Sanes / Reh / Harris Development of the Nervous System

3. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-092320-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 360 Seiten

Development of the Nervous System presents a broad and basic treatment of the established and evolving principles of neural development as exemplified by key experiments and observations from past and recent times. The text is organized ontogenically. It begins with the emergence of the neural primordium and takes a chapter-by-chapter approach in succeeding events in neural development: patterning and growth of the nervous system, neuronal determination, axonal navigation and targeting, neuron survival and death, synapse formation and developmental plasticity. Finally, in the last chapter, with the construction phase nearing completion, we examine the emergence of behavior. This new edition reflects the complete modernization of the field that has been achieved through the intensive application of molecular, genetic, and cell biological approaches. It is richly illustrated with color photographs and original drawings. Combined with the clear and concise writing, the illustrations make this a book that is well suited to students approaching this intriguing field for the first time. - Thorough survey of the field of neural development - Concise but complete, suitable for a one semester course on upper level undergraduate or graduate level - Focus on fundamental principles of organogenesis in the nervous system - Integrates information from a variety of model systems, relating them to human nervous system development, including disorders of development - Systematically develops knowledge from the description of key experiments and results - Organized ontologically - Carefully edited to be presented in one voice - New edition thoroughly updated and revised to include major new findings - All figures in full color, updated and revised - Specific attention on revising the chapter on cognitive and behavioral development to provide a foundation and outlook towards those very fast moving areas - Instructor website with figure bank and test questions

Dr. Sanes is Professor in the Center for Neural Science and Department of Biology at New York University. Named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2010 for his research in auditory central nervous system development, his research has been supported by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders and the National Science Foundation. His lab studies synaptic plasticity and central auditory processing, and the phenomenon of hearing loss during development.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sanes, Dan H.

Reh, Thomas A.

Harris, William A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Development of the Nervous System;4
3;Copyright;5
4;To our families;6
5;Contents;8
6;Preface to the Third Edition;12
7;Preface to the Second Edition;14
8;Preface to the First Edition;16
9;Chapter 1: Neural induction;18
9.1;Development and Evolution of Neurons;18
9.2;Early Embryology of Metazoans;18
9.3;Derivation of Neural Tissue;19
9.4;Interactions with Neighboring Tissues in Making Neural Tissue;24
9.5;The Molecular Nature of the Neural Inducer;27
9.6;Conservation of Neural Induction;30
9.7;Interactions among the ectodermal cells in controlling neuroblast segregation;34
9.8;Summary;38
9.9;References;38
10;Chapter 2: Polarity and segmentation;40
10.1;Regional identity of the nervous system;40
10.2;The anterior–posterior axis and hox genes;41
10.3;Hox gene function in the vertebrate nervous system;43
10.4;Signaling molecules that pattern the anterior–posterior axis in vertebrates: heads or tails;46
10.5;Organizing centers in the developing brain;50
10.6;Forebrain development, prosomeres, and pax genes;51
10.7;Dorsal–ventral polarity in the neural tube;55
10.8;Dorsal neural tube and neural crest;57
10.9;Patterning the cerebral cortex;61
10.10;Summary;64
10.11;References;64
11;Chapter 3: Genesis and migration;66
11.1;What Determines the Number of Cells Produced by the Progenitors?;69
11.2;The Generation of Neurons and Glia;72
11.3;Cerebral Cortex Histogenesis;75
11.4;Cerebellar Cortex Histogenesis;80
11.5;Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Migration;82
11.6;Postembryonic and Adult Neurogenesis;84
11.7;Summary;90
11.8;References;90
12;Chapter 4: Determination and differentiation;94
12.1;Transcriptional Hierarchies in Invariant Lineages: C. Elegans Neurons;96
12.2;Spatial and Temporal Coordinates of Determination: Drosophila CNS Neuroblasts;99
12.3;Asymmetric Cell Divisions and Asymmetric Fate;100
12.4;Generating Complexity Through Cellular Interactions: the Drosophila Retina;102
12.5;Specification and Differentiation Through Cellular Interactions and Interactions With the Local Environment: the Vertebrate Neural Crest;104
12.6;Competence and Histogenesis: the Mammalian Cortex;107
12.7;The Interplay of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Influences in Histogenesis: the Vertebrate Retina;109
12.8;Interpreting Gradients and the Spatial Organization of cell Types: Spinal Motor Neurons;115
12.9;Summary;119
12.10;References;120
13;Chapter 5: Axon growth and guidance;122
13.1;The Growth Cone;123
13.2;The Dynamic Cytoskeleton;127
13.3;Dendrite Formation;132
13.4;What do Growth Cones Grow on?;134
13.5;What Provides Directional Information to Growth Cones?;137
13.6;Cell Adhesion and Labeled Pathways;138
13.7;Repulsive Guidance;141
13.8;Chemotaxis, Gradients, and Local Information;143
13.9;Signal Transduction;146
13.10;The midline: to Cross or Not to Cross?;147
13.11;Attraction and Repulsion: Desensitization and Adaptation;148
13.12;The Optic Pathway: Getting There From Here;151
13.13;Summary;155
13.14;References;155
14;Chapter 6: Target selection ;160
14.1;Defasciculation;160
14.2;Target Recognition and Target Entry;161
14.3;Slowing Down and Branching in the Target Region;163
14.4;Border Patrol: the Prevention of Inappropriate Targeting;164
14.5;Topographic Mapping;166
14.6;Chemospecificity and Ephrins;167
14.7;The Third Dimension, Lamina-Specific Termination;170
14.8;Cellular and Synaptic Targeting;174
14.9;Sniffing out Targets;175
14.10;Shifting and Fine Tuning of Connections;179
14.11;Summary;183
14.12;References;183
15;Chapter 7: Naturally-occurring neuron death;188
15.1;What Does Neuron Death Look Like?;188
15.2;Early Elimination of Progenitor Cells;190
15.3;How Many Differentiated Neurons Die?;190
15.4;Survival Depends on the Synaptic Target;191
15.5;NGF: a Target-Derived Survival Factor;193
15.6;The Neurotrophin Family;195
15.7;The Trk Family of Neurotrophin Receptors;196
15.8;How Does the Neurotrophin Signal Reach the Soma?;198
15.9;The p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Can Initiate Cell Death;199
15.10;Cytokines Act as Neuron Survival Factors;201
15.11;Hormonal Control of Neuron Survival;203
15.12;Cell Death Requires Protein Synthesis;205
15.13;Intracellular Signaling Pathways that Mediate Survival;205
15.14;Intracellular Signaling Pathways that Mediate Death;208
15.15;Caspases: Agents of Death;209
15.16;Bcl-2 Proteins: Regulators of Programmed Cell Death;211
15.17;Removal of Dying Neurons;213
15.18;Synaptic Transmission at the Target;214
15.19;Afferent Regulation of Neuron Survival;215
15.20;Intracellular Calcium Mediates Both Survival and Death;216
15.21;Summary;218
15.22;References;218
16;Chapter 8: Synapse formation and function;226
16.1;What do Newly Formed Synapses Look Like?;231
16.2;Where Do Synapses Form on the Postsynaptic Cell?;232
16.3;How Rapidly Are Synapses Added to the Nervous System?;234
16.4;The First Signs of Synapse Function;234
16.5;The Decision to form a Synapse;237
16.6;The Sticky Synapse;238
16.7;Converting Growth Cones to Presynaptic Terminals;240
16.8;Receptor Clustering and Postsynaptic Differentiation at the NMJ;242
16.9;Agrin is a Transynaptic Clustering Signal at the NMJ;243
16.10;Receptor Clustering Signals in the CNS;245
16.11;Scaffold Proteins and Receptor Aggregation in the CNS;247
16.12;Innervation Increases Receptor Expression and Insertion;249
16.13;Synaptic Activity Regulates Receptor Density;251
16.14;Maturation of Transmission and Receptor Isoform Transitions;253
16.15;Maturation of Transmitter Reuptake;255
16.16;Short-term Plasticity;256
16.17;Appearance of Synaptic Inhibition;257
16.18;Is Inhibition Really Inhibitory During Development?;257
16.19;Summary;258
16.20;References;259
17;Chapter 9: Refinement of synaptic connections;266
17.1;The early Pattern of Connections;266
17.2;Functional Synapses are Eliminated;267
17.3;Many Axonal Arborizations are Eliminated or Refined;269
17.4;The Sensory Environment Influences Synaptic Connections;272
17.5;Activity Influences Synapse Elimination at the NMJ;277
17.6;Synapse Refinement is Reflected in Sensory Coding Properties;278
17.7;Activity contributes to Topography and the Alignment of Maps;280
17.8;Spontaneous Activity and Afferent Refinement;283
17.9;Critical Periods: Enhanced Plasticity During Development;285
17.10;Heterosynaptic Depression and Synapse Elimination;286
17.11;Involvement of Intracellular Calcium;289
17.12;Calcium-Activated Second Messenger Systems;290
17.13;Gain Control;292
17.14;Homeostatic Plasticity: the More Things Change, the More they Stay the Same;293
17.15;Plasticity of Inhibitory Connections;294
17.16;Synaptic Influence on Neuron Morphology;296
17.17;Summary;298
17.18;References;298
18;Chapter 10: Behavioral development;304
18.1;Behavioral Ontogeny;304
18.2;The first Movements are Spontaneous;305
18.3;The Mechanism of Spontaneous Movements;306
18.4;More Complex Behavior is Assembled from the Integration of Simple Circuits;307
18.5;The role of Activity in the Emergence of Coordinated Behavior;311
18.6;Stage-specific Behaviors;313
18.7;Genetic Determinants of Behavior;315
18.8;Environmental Determinants of Behavioral Development;316
18.9;Beginning to Make Sense of the World;319
18.10;Asking Babies Questions (and Getting Some Answers!);319
18.11;Acute Hearing;320
18.12;Sharp Eyesight;323
18.13;Sex-specific Behavior;325
18.14;Genetic Sex;326
18.15;Hormonal Control of Brain Gender;326
18.16;Singing in the Brain;328
18.17;Genetic Control of Brain Hender in Flies;328
18.18;From Genome to Brain Gender in Vertebrates?;329
18.19;Genomic Imprinting: The Ultimate in Parental Control;330
18.20;Hit the Ground Learning;332
18.21;Learning preferences from aversions;334
18.22;Skill Learning: It Don’t Come Easy;336
18.23;Getting information from one brain to another;338
18.24;Language;339
18.25;Summary;342
18.26;References;342
19;Molecules and Genes Index;348
20;Subject Index;352