measurements;61
6.4.3.2;2.4.3.2 Shortwave Measurements;61
6.4.4;2.4.4 Ceilometer;62
6.4.4.1;2.4.4.1 Optical-Drum Ceilometer;62
6.4.4.2;2.4.4.2 Laser Ceilometer;62
6.4.5;2.4.5 Microbarographs;62
6.4.6;2.4.6 Pyranometer;62
6.4.7;2.4.7 Millimeter Cloud Radar;63
6.4.8;2.4.8 Sonic Anemometers;63
6.4.9;2.4.9 Environmental and Meteorological Satellites for Remote Sensing;63
6.4.9.1;2.4.9.1 Geostationary Satellites;64
6.4.9.2;2.4.9.2 Polar-Orbiting Satellites;64
6.4.9.3;2.4.9.3 More Meteorological Satellites;65
6.4.10;2.4.10 GPS Signals for Remote Sensing;66
6.4.10.1;2.4.10.1 GPS Limb Sounding for Atmospheric Reflectivity;66
6.4.10.2;2.4.10.2 GPS for Precipitable Water;66
6.5;2.5 Climate IoT Monitoring Systems;66
6.5.1;2.5.1 Cloud Properties Monitoring;66
6.5.2;2.5.2 Atmospheric Emissions Monitoring;67
6.5.3;2.5.3 Monitoring of the Surface of the Earth;67
6.5.4;2.5.4 Sea State Monitoring;68
6.5.4.1;2.5.4.1 OceanSITES;68
6.5.4.2;2.5.4.2 Air-Sea Heat Fluxes;68
6.5.5;2.5.5 Arctic Measurements;68
6.5.6;2.5.6 Hurricane Monitoring;69
6.5.7;2.5.7 Solar Radiation Monitoring;69
6.6;2.6 Climate Databases Integration to IoT and Cloud;69
6.7;2.7 IoT Enabled Indices;71
6.7.1;2.7.1 Air Quality Index (AQI);71
6.7.2;2.7.2 Drought Index (EDDI);73
6.7.3;2.7.3 Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI);73
6.7.4;2.7.4 Coastal Drought Index Using Salinity Data;73
6.7.5;2.7.5 Wildfire Threat Index (SAWTI);73
6.8;2.8 Environmental Sensing Systems;73
6.8.1;2.8.1 Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System;73
6.8.2;2.8.2 Radiosonde Temperature and Humidity Sensing;75
6.8.3;2.8.3 Cloud, Aerosol Polarization and Backscatter LiDAR (CAPABL);76
6.8.4;2.8.4 Operational Bright-Band Snow Level Sensing;76
6.8.5;2.8.5 Atmosphere Tomography Using Acoustic;76
6.8.6;2.8.6 Automated Atmospheric River Detection;76
6.9;2.9 Case Studies;77
6.9.1;2.9.1 Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System;77
6.9.2;2.9.2 Undersea Cables as Seismic Sensors;77
6.9.3;2.9.3 Connected Alarm Systems for Fast Moving Fires;77
6.9.4;2.9.4 Urban Air Quality Sensing;77
6.9.5;2.9.5 Water Flow Sensors;77
6.10;References;78
7;3 Internet of Things in Agricultural Innovation and Security;88
7.1;3.1 Introduction;88
7.1.1;3.1.1 Decision Agriculture;89
7.1.2;3.1.2 Main Barriers to Digital Agriculture Technologies Adoption;90
7.2;3.2 Internet of Things for Sustainable Agriculture;91
7.3;3.3 Wireless Underground Communications;93
7.4;3.4 Underground Antennas and Beamforming;95
7.5;3.5 Soil Sensing for Sustainable Ag-IoT;98
7.6;3.6 Aerial Sensing;104
7.7;3.7 Big Data;105
7.8;3.8 Soil Mapping;106
7.9;3.9 Digital Agriculture Education;107
7.9.1;3.9.1 Curriculum Development;108
7.9.2;3.9.2 Work Roles in Digital Agriculture;109
7.10;3.10 Energy Harvesting;109
7.10.1;3.10.1 In Situ Energy Harvesting Methods;110
7.10.2;3.10.2 Wireless Subsurface Power Transfer;111
7.10.3;3.10.3 Solar Power;113
7.10.4;3.10.4 Energy Harvesting Challenges;113
7.10.5;3.10.5 Combined Power and Data Transfer in Digital Agriculture;114
7.11;3.11 The Ag-IoT Systems;114
7.12;References;118
8;4 Internet of Things for Water Sustainability;130
8.1;4.1 Introduction;130
8.2;4.2 Water Sustainability IoT;133
8.3;4.3 IoT as an Enabler for Sustainable Water;133
8.3.1;4.3.1 Advantages of Sustainable Water IoT;133
8.3.2;4.3.2 Research Challenges Needs in Sustainable Water IoT;134
8.4;4.4 Water Sustainability IoT Monitoring and Applications;135
8.4.1;4.4.1 Applications;136
8.4.2;4.4.2 Source Water Monitoring;137
8.4.2.1;4.4.2.1 Surface Water;137
8.5;4.5 Sensing in Sustainable Water IoT;137
8.5.1;4.5.1 pH Sensing;138
8.5.1.1;4.5.1.1 Combination (Electrochemical) pH Sensor;138
8.5.1.2;4.5.1.2 Three-Electrode pH Sensor;138
8.5.1.3;4.5.1.3 Laboratory pH Sensor;138
8.5.1.4;4.5.1.4 Single-Chip pH Sensors;138
8.5.2;4.5.2 Conductivity Sensing;139
8.5.2.1;4.5.2.1 Conductivity Measurement Units;139
8.5.2.2;4.5.2.2 Conductivity Sensors;139
8.5.3;4.5.3 Dissolved Oxygen Sensing;140
8.5.3.1;4.5.3.1 Galvanic DO Sensor;142
8.5.3.2;4.5.3.2 Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensors;142
8.5.4;4.5.4 Eutrophication and Nutrient Sensing;142
8.5.4.1;4.5.4.1 Optical Nutrient Sensor;143
8.5.4.2;4.5.4.2 Wet-Chemical Sensor;143
8.5.4.3;4.5.4.3 Ion-Selective Electrodes Sensor;143
8.5.5;4.5.5 Water Flow Sensors;143
8.5.6;4.5.6 Temperature Sensing;144
8.5.7;4.5.7 Satellite Sensing;144
8.6;4.6 Sustainable Water IoT Technologies and Systems;145
8.6.1;4.6.1 Water Pollution Control;145
8.6.2;4.6.2 Ocean Acidification and CO2 Mitigation;147
8.7;4.7 The Sustainable Water Case Studies;148
8.7.1;4.7.1 Open Water Web;148
8.7.2;4.7.2 Waspmote Smart Water;149
8.7.3;4.7.3 National Network of Reference Watersheds;149
8.7.4;4.7.4 Hydrometeorology Testbed;149
8.7.4.1;4.7.4.1 Winter Weather Experiment;149
8.7.4.2;4.7.4.2 Flash Flood and Intense Rainfall Experiment;150
8.7.5;4.7.5 WaterWatch;151
8.7.6;4.7.6 Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP);152
8.7.7;4.7.7 CalWater;152
8.7.8;4.7.8 River and Reservoir Modeling Tool (RiverWare);152
8.7.9;4.7.9 Digital Coast;153
8.7.10;4.7.10 European CoastColour;153
8.7.11;4.7.11 Water Harvesting Assessment Toolbox;153
8.7.12;4.7.12 National Groundwater Monitoring Network;153
8.7.13;4.7.13 Water Toolbox;154
8.8;4.8 Sustainable Water Indices;155
8.9;References;155
9;5 Internet of Things for Sustainable Forestry;163
9.1;5.1 Introduction;163
9.1.1;5.1.1 Sustainable Digital Forestry;165
9.1.2;5.1.2 Challenges in Sustainable Digital Forestry;166
9.2;5.2 IoT in Digital Forest Management;167
9.2.1;5.2.1 Elements of the Forest IoT;168
9.2.2;5.2.2 Forest Things;168
9.2.3;5.2.3 The Montréal Process Criteria and Indicators(MP C&I);169
9.2.3.1;5.2.3.1 Montréal Process;169
9.2.3.2;5.2.3.2 Criteria and Indicators (MP C&I);170
9.3;5.3 Sensing in Digital Forestry IoT;170
9.3.1;5.3.1 Remote Sensing;170
9.3.2;5.3.2 Per-Tree Based Forest Analysis;172
9.3.3;5.3.3 Phenology Sensing;173
9.3.4;5.3.4 Forest Species Sensing;173
9.3.5;5.3.5 Species Migration Monitoring;173
9.3.6;5.3.6 Tree Health Sensing;175
9.3.7;5.3.7 Sensing of Increased Soil and Air Temperature and Elevated Carbon Dioxide;176
9.3.8;5.3.8 Illegal Logging Sensing;176
9.3.9;5.3.9 Fire Sensing;177
9.3.9.1;5.3.9.1 Impact of Fire on Soil;177
9.3.9.2;5.3.9.2 Fire and Environmental Pollution;177
9.3.9.3;5.3.9.3 Impact of Fire on Fresh Water and Stream Flow;177
9.3.9.4;5.3.9.4 Fire Sensing and Danger Estimation Tools;178
9.3.9.5;5.3.9.5 Remote Sensing of Amazon Rain Forest Fires;180
9.3.10;5.3.10 Invasive Species and Fungi Sensing;180
9.3.11;5.3.11 Vegetation Height Sensing;182
9.3.12;5.3.12 Machine-Induced Stress Sensing;182
9.3.13;5.3.13 In Situ Soil Moisture Sensing Approaches;183
9.3.14;5.3.14 Radio Waves as Sensor: Propagation Based Sensing in Forests;183
9.3.15;5.3.15 From Permittivity to Soil Moisture;185
9.3.16;5.3.16 Transfer Functions;186
9.4;5.4 Modeling in Digital Forestry;188
9.4.1;5.4.1 Habitat Modeling;188
9.4.2;5.4.2 Multi-Scale Machine-Learning Predictive Modeling;188
9.4.3;5.4.3 Smoke Prediction Models;188
9.4.4;5.4.4 Modeling Invasive Insects;189
9.4.5;5.4.5 Forest Disturbances Modeling;189
9.4.6;5.4.6 Fire Behavior Modeling;189
9.4.7;5.4.7 Wildlife Habitat Suitability Modeling;190
9.4.8;5.4.8 LANDIS;190
9.5;5.5 Forest Databases Integration with Forestry IoT;190
9.6;5.6 International Organizations for Forests Sustainability;191
9.7;References;192
10;6 Internet of Things in Sustainable Energy Systems;198
10.1;6.1 Introduction;198
10.1.1;6.1.1 Energy and Sustainability;199
10.1.2;6.1.2 Energy Related Challenges;201
10.2;6.2 The Sustainable Energy IoT;202
10.2.1;6.2.1 Sustainability Energy Things;203
10.3;6.3 Communication Technologies for Sustainable Energy IoT;203
10.3.1;6.3.1 Wi-SUN;204
10.3.2;6.3.2 Wide Area Monitoring Using SCADA;204
10.3.3;6.3.3 Neighborhood Area Networking;204
10.3.4;6.3.4 Power-Line Communications;205
10.3.5;6.3.5 Other Communication Technologies for Grid;205
10.3.6;6.3.6 The Advanced Metering Infrastructure;206
10.4;6.4 Sensing in Sustainable Energy IoT;206
10.4.1;6.4.1 Sensors on Nuclear Power Reactors;206
10.4.1.1;6.4.1.1 Vibration Sensing;206
10.4.1.2;6.4.1.2 Temperature Sensing;207
10.4.1.3;6.4.1.3 Pressure Sensors;207
10.4.1.4;6.4.1.4 Liquid Level Measurement Sensors;207
10.4.1.5;6.4.1.5 Flow Sensors;208
10.4.1.6;6.4.1.6 Corrosion Sensing;209
10.4.1.7;6.4.1.7 Radiation Sensors;209
10.4.1.8;6.4.1.8 Water Coolant Chemistry;209
10.4.2;6.4.2 Sensors for Coal-Fired Power Plants;210
10.4.2.1;6.4.2.1 Oxygen Sensing;211
10.4.2.2;6.4.2.2 Carbon Monoxide Sensing;211
10.4.2.3;6.4.2.3 Flame Sensing;211
10.4.2.4;6.4.2.4 Coal and Air Flow Sensing;212
10.4.2.5;6.4.2.5 Sensing of Carbon Content in Ash;212
10.4.2.6;6.4.2.6 Gases and Temperature Sensing;212
10.4.3;6.4.3 Transmission System Sensors;212
10.4.3.1;6.4.3.1 Substation Sensing Methods;213
10.4.3.2;6.4.3.2 Overhead Line Sensing;214
10.4.4;6.4.4 Smart Meters;214
10.4.5;6.4.5 Wind and Solar Sensing;215
10.5;6.5 The Case Studies of Sustainable Energy IoT Technologies;215
10.5.1;6.5.1 Electric Vehicle Energy Internet;215
10.5.2;6.5.2 Combined Cooling Heating and Power System;215
10.5.3;6.5.3 Power-to-Gas (P2G) Energy Internet;216
10.5.3.1;6.5.3.1 Water Electrolysis;217
10.5.3.2;6.5.3.2 Alkaline Electrolysis;217
10.5.3.3;6.5.3.3 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis;218
10.5.3.4;6.5.3.4 Methanation;218
10.5.3.5;6.5.3.5 Challenges;218
10.5.3.6;6.5.3.6 P2G Opportunities in Sustainable Energy IoT;219
10.5.4;6.5.4 Sustainability and Net Zero Energy Buildings;219
10.5.5;6.5.5 Energy Supply Chain Management;220
10.6;6.6 Sustainability in Energy Generation;221
10.6.1;6.6.1 Hydrogen;221
10.6.2;6.6.2 Biobutanol;221
10.6.3;6.6.3 Bioethanol;221
10.6.4;6.6.4 Biodiesel;222
10.6.5;6.6.5 Microbial Electricity;222
10.6.6;6.6.6 Biomass;222
10.7;6.7 Sustainability IoT Systems and Databases;223
10.8;References;224
11;7 Internet of Things for Sustainable Human Health;232
11.1;7.1 Introduction;232
11.1.1;7.1.1 Sustainable Health IoT;233
11.1.2;7.1.2 Climate Change and Human Health;233
11.2;7.2 Benefits of Sustainable Health IoT;236
11.3;7.3 Sustainable Health IoT;236
11.4;7.4 Sustainable Health IoT Technology;237
11.4.1;7.4.1 Precision Medicine;237
11.4.2;7.4.2 Personalization of Diabetes Treatment;237
11.4.3;7.4.3 Automated Nutrition Control;237
11.4.4;7.4.4 Mobile Healthcare Connectivity;237
11.4.5;7.4.5 Cancer Treatment;238
11.4.6;7.4.6 Glucose Monitoring;238
11.4.7;7.4.7 Smart Inhalers;238
11.5;7.5 Sensing in Sustainable Health IoT;239
11.5.1;7.5.1 Physiological Sensing;239
11.5.2;7.5.2 Ingestible Sensors;239
11.5.3;7.5.3 Wearable Sensors;240
11.6;7.6 Environmental Sensing for Health and Wellness;240
11.6.1;7.6.1 Sanitation, Waterborne Diseases, and Human Health;240
11.6.2;7.6.2 Ultraviolet Radiation and Human Health;242
11.6.3;7.6.3 Extreme Weather and Human Health;243
11.7;7.7 Wireless, Human Body, and Molecular Communications in Sustainable Health IoT;243
11.7.1;7.7.1 Human Body Communications;244
11.7.2;7.7.2 Molecular Communications in Sustainable Health IoT;244
11.8;7.8 Sustainable Health IoT Systems;246
11.8.1;7.8.1 Health Indices;247
11.8.2;7.8.2 Environmental Public Health Tracking Network;248
11.8.3;7.8.3 Mobile Health-Care Innovations;248
11.8.4;7.8.4 Mobility Models and Health;248
11.8.5;7.8.5 Virtual Beach;249
11.9;References;249
12;8 Internet of Things for Sustainable Mining;258
12.1;8.1 Introduction;258
12.1.1;8.1.1 Sustainable Mining;258
12.1.2;8.1.2 IoT for Sustainable Mining;259
12.2;8.2 Sustainable Mining Things;261
12.3;8.3 Research Challenges in Sustainable Mining IoT;263
12.4;8.4 Sustainable Mining IoT Technologies and Monitoring Systems;264
12.4.1;8.4.1 Mine Monitoring for Health and Safety;265
12.4.2;8.4.2 Environmental Monitoring;265
12.4.3;8.4.3 Earth Crust Monitoring;266
12.4.4;8.4.4 Transportation Management;266
12.4.5;8.4.5 Gas Detection;267
12.4.6;8.4.6 Goaf Fill Monitoring;268
12.4.7;8.4.7 Mine Fire Monitoring;268
12.4.8;8.4.8 Conveyor Belt Monitoring;268
12.4.9;8.4.9 Water Monitoring;268
12.4.10;8.4.10 Miners Tracking;269
12.5;8.5 Paradigm-Shift Technologies for Sustainable Mining IoT;269
12.6;8.6 3D Underground Mine Modeling;269
12.7;8.7 Use of Time-Domain Reflectometry in Mining;270
12.7.1;8.7.1 Treatment Technologies for Mining-Influenced Water;270
12.8;8.8 Applications of Nanotechnology in Mining;273
12.9;8.9 Mining Site Uncluttering and Restoration;273
12.10;8.10 Sensing in Sustainable Mining IoT;275
12.10.1;8.10.1 Ore Bodies Sensing;275
12.10.1.1;8.10.1.1 Underground Gravity Sensing and Rock Mapping;275
12.10.1.2;8.10.1.2 Magnetic Sensing;276
12.10.1.3;8.10.1.3 Ground Penetrating Radar Subsurface Sensing;277
12.10.1.4;8.10.1.4 Seismic Sensing;277
12.10.1.5;8.10.1.5 Tomographic Sensing;277
12.10.2;8.10.2 Mine Water Sensing;279
12.10.3;8.10.3 Remote Sensing;279
12.10.3.1;8.10.3.1 Hyperspectral Sensing;279
12.10.3.2;8.10.3.2 Thematic Sensing and Mapping;279
12.10.4;8.10.4 Multi-Spectral Scanner;279
12.10.5;8.10.5 Mine Water Contamination Sensors;280
12.10.6;8.10.6 Sensor Technologies for Gas Leaks in Mines;280
12.10.6.1;8.10.6.1 Pellistor Sensor;280
12.10.6.2;8.10.6.2 Infrared Gas Sensor;281
12.10.6.3;8.10.6.3 Electrochemical Sensors;281
12.10.6.4;8.10.6.4 Semiconductor Sensor;281
12.10.6.5;8.10.6.5 Laser Sensor;281
12.10.6.6;8.10.6.6 Other Gas Sensors;281
12.10.7;8.10.7 Autonomous Sensing of Groundwater Qualityin Mines;282
12.11;8.11 Global Sustainability Efforts;282
12.12;8.12 Wireless Communications in Sustainable Mining IoT;282
12.13;References;283
13;9 Internet of Things in Water Management and Treatment;287
13.1;9.1 Introduction;287
13.1.1;9.1.1 Impacts of the Human Activities on Amount and Quality of Water;288
13.2;9.2 Water Management and Treatment using IoT;289
13.2.1;9.2.1 Water Management and Treatment using IoT;290
13.3;9.3 Groundwater Sensing and Treatment;291
13.3.1;9.3.1 Applications of Nanotechnology in Groundwater Treatment;291
13.3.2;9.3.2 The Nanomaterials for Contaminant Remediation;293
13.3.3;9.3.3 Hazardous Water Sensing and Treatment;293
13.4;9.4 Underground Communications in Urban Underground Infrastructure Monitoring;294
13.4.1;9.4.1 Wastewater and Stormwater Monitoring Needs;295
13.4.2;9.4.2 Internet of Underground Things for Wastewater and Stormwater Monitoring;296
13.4.3;9.4.3 Path Loss Model for Stratified Media to Air Communications;297
13.4.3.1;9.4.3.1 Attenuation in the Stratified Medium;297
13.4.3.2;9.4.3.2 Dispersion in Different Subsurface Layers;298
13.4.3.3;9.4.3.3 Dispersion of Subgrade of the Soil Medium;299
13.4.3.4;9.4.3.4 Dispersion of Asphalt;299
13.4.3.5;9.4.3.5 Dispersion of Base Gravel Aggregate;300
13.4.4;9.4.4 Model Evaluations;300
13.5;9.5 Sensing and Sampling;301
13.5.1;9.5.1 Contaminant Sensing;302
13.5.2;9.5.2 Sensing for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse;303
13.5.3;9.5.3 Agricultural Hazards Sensing;305
13.6;References;307
14;10 Internet of Things for Sustainability: Perspectives in Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Future Trends;313
14.1;10.1 Introduction;313
14.1.1;10.1.1 IoT Security Principles;318
14.1.2;10.1.2 Digital Forensics in Sustainability IoT;319
14.2;10.2 Openness Paradox and Data Dichotomy: Privacy and Sharing;319
14.2.1;10.2.1 Privacy in Sustainability IoT;319
14.2.1.1;10.2.1.1 Data Sifting;319
14.2.1.2;10.2.1.2 Proxy Data Analyzer;320
14.2.1.3;10.2.1.3 Multi-Layered Approach to Privacy;320
14.2.2;10.2.2 Universal Data Flow, Sharing, and Standardization;320
14.2.2.1;10.2.2.1 Significance of Data Sharing;321
14.2.2.2;10.2.2.2 Data Standardization;322
14.3;10.3 Opportunities and Challenges in IoT for Sustainability;322
14.3.1;10.3.1 Technical Challenges;323
14.3.2;10.3.2 Policy Challenges;323
14.4;10.4 Progress in IoT Security Standardization;324
14.5;10.5 Case Studies;324
14.5.1;10.5.1 Cybersecurity and Data Privacy in Digital Agriculture;324
14.5.1.1;10.5.1.1 Information Privacy in the Field;327
14.5.1.2;10.5.1.2 Data Usability in the Field;329
14.5.1.3;10.5.1.3 Farm Equipment and Data Availability in the Field;329
14.5.1.4;10.5.1.4 Cybersecurity Recommendations for Precision Agriculture;330
14.5.2;10.5.2 Smart Grid;330
14.5.3;10.5.3 Health and Cybersecurity;330
14.5.3.1;10.5.3.1 Critical Conditions of the Healthcare Cybersecurity;331
14.5.3.2;10.5.3.2 Healthcare Cybersecurity Objectives;332
14.5.4;10.5.4 Smart Meter;332
14.5.5;10.5.5 Water Systems;333
14.6;References;335
15;Index;342